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CENTRALIZED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK DEPLOYMENT
MAGESWARAN A/L R JAGANATHAN
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With
Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
April 2010
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek Centralized Wireless Sensor Network Deployment
Sesl Pengajian
Saya MAGESWARAN AILRJAGANATHAN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Srujana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( "'I ) :
D SULIT*
D TERHAD**
0 nDAKTERHAD
~· (TANDATANGAN PENUUS)
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
**(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Disahk n ol . . an Ahmad
Pensyarah Fakulli Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia f.1elaka 1(!1'\jng Beli<u"ei 1752.
Pejabat Pos Durian T unggal. (COP DAN TANDAm~ciffl~)
Melaka. Malaysia
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“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the references.”
Signature : …………………………….
Author : Mageswaran A/L R Jaganathan
Date : 30th April 2010
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of bachelor of Engineering
(Industrial Electronics) With Honors.”
Signature : ……………………………….
Supervisor’s Name : Mr. Mohd Riduan b. Ahmad
Date : ……………………………….
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Dedicated to my beloved family especially my father and mother, brother, and also to
all my friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, a special expression of gratitude is extended to my PSM
supervisor, Mr. Mohd Riduan b. Ahmad for his non-stop guidance and support that
really improved me theoretically and technically to carry out this project. I would to
thank him again for being so understanding and allocate his time from his busy
schedule to solve the problem I faced throughout this project.
Secondly, I would like to thank my family member and my brother especially for
their support and encouragement given to me to carry out this project successfully.
Last but not least, I would like thank all the people who directly or indirectly
guided me to accomplish this project.
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ABSTRAK
Rangkaian Sensor Wayarles telah menjadi tren baru untuk mengesan
parameter seperti suhu, kelembapan, tekanan dan sebagainya Walaupun teknologi
telah diciptakan akhir era 90-an tapi teknologi ini masih baru untuk Malaysia.
“Sensor node” akan bertanggungjawab untuk memindahkan data dari parameter yang
dikesan ke stesen pengkalan. Terdapat banyak topologi yang boleh digunakan untuk
menetapkan “Sensor Node”. Topologi yang dimaksudkan adalah “Star” (terpusat),
“Mesh”, “Tree” dan lain-lain topologi bergantung pada penggunaan dan persekitaran
“SensorNode“ ditempatkan. Projek ini adalah tentang penggelaran Rangkaian Sensor
Wayarles menggunakan topologi berpusat merasakan suhu dan kelembapan.
Topologi berpusat digunakan kerana kesederhanaan dan lebih luas cakupan. Semua
nod yang disambungkan kepada satu stesen pengkalan. Stesen pengkalan
memerlukan penanganan mesej yang lebih besar, “routing”, dan kemampuan
mengambil keputusan daripada node lain. Dalam hal ini “base station” adalah simpul
sensor itu sendiri. Masalah utama tentang Rangkaian Sensor Wayarles ini adalah
konsumsi tenaga “Sensor Node”. Ini kerana, “Sensor Node” menggunakan bateri
sebagai catu daya, sehingga konsumsi energi harus dikurangkan supaya “Sensor
Node” akan tahan lebih lama. Optimasi konsumsi tenaga daripada nod sensor akan
dilakukan dengan memanipulasi “RF Power” dan “Sampling Rate” untuk setiap
sensor node.
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ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Network has become the new trend of sensing parameter
such as temperature, humidity, pressure and etc. Even though the technology has
been invented late of 90‟s but this technology is still new for Malaysia. The Sensor
node will be responsible to transfer the data of sensed parameter to base station.
There are many topologies that can be used to arrange the sensor nodes. These
topologies are star (centralized), mesh, tree and etc. The topology depends on the
usage and the environment of the sensor nodes placed. This project is about the
deployment of the Wireless Sensor Network using the centralized topology to sense
the temperature and humidity. Centralized topology is used due to simplicity and
wider range of coverage. All nodes are connected to a single base station. The base
station requires greater message handling, routing, and decision-making capabilities
than the other nodes. The main issue about this Wireless Sensor Network is the
energy consumption of the sensor nodes. Since the sensor node using battery as the
power supply, so the energy consumption must be reduced so that the sensor node‟s
life span will be higher. The optimization of the energy consumption of sensor node
will be done by manipulating the RF Power and Sampling Rate of the each sensor
node.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN ii
DECLARATION iii
SUPERVISORY DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRAK vii
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xv
LIST OF APPENDIX xvi
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Introduction 1
1.1.1 Wireless Sensor Network 1
1.1.2 Topology 2
1.2 Problem Statement and Objective 4
1.2.1 Problem Statement 4
1.2.2 Objective 6
1.3 Scope of Work 6
1.3.1 Deployment 6
1.3.2 Monitoring and Collection 7
1.3.3 Optimization 7
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1.3.4 Evaluation 7
1.4 Contribution of Project 7
1.5 Thesis Contribution 8
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Study 9
2.1 Hardware Overview 10
2.1.1 Sensor Node 10
2.1.2 Base Station 16
2.1.3 Control Center 17
2.2 Hardware Familiarization 17
2.2.1 Hardware Architecture 18
2.2.2 Battery Opration 20
2.3 Software Overview 21
2.3.1 MoteView 2.0F 21
2.4 Software Manipulation 30
2.4.1 MoteWorks 2.0 30
2.4.2 MoteConfig 31
2.4.3 TinyOS 32
2.4.4 Programmer‟s Notepad 33
2.4.5 Cygwin 35
2.5 Fundamental Study 35
2.5.1 Zigbee and 802.15.4 36
2.5.2 Propagation Scenario 38
2.6 Pervious Research 40
2.7 Summary 41
III METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 42
3.1 Project Methodology 43
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3.2 Hardware Setup 44
3.2.1 Connecting Sensor Node to local PC 44
3.3 Deployment of Wireless Sensor Network 45
3.3.1 Selection of Network Topology 46
3.3.2 Site Specification 46
3.3.3 Estimation of Network Performance 48
3.4 Project Schedule 49
3.5 Summary 50
IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction 51
4.1 Results 52
4.1.1 Estimation of Battery Lifetime 52
4.1.2 RF Power Analysis 54
4.2 Test-Bed Implementation 57
4.2.1 Indoor 57
4.2.2 Outdoor 58
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction 60
5.1 Conclusion 60
5.2 Future Works 62
REFERENCE 63
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.0 Resources of the ATmega128 family Microprocessors 13
2.1 Hardware Platform Summary 19
2.2 Typical Operational Currents for IRIS peripherals 20
2.3 Frequency bands and data rate 37
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
1.0 Star Topology 3
1.1 Star Hybrid Topology 4
1.2 Voltage drop of IRIS sensor node 5
2.0 Overview of main sensor node hardware components 10
2.1 IRIS Mote 11
2.2 ATmega1281 Microprocessor Pinout 12
2.3 Base Station . 16
2.4 IRIS Professional Kit . 18
2.5 IRIS Hardware Architecture 19
2.6 Screenshot of Moteview GUI 22
2.7 Screenshot of a demo database displayed in Data tab 23
2.8 System Configuration in the Command Tab 24
2.9 Screenshot of the demo database in the Chart tab 25
2.10 Screenshot of the demo database in Health view 26
2.11 Demo database in Histogram view 27
2.12 Demo database in Scatter plot view 27
2.13 Demo database in Topology view 28
2.14 MoteConfig Application GUI 30
2.15 Interface of the Programmer‟s Notepad 33
2.16 MIB520 Programming Board 34
2.17 Antenna placement in LOS 38
2.18 Blockage caused NLOS 39
3.0 Connection to WSN via MoteView 2.0F 44
3.1 Interface of MoteView showing live data transfer 28
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3.2 Points where sensor placed in indoor (LOS) 47
3.3 Points where sensor placed in indoor (LOS) 48
4.0 Comparison between different nodes using power calculator spreadsheet. 53
4.1 Energy Consumption for various RF power for Channel 11 54
4.2 Energy Consumption for various RF power for Channel 14 55
4.3 Energy Consumption for various RF power for Channel 26 55
4.4 The variation of energy consumption with RF Power and Sampling rate
modification 57
4.5 Effect of RF Power at outdoor testing 59
4.6 Effect of Sampling Rate at outdoor testing 59
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CCD - Clear Channel Assesment
DSSS - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
ED - Energy Detection
IEEE - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
GUI - Graphical User Interface
LOS - Line of Sight
LQI - Link Quality Indicator
MAC - Medium Access Control
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
nesC - Network Embedded System C
NLOS - None Line of Sight
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
OS - Operating System
OTAP - Over the Air Programming
PHY - Physical
PSM - Projek Sarjana Muda
RF - Radio Frequency
SAP - Service Access Point
USB - Universal Serial Bus
WSN - Wireless Sensor Network
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE PAGE
A IRIS Datasheet 65
B MIB520 Datasheet 66
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Project Background
The focus of this project is on deployment of Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) using centralized (star) topology to analyze the propagation
scenario of the sensor nodes and to optimize the energy level of the sensor
nodes.
1.1.1 Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of
spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively
monitor physical or environmental conditions, at different locations [1].
Wireless sensor networks can be designed in a variety of ways to address
different priorities and make the appropriate technology trade-offs based on
the requirements of the application. Self-organizing wireless sensor network
architectures have enabled new wireless machine-to-machine applications,
including motion-detection sensors used on the battlefield; thermometers
gauging the temperature of food products and pharmaceuticals in transit; and
medical devices monitoring patient vital signs. All wireless sensor
networking systems share a set of common requirements. These include:
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Low power consumption - To support long-term operation, the
power consumption of the radio link must be minimized so that
devices can be powered by compact, lightweight batteries such as a
coin cell battery for long periods of time.
Ease of Use - The network protocol allows the sensor network to
initialize itself in a highly ad hoc, self-organizing manner.
Scalability - The network must support the number of nodes
required immediately and must also be able to support future growth
without causing exponential growth of overhead.
Responsiveness - Topology discover and re-discovery must be
efficient, especially for applications where sensor nodes are mobile,
such as in mobile machines or equipment or for wearable sensors.
Range - The sensor nodes able to transmit data up to range of 500
meters. The range is depends on the type of sensor nodes used.
1.1.2 Topology
Network topology plays an important role in setting up the WSN for
deployment. As we know there are many type of network topology such as
star, mesh, tree, ring, bus and etc [2]. For this project purpose star or
centralized topology is chosen and from there the advantages of the topology
will analyze by creating a test-bed.
1.1.2.1 Star Topology
A star topology is a single-hop system in which all wireless sensor
nodes are within direct communication range usually 30 to 100 meters to the
a gateway. All sensor nodes are identical and the gateway serves to
communicate data and commands to the sensor endpoints [2]. The base
station requires greater message handling, routing, and decision-making
capabilities than the other nodes. In this case the base station is the sensor
node itself.
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Figure 1.0 Star Topology
1.1.2.2 Star Hybrid
A star-mesh hybrid seeks to take advantage of the low power and
simplicity of the star topology, as well as the extended range and self-healing
nature of a mesh topology. A star-mesh hybrid organizes sensor nodes in a star
topology around routers which, in turn, organize themselves in a mesh network.
The routers serve both to extend the range of the network and to provide fault
tolerance. Since wireless sensor nodes can communicate with multiple routers,
the network reconfigures itself around the remaining routers if one fails or if a
radio link experiences interference Figure 1.1.
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Figure 1.1 Star Hybrid Topology
1.2 Problem Statement and Objective
1.2.1 Problem Statement
Most of existing device to measure the temperature and humidity are
wired type, which means wires or cables need (e.g USB cable) to be attached
to the control center (computer) to obtain required sensed data. There are
some problems in using wired device where it involves lots of wire to be
connected with the control center if data needed for different location.
Another problem is when temperature and humidity need to be measured in
long range of distance. It will be tedious to connect the device to the control
center. So, by using wireless sensor network we can measure the temperature
and humidity for different node and retrieve the data from a long distance.
Usage of WSN also has some problems. One of the main issues in
WSN is the energy consumption of the sensor node. Since most of the sensor
node will use batteries as the power supply, the issue of optimization is
desperately needed as to make sure the battery can last long. Sensor node will
be in “ON” state for 24 hours and it consumes lot of energy because even
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though at times the sensor node does not sense any parameter but it will
transmit signal to the base station to stay connected with the topology. This
makes the lifespan of the sensor node lower, thus the voltage of the sensor
node must be monitored so that there are enough voltages for the sensor node
to sense and send the data to the control center. For this project IRIS motes
which are a Crossbow‟s product is used as the sensor nodes and base station.
The user guide says the battery can last long till a year. A test is conducted to
find out the voltage drop each day and the result obtained is plotted. From
figure 1.2, the observation is each day the battery voltage drop is drastic and
critical. In 5 days the battery voltage dropped from 3.0 V to 2.5 V. This
proves that with the original settings of the IRIS sensor node, the battery
cannot last long till a year.
The significant of this project is to deploy WSN in centralized
topology with an optimum energy consumption. Since the main issue in WSN
sensor nodes is the energy consumption, it will be ideal if a minimum energy
is used by the sensor nodes to transfer the packets and data to the base station.
Voltage Drop in battery
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Days
Batt
ery
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Figure 1.2: Voltage drop of IRIS sensor node per day
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1.2.2 Objectives
To deploy wireless sensor nodes in centralized topology for different
propagation scenarios (test-bed implementation)
Indoor (LOS)
Outdoor (LOS)
To monitor the node time-by-time to make sure it remain in
centralized topology.
To ensure RF Power (PTX) and Sampling Rate modification optimize
the energy consumption of the sensor nodes.
To come out with a best solution of parameter modification that
produces the lowest energy consumption thus increases the lifespan of
the sensor node.
1.3 Scope of Work
The scope of work involved in this project can be divided into four
which are deployment, monitoring and data collection, analysis, and
optimization.
1.3.1 Deployment
This part involves the understanding on all the theories on WSN and
network topology. Also the understanding also includes the process of
indentifying the hardware and software involved and the requirements. A
test-bed must be also implemented for this project.
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1.3.2 Monitoring and Collection
Monitoring involves monitoring the sensor node to observe whether
the data of sensed parameters has been send correctly to the control center.
Then the data form the control center need to be collected in a specific
location such as database, MS Excel and etc. The collection is very useful for
further analysis.
1.3.3 Optimization
Optimization process involves two matters which are manipulating
the RF Power and changing the sampling rate. Both of this optimization
process is done by using appropriate software.
1.3.4 Evaluation
Evaluation is mainly on the sensor nodes energy consumption of the
sensor nodes. This analysis is done by tabulating and plotting graphs using
the collected data to do a comparison between the normal sensor nodes and
optimize sensor nodes.
1.4 Contribution of Project
A project is considered successful if there is some contribution
from the project done. As for this project, the main contribution is in terms of
energy optimization of the sensor nodes. For this, two parameters will be
modified to observe the effect on the energy consumption of the sensor node.
The first parameter is the RF power and the second parameter is the sampling
rate. The second contribution of the project is on the analysis of propagation
scenario of the centralized topology. The analysis of performance of the
sensor node is done for two propagation scenarios which are Line of Sight
(LOS) and None Line of Sight (NLOS).
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1.5 Thesis Organization
This thesis contains five chapters. First chapter is the Introduction
where by the introduction about the project title, the problem statement,
objectives and scopes were stated. The second chapter is the Literature
Review which contains all the theoretical study related to the project. The
study includes the hardware part and also the software part. Next will be
Methodology where in here the flow of the project will be shown using a
flow chart. In addition, all the works related to the project will be well
explained in this section. The fourth chapter is the Result and Analysis which
contains all the result of the project or findings visually and textually. Visual
representation is shown by plotting graphs, tables, diagrams and charts. The last
chapter will be the Conclusion and Recommendation which will conclude the
achievement of the project based on the objectives stated. The recommendations
are for further development of the project.