macromolecules honors biology biochemistry unit. essential question what are the major...
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Honors BiologyHonors Biology
Biochemistry UnitBiochemistry Unit
Essential QuestionEssential Question
What are the major macromolecules and What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve? what purpose does each serve?
Warm-Up ActivityWarm-Up Activity
Get together with an elbow partner and Get together with an elbow partner and discuss the following:discuss the following:Name the four main macromolecules and the Name the four main macromolecules and the
main purpose/function of eachmain purpose/function of each
Be ready to share what you discussed with Be ready to share what you discussed with the classthe class
Organic MacromoleculesOrganic Macromolecules
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
A macromolecule is a larger A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer) built by molecule (polymer) built by putting together smaller putting together smaller single units (monomers).single units (monomers).
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
What are some examples you can think What are some examples you can think of?of?
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Main source of energy Main source of energy for living thingsfor living things
Plants and some Plants and some animals use animals use carbohydrates for carbohydrates for structural purposesstructural purposes
Carbohydrates – fuel and building Carbohydrates – fuel and building materialmaterial
Made up of C, H, and OMade up of C, H, and O
Ratio is Ratio is 1:2:11:2:1 C:H:OC:H:OThree types:Three types:
1. monosaccharides1. monosaccharides2. disaccharides2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides3. polysaccharides
Number of sugar molecules attached determines categoryNumber of sugar molecules attached determines category mono- onemono- one di- twodi- two poly- more than twopoly- more than two
Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, also has hydrogen bondsalso has hydrogen bonds
Carbohydrates ContinuedCarbohydrates Continued
Condensation forms polymersCondensation forms polymers
Hydrolysis breaks down polymersHydrolysis breaks down polymers
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
Are major sources of energy for cellsAre major sources of energy for cellsEx. Glucose – cellular respirationEx. Glucose – cellular respiration
Found in other carbohydrates as well as Found in other carbohydrates as well as other organic macromolecules (amino and other organic macromolecules (amino and fatty acids)fatty acids)
Most common monosaccharides: glucose, Most common monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactosefructose, galactose
ActivityActivity
Discuss what you know about glucose, Discuss what you know about glucose, fructose, and galactose with your neighborfructose, and galactose with your neighbor
Be ready to share your answer!Be ready to share your answer!
Glucose, Fructose, GalactoseGlucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glucose: Glucose: *made during photosynthesis*made during photosynthesis*main source of energy for *main source of energy for
plants and animalsplants and animalsFructose:Fructose: *found naturally in fruits*found naturally in fruits
*is the sweetest of *is the sweetest of monosaccaridesmonosaccarides
Galactose:Galactose: *found in milk*found in milk*is usually in association with *is usually in association with
glucose or fructoseglucose or fructose
DiaccharideDiaccharide
Disaccharide – two monosaccharide Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together. bonded together. table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose
and fructose bonded together, and fructose bonded together, milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and
galactose galactose
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide
Polysaccharide – more than two Polysaccharide – more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds bonds
Serve as storage material or building materialServe as storage material or building materialStorage (ex: starch, glycogen)Storage (ex: starch, glycogen)Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin)Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin)
A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units.with 12 or more monosaccharide units.Pasta and starches are polysaccharidePasta and starches are polysaccharide Potatoes are a starchPotatoes are a starch
Chemical Identification of Chemical Identification of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Benedict’s Test:Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in the presence of heatorange in the presence of heat
Iodine Test :Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to purple/blackpurple/black
Process of Elimination:Process of Elimination: If there is no reaction If there is no reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present.DISACCHARIDE is present.
Carbohydrate SummaryCarbohydrate SummaryElements 1C:2H:1O (ex. C6H12O6 )
Building Block Monosaccharides (ex. Glucose + fructose)
Bonds Hydrogen
Different forms Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
Examples/ Common Names
Sugars & starches; cellulose
Importance/ Functions
Immediate energy
Other Tests: Benedict’s, Iodine
What macromolecules are these?
Lipids (fats and oils)Lipids (fats and oils)
Used to store energyUsed to store energy
Some lipids are important parts of Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof biological membranes and waterproof coveringscoverings
nonpolar, does not dissolve in waternonpolar, does not dissolve in water
contains contains ≥≥CH:OCH:O
Covalent bondsCovalent bonds
Lipid StructureLipid StructureLipid molecules are made up Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids (3) and glycerolof fatty acids (3) and glycerol
Unsaturated fat- a fat that Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one carbon-contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (it is liquid carbon double bond (it is liquid at room temperature)at room temperature)
Saturated fat- a fat without one Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon double bond carbon-carbon double bond (solid at room temperature)(solid at room temperature)
Saturated fat Unsaturated fat (oil)
Chemical IdentificationChemical Identification
Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a translucent stain on brown paper bags translucent stain on brown paper bags (grease stain)(grease stain)
Solubility in a polar and nonpolar Solubility in a polar and nonpolar substancesubstanceWater and ethanolWater and ethanol
Lipid SummaryLipid SummaryElements ≥2CH:O (ex. C57H110O6)
Building Block Fatty acids + glycerols
Bonds Covalent
Different forms Fats, oils, waxes
Examples/ Common Names
Fats, oils, waxes
Importance/ Functions
Energy storage, insulation, protective coatings, cell membr.
Other Tests: brown paper, solubility in nonpolar substances (ex. Ethanol)
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
What are the two types?What are the two types?
Why are they the most complex Why are they the most complex macromolecule? macromolecule?
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic Store and transmit hereditary or genetic informationinformation(RNA and DNA)(RNA and DNA)RNA- ribonucleic acidRNA- ribonucleic acidDNA- deoxyribonucleic acidDNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA has a double helix structureDNA has a double helix structure
DNA
Nucleic Acid StructureNucleic Acid Structure
Nucleic Acids are made Nucleic Acids are made up of up of nucleotidesnucleotides bonded together bonded together (phosphodiester bond), (phosphodiester bond), also has hydrogen bondsalso has hydrogen bonds
NucleotidesNucleotides consist of 3 consist of 3 partsparts 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar A phosphate groupA phosphate group And a nitrogenous baseAnd a nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acid SummaryNucleic Acid SummaryElements CHONP
Building Block Nucleotides(nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate)
Bonds Phosphodiester
Hydrogen
Different forms DNA & RNA
Examples/ Common Names
DNA, RNA, ATP
Importance/ Functions
Stores cellular information in a code (heredity), DNA & RNA form proteins
Other Most complex biol. compound
Which macromolecule do these represent?
ProteinsProteinsProteins control the rate of Proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell reactions and regulate cell processes. processes.
Proteins are used to form Proteins are used to form bones and musclesbones and muscles
Proteins transport substances Proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to into or out of cells or help to fight diseasefight diseaseMade from CHON and Made from CHON and sometimes Ssometimes S
Protein StructureProtein Structure
There are four levels of structure in a proteinThere are four levels of structure in a protein
The primary structure of proteinThe primary structure of protein:: ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded
together by peptide bonds****together by peptide bonds****
Aminoacids
Amino AcidAmino Acid
Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NHAmino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH22 and and
a carboxyl end (COOH)a carboxyl end (COOH)
20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins
Protein Structure•(1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain
•(2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains hydrogen bonded into a helix form
•(3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain clumped up
•(4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck together
Chemical IdentificationChemical Identification
Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in ProteinProteinBlue colored solution turns purple in the Blue colored solution turns purple in the
presence of peptide bonds presence of peptide bonds Intensity = Concentration of proteinIntensity = Concentration of protein
Protein SummaryProtein SummaryElements CHON and sometimes S
Building Block Amino acids (20)
Bonds Peptide bonds hold aa together
Different forms Includes enzymes
Examples/ Common Names
Hair & muscle, enzymes
Importance/ Functions
Structure & function, immune system, chem reactions, build tissue
Other Test: Biuret
Carbon MacromoleculesCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,