Major Domestic EventsMajor Domestic Events 1) Supreme Court Appointments1) Supreme Court Appointments (4) (4) Chief JusticeChief Justice: : Warren BurgerWarren Burger - strict - strict

constitutional interpretations; constitutional interpretations; replaced Earl Warren (liberal)replaced Earl Warren (liberal)

Reluctant to dismantle “liberal” Reluctant to dismantle “liberal” rulings of the Warren Courtrulings of the Warren Court

Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade (1973) passed by (1973) passed by conservative court conservative court

Warren BurgerWarren Burger

Major Domestic EventsMajor Domestic Events 2) Nixon funds the “Great Society”:2) Nixon funds the “Great Society”: Expansion of Expansion of welfare programs welfare programs Food Stamps, Medicaid, AFDC (Aid to Food Stamps, Medicaid, AFDC (Aid to

Families w/ Dependent Children)Families w/ Dependent Children) New programNew program: : SSISSI (Supplemental (Supplemental

Security Income) – assist the indigent Security Income) – assist the indigent aged, blind, & disabledaged, blind, & disabled

1972 legislation 1972 legislation automatic Social automatic Social Security cost of living increasesSecurity cost of living increases

Major Domestic EventsMajor Domestic Events 3) Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan:3) Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan: Requires construction & trade unions Requires construction & trade unions

to establish to establish “goals & timetables” “goals & timetables” for for hiring black apprenticeshiring black apprentices

Expanded to Expanded to all federal contracts all federal contracts ““affirmative action”affirmative action” now means now means

hiring quotashiring quotas 4) Nixon & the Supreme Court:4) Nixon & the Supreme Court: Many educational & employment Many educational & employment

opportunities opened to women & opportunities opened to women & minorities minorities

Major Domestic EventsMajor Domestic Events 5) The Environment:5) The Environment: 1970 1970 EPAEPA & & OSHAOSHA Clean Air Act of 1970Clean Air Act of 1970 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Combated pollutionCombated pollution – car emissions, – car emissions,

cleaned up waterways & toxic waste cleaned up waterways & toxic waste sitessites

Modern muckraker Modern muckraker Rachel Rachel Carson’s Carson’s Silent SpringSilent Spring

Major Domestic EventsMajor Domestic Events 6) Combating Inflation and the Trade 6) Combating Inflation and the Trade

Deficit:Deficit: 1971 imposed a 90 day wage & price 1971 imposed a 90 day wage & price

freezefreeze To To stimulate sagging exports stimulate sagging exports – US – US

taken off the gold standard; devalued taken off the gold standard; devalued the dollarthe dollar

The United States Bullion DepositoryThe United States Bullion Depository

The Nixon landslide of 1972The Nixon landslide of 1972 CandidatesCandidates: : (1) Nixon/ Agnew (R)(1) Nixon/ Agnew (R):: campaign on campaign on

recordrecord foreign affairsforeign affairs: w/draw from Vietnam : w/draw from Vietnam

(500,000) – “Peace is at Hand”(500,000) – “Peace is at Hand” Peiking & Moscow tripsPeiking & Moscow trips SALT Pacts SALT Pacts (Soviets)(Soviets) domestic affairsdomestic affairs: efforts : efforts inflation inflation opposition to busing (for integration)opposition to busing (for integration) * Watergate break-in* Watergate break-in

Henry Kissinger: "We believe Henry Kissinger: "We believe peace is at hand"peace is at hand"

The Nixon landslide of 1972The Nixon landslide of 1972 (2) George McGovern (D)(2) George McGovern (D)::

Convention reform; greater Convention reform; greater representation for minorities + womenrepresentation for minorities + women

VPVP - - Sargent Shriver Sargent Shriver campaigncampaign: immediate peace in Vietnam: immediate peace in Vietnam sharp military cutssharp military cuts drastic social reformsdrastic social reforms (3) George Wallace (I): (3) George Wallace (I): assassinationassassination

attempt!!attempt!!

Nixon 1972 ElectionNixon 1972 Election

The Nixon landslide of 1972The Nixon landslide of 1972

Energy ProblemsEnergy Problems (1) (1) Arab Oil EmbargoArab Oil Embargo (1973) (1973) 4th Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War)4th Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War); ;

OPEC (raise prices; US embargo)OPEC (raise prices; US embargo) (2) (2) Immediate & Long Range ProgramsImmediate & Long Range Programs ImmediateImmediate: conservation; adjust : conservation; adjust

temperatures; speed limits; car poolstemperatures; speed limits; car pools Long RangeLong Range: conservation electric & : conservation electric &

nuclear plants; Alaska pipeline; explore nuclear plants; Alaska pipeline; explore US natural gas & petroleum US natural gas & petroleum offshore offshore

In this 1974 photo, In this 1974 photo, a man at a service a man at a service station reads about station reads about the the gas rationing gas rationing system system in an in an afternoon afternoon newspaper; a sign newspaper; a sign in the background in the background states that states that no gas no gas is availableis available

Flags & gas Flags & gas rationing rationing stampsstamps

Other IssuesOther Issues Resignation of AgnewResignation of Agnew ““No contest” – kickbacks, fraud, No contest” – kickbacks, fraud,

income tax evasionincome tax evasion Gerald FordGerald Ford becomes VP becomes VP WatergateWatergate (see handout) (see handout)

Senator Robert Griffin (MI) shakes hands with President Richard M. Senator Robert Griffin (MI) shakes hands with President Richard M. Nixon while Vice Presidential nominee Gerald R. Ford chats with a Nixon while Vice Presidential nominee Gerald R. Ford chats with a

well-wisher at a reception in the Blue Room following Nixon's well-wisher at a reception in the Blue Room following Nixon's announcement of Ford as his choice to succeed Spiro T. Agnew. announcement of Ford as his choice to succeed Spiro T. Agnew.

October 13, 1973.October 13, 1973.

The complex. The The complex. The Kennedy Center Kennedy Center is visible in the background. The is visible in the background. The boxy building at middle left is the former boxy building at middle left is the former Howard Johnson's Motor Howard Johnson's Motor LodgeLodge, used during the 1972 Watergate burglaries to monitor the , used during the 1972 Watergate burglaries to monitor the

break-ins and wiretaps across the street.break-ins and wiretaps across the street.

Nixon ResignsNixon Resigns

Nixon & Foreign AffairsNixon & Foreign Affairs A. A. VietnamVietnam: Nixon promises “peace : Nixon promises “peace

with honor”; with honor”; VietnamizationVietnamization The Nixon DoctrineThe Nixon Doctrine: proclaimed that : proclaimed that

the US would honor its existing the US would honor its existing defense commitments but that in the defense commitments but that in the future, future, Asians and othersAsians and others would have would have to fight their own wars w/out the to fight their own wars w/out the support of large bodies of US troopssupport of large bodies of US troops

19731973 - Kissinger negotiates a truce - Kissinger negotiates a truce

Nixon & Foreign Affairs (cont’d)Nixon & Foreign Affairs (cont’d) B. B. Middle EastMiddle East: US pledges support : US pledges support

Israel (right to exist)Israel (right to exist)• US role in US role in Yom Kippur War Yom Kippur War (energy crisis (energy crisis

results) results) • Kissinger (disengagement agreements)Kissinger (disengagement agreements)

C. C. Detente w/ RussiaDetente w/ Russia: Nixon & Brezhnev: Nixon & Brezhnev D. D. Arms LimitationsArms Limitations: 1972 - : 1972 - SALT ISALT I

treaties signed in Moscowtreaties signed in Moscow E. E. Improved Relations w/ ChinaImproved Relations w/ China: 1972 - : 1972 -

visit to China “journey for peace”visit to China “journey for peace”

Nixon & Foreign Affairs (cont’d)Nixon & Foreign Affairs (cont’d) F. F. Congress & Foreign AffairsCongress & Foreign Affairs: : (1) Cambodian (Khmer) Bombing Cutoff: (1) Cambodian (Khmer) Bombing Cutoff:

despite truce w/ Vietnam; war in Cambodia despite truce w/ Vietnam; war in Cambodia continues; Congress w/holds funds; Nixon continues; Congress w/holds funds; Nixon suspends bombing (Aug. ‘73)suspends bombing (Aug. ‘73)

(2) War-Powers Resolution of 1973: (2) War-Powers Resolution of 1973: JFK; LBJ; Nixon JFK; LBJ; Nixon war w/out declaration war w/out declaration

(Congress)(Congress) War Powers limits President’s power War Powers limits President’s power