maidan summit 2011 - arjun j chaudhuri, university of delhi
DESCRIPTION
Mr Arjun J Chaudhuri took the audience through a brief history of development of sport in his presentation at Maidan Summit 2011. He said that the state of affairs in India is slowly moving from amateur to professional sporting, which is why we can build upon a lot of new developments from within and around the world to craft out sport-based programmes. He also talked about the economics related to using sport for development in the Indian context, citing a small reference to the example of the industrial revolution of Europe. Arjun said that development can only happen if the methods and processes are in place.TRANSCRIPT
SPORTS SCIENCES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
ARJUN J CHAUDHURI VISITING FACULTY, SGTB KHALSA COLLEGE, DELHI UNIVERSITY
SPORTS ECONOMICS & MARKETING CERTIFICATE COURSE
PHYSICAL EDUCATION [PRE-776 BC-TILL DATE]
PHYSICAL EDUCATION comprises FORMS of PHYSCIAL EXERCISE TAUGHT in SCHOOLS and COLLEGES.
INTRODUCTION
Physical Education is instruction in various kinds of physical activities to PROMOTE the PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT and WELL-BEING of the INDIVIDUAL. Games that foster COMPETITION and stimulate play BEHAVIOUR are often used as a means of enabling students to understand and practice specific physical skills so that a high level of FITNESS can be MAINTAINED.
HISTORY
Originally, in ANCIENT GREECE [PRE-776 BC], PHYSICAL EDUCATION consisted of GYMNASTICS to IMPROVE STRENGTH, AGILITY, FLEXIBILITY, and ENDURANCE. The Greeks considered the HUMAN BODY a TEMPLE that housed the MIND and the SOUL, and gymnastics kept that temple HEALTHY and FUNCTIONAL. Eventually, STRUCTURED GYMNASTICS and CALISTHENIC EXERCISE were ABANDONED in favor of SPORTS [ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES 776 BC-AD 393; MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES 1896-TILL DATE].
IMAGE ABOVE, WRESTLING
PHYSICAL EDUCATION [PRE-776 BC-TILL DATE]
IMAGE 1, EXEDRA [SITTING AREA] RUINS AT OLYMPIA, GREECE
The SITE of the ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES was a sanctuary consisting of TEMPLES and buildings to HONOUR the MYTHOLOGICAL GODS of ANCIENT GREECE. The ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES, which date back to 776 BC, BEGAN with a CEREMONY and SACRIFICE to the GODS. The EXEDRA, or SITTING AREA, pictured here is among the ruins at Olympia.
IMAGE 2, FOOT RACE
The figures on this amphora represent participants in a FOOT RACE at the Panathenaic Games. CITY-STATE FESTIVALS provided the most exciting ENTERTAINMENT in ANCIENT GREECE. At these gatherings GREEKS HONOURED the GODS with COMPETITIONS in SPORTS, MUSIC, DRAMA, and POETRY.
IMAGE 3, CHARIOT RACE
A CHARIOT DRIVER CRACKS his WHIP to ENCOURAGE his HORSES. Chariot racing was a POPULAR PASTIME in ANCIENT GREECE and ANCIENT ROME and was RECORDED as an EVENT in the ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION [POST-1896-TILL DATE]
In modern times, PHYSICAL EDUCATION is the only subject that is directly concerned with MOTOR BEHAVIOUR. Emphasis on the MEANING of HUMAN MOVEMENT, PHYSIOLOGY of EXERCISE, SPORT SOCIOLOGY, and AESTHETIC APPRECIATION of MOVEMENT, as well as the ACQUISITION of SKILLS, are included in today's CURRICULUM.
IMAGE 1, BARON DE COUBERTIN, IOC PRESIDENT [1896-1925]
BARON PIERRE DE COUVERTIN of FRANCE is known as the man who REVIVED the OLYMPIC GAMES. In 1894 he worked with representatives of 14 other NATIONS to FORM the INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE [IOC], over which he PRESIDED from the FIRST MODERN GAMES in 1896 until his RETIREMENT in 1925.
IMAGE 2, LIGHTING THE OLYMPIC FLAME, 1988 OLYMPIC GAMES IN SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
TEACHING
Teachers of physical education must have at least a baccalaureate degree. Required study includes courses in HUMAN BIOLOGY and HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
TRANSITION FROM PHYSICAL EDUCATION TO SPORTS SCIENCES
SPORT is COMPETITIVE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. It is an INDIVIDUAL or GROUP COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY involving PHYSICAL EXERTION or SKILL, GOVERNED by RULES, and ENGAGED in PROFESSIONALLY for COMMERCIAL GAIN.
SPORTS SCIENCE is a SYSTEMATICALLY ORGANIZED BODY of KNOWLEDGE about SPORTS. It is an ACTIVITY that is the OBJECT of CAREFUL SYUDY or that is CARRIED OUT ACCORDING to a DEVELOPED METHOD. It is KNOWLEDGE GAINED from the STUDY of SPORTS.
IMAGE 1, HOPKINS VELODROME, UK
IMAGE 2, F1 START
Formula One racers feature front and rear wings that press the cars to the pavement. These cars can consistently reach speeds of over 320 km/h (200 mph). Seen here is the start of the 2004 Australian Grand Prix, part of the Formula One World Championship.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD DEDUCTIVE REASONING RENE DESCARTES [1596-1650]
FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN and
PHILOSOPHER RENE DESCARTES
was attempting to account for observed
phenomena on the basis of what he
called clear and distinct ideas—the
METHOD of DEDUCTIVE
REASONING.
The first modern philosopher, René
Descartes believed science and
mathematics could explain and predict
events in the physical world. Descartes
developed the CARTESIAN
COORDINATE SYSTEM for graphing
equations and geometric shapes.
Modern MAPS use a grid system that
can be traced back to Cartesian
graphing techniques.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD INDUCTIVE REASONING FRANCIS BACON [1561-1626]
FRANCIS BACON was an ENGLISH
PHILOSOPHER and STATESMAN,
and one of the PIONEERS of
MODERN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT.
Francis Bacon, wrote in the early 17th
century that a TABULATION of a
sufficiently large number of
OBSERVATIONS of NATURE would
lead to THEORIES accounting for
those operations—the METHOD of
INDUCTIVE REASONING.
The best of his PHILOSOPHICAL
WORKS are THE ADVANCEMENT
OF LEARNING (1605), a review in
English of the state of knowledge in his
own time, and NOVUM ORGANUM;
or, INDICATIONS RESPECTING
THE INTERPRETATION OF
NATURE (1620).
INVENTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
INVENTION (DEVICE or PROCESS) is CREATION of new DEVICES, OBJECTS, IDEAS, or PROCESURES, USEFUL in accomplishing HUMAN OBJECTIVES.
The process of invention is invariably preceded by one or more discoveries that help the inventor solve the problem at hand.
TECHNOLOGY is a general term for the PROCESSES by which human beings fashion TOOLS and MACHINES to increase their CONTROL and UNDERSTANDING of the MATERIAL ENVIRONMENT. The term is derived from the GREEK WORDS ‘TEKHNE’, which refers to an ART or CRAFT, and ‘LOGIA’, meaning an AREA OF STUDY; thus, TECHNOLOGY means, literally, the STUDY, or SCIENCE, OF CRAFTING.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT, WORLD WAR I [1914-1918]
PROJECT MANAGEMENT is a TECHNIQUE for MATCHING AVAILABLE RESOURCES (TIME, MONEY, and PEOPLE) against BUSINESS PROJECT AIMS (early COMPLETION DATE and FINAL COST).
The technique of Project Management ORIGINATED in the SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY during WORLD WAR I (1914-1918), when AMERICAN ENGINEER HENRY LAURENCE GANTT DEVELOPED what is now known as the GANTT CHART, a BAR CHART DEPLOYING USE of RESOURCES over TIME.
TOP IMAGE
SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY, NOANK, CONNECTICUT, USA [1917]
BELOW IMAGE
Building 100-foot concrete water tank boats for the Government. Inside of stern showing progress of construction. Manufactured by Great Northern Concrete Shipbuilding Co., Vancouver, Wash. Ca. 1918.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS SCIENCES [POST-1896-TILL DATE]
IMAGE 1, JUAN ANTONIO SAMARANCH, IOC PRESIDENT [1980]
SPAIN’s JUAN ANTONIO SAMARANCH, appointed INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE PRESIDENT in 1980, brought many INNOVATIONS to the OLYMPIC GAMES. Among these were CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP, MOVING the WINTER GAMES and SUMMER GAMES to a ROTATING TWO-YEAR SCHEDULE, and accepting more PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES.
IMAGE 2, HOSTING THE OLYMPICS, 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
CITIES that HOST the OLYMPIC GAMES must have an adequate number of large, MODERN ATHLETIC FACILITIES. Host cities SPEND to BUILD new STADIUMS and VENUES to hold all the OLYMPIC SPORTING EVENTS and CEREMONIES.
Shown here are some of the FACILITIES used in the 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES in SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.
SPORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE 1, JIM THORPE AT 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES IN STOCKHOLM, SEDEN
US ATHLETE JIM THORPE was considered the world’s best all-around athlete after WINNING both the PENTATHLON and DECATHLON during the 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES in STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. He is shown here throwing the discus in the 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES.
IMAGE 2, JESSE OWENS AT 1936 OLYMPIC GAMES IN BERLIN, GERMANY
US ATHLETE JESSE OWENS, in the far inside lane, WON the 100-meter dash at the 1936 OLYMPIC GAMES in BERLIN, GERMANY. JESSE OWENS dominated TRACK-AND-FIELD COMPETITION at the OLYMPIC GAMES, also WINNING GOLD MEDALS in the 200-meter dash, the LONG JUMP, and the 4 x 100-meter RELAY.
IMAGE 3, BLACK POWER SALUTE AT 1968 OLYMPIC GAMES IN MEXICO CITY, MEXICO
AFRICAN AMERICAN ATHLETES, 200-METERS, TOMMIE SMITH [GOLD] and JOHN CARLOS [BRONZE]
SPORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE 1, BEN JOHNSON AT 1988 OLYMPIC GAMES IN SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
SPRINTER BEN JOHNSON began a successful career in track and field in 1980 and went on to set several world records. The REVELATION at the 1988 OLYMPIC GAMES in SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA, of his LONG-TERM STEROID USE resulted in his having to FORFEIT the GOLD MEDAL he won there. BEN JOHNSON was banned from many major sporting events, but RETURNED to the track in 1991. He struggled to regain his world-class form and was PERMANENTLY BANNED from COMPETITION in 1993 after CONTINUED STERIOD USE was DISCOVERED.
IMAGE 2, TONY VOLPENTEST AT 1996 PARALYMPIC GAMES IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA
US athlete Tony Volpentest is pictured here at the 1996 PARLYMPIC GAMES in ATLANTA, GEORGIA, where he won gold medals in the 100-meter and 200-meter dashes.
The PARALYMPICS are an ATHLETIC COMPETITION for people with PHYSICAL DISABILITIES. Volpentest, who was born without hands or feet, uses HIGH-TECH PROSTHETIC feet for his sprinting races.
SPORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE, MARLA RUNYUN AT 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES IN SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
In 2000 MARLA RUNYUN, wearing number 3375, became the first LEGALLY BLIND US OLYMPIC ATHLETE by QUALIFYING for the US TEAM in the WOMEN’s 1,500-meter RACE. At the 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES in SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, MARLA RUNYUN ADVANCED to the FINALS, where she PLACED EIGHTH. Here she competes in the Olympic semifinal heat with American Suzy Favor Hamilton, left, and Russian Lyudmila Rogachova, center.
