Macronutrients

Carbohydrates

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTSESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

Both macronutrients AND micronutrients are essential: meaning, your body needs them to function properly

Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic vs. Organic MoleculesMolecules

Inorganic:Molecules that are not organic

Are generally simple and are not normally found in living things

Organic compounds:Always contain CARBON and HYDROGENCan contain oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

Macronutrients vs. Macronutrients vs. MicronutrientsMicronutrients

What are the three nutrients that give you energy?

These three nutrients are called MACROnutrientsYour body needs a significant amount

of these nutrientsMICROnutrients

Your body still needs these nutrients, but in smaller amounts

MICROnutrients do not provide energy

How do macronutrients How do macronutrients function in the proper function in the proper

functioning of your bodies?functioning of your bodies?Provide your body with energy needed to:Grow;Repair itself; replace old cells and tissues; &

Perform other specific functions/cellular processes

Organic Molecules: Basic Organic Molecules: Basic StructureStructure

WhatWhat they are made of and they are made of and howhow they are put together. they are put together.

All the macronutrients we study in Nutrition have the similar BASIC structuresAre all organic (contain CARBON, HYDROGEN)

Are made up of one type of unit repeated many times (except lipids)

Macronutrients: Basic Macronutrients: Basic StructureStructure

Single unit is called the MONOmer“Mono” means “one”

Many monomers linked together makes a POLYmer“Poly” means “many”

In other words…In other words…

Each MONOMER is BUILDING BLOCK in the structure of a POLYMERExample: each brick in a

brick house is a monomer. The house is the polymer.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential MACROnutrient: your body needs a lot of carbohydrates to function

Carbohydrates are organic: they contain Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen “Carbo” = Carbon“Hydrate” = water = H2O

Naming carbohydrates:

The GENERAL name for the MONOMER of carbohydrates is MONOSACCHARIDEMono = “one” and “saccharide” =

sugarThe GENERAL name for the POLYMER

of carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDEPoly = “many” and “saccharide” =

sugar

Naming Carbohydrates Cont…

Carbohydrates are recognizable by their

-ose endings

Monomer? Polymer?We were working with two sugars, lactose and

glucose, trying to figure out which was whichWhen lactose was broken down, glucose

became present Lactose + enzyme glucose +

galactose Polymer + enzyme monomer +

monomerLook at the other way:

Monomer + monomer polymer Glucose + galactose lactose

Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, &

Polysaccharides Oligosaccharides: 2-10 monosaccharide units

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides bonded togetherMonosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide

1 + 1 = 2 Polysaccharides consist of MANY monosaccharides

and/or disaccharides bonded togetherMono + mono + di + di ++++++++ = poly 1 + 1 + 1 +++++++ = 100 – 1,000’s

Further Classifying Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides are SIMPLE sugars

Polysaccharides, which are made of MANY simple sugars linked together, are called COMPLEX carbohydrates

Specific examples of carbohydrates

MonosaccharidesExamples: glucose (C6H12O6), fructose, and galactose

Disaccharides Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose 

Specific examples of Specific examples of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Oligosaccharides: 3-10 sugarsRaffinose and stachyose

PolysaccharidesExamples: starch, pectin, cellulose, and glycogen

Sugar alcoholsSorbitol, xylitol

A Note on the Classification of Monosaccharides

• The monosaccharides commonly found in humans are classified according to the number of carbons they contain in their backbone structures.

• The major monosaccharides contain three to six carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose (glucose).