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Macromolecules Macromolecules Honors Biology Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit Biochemistry Unit

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Page 1: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Honors BiologyHonors Biology

Biochemistry UnitBiochemistry Unit

Page 2: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Essential QuestionEssential Question

What are the major macromolecules and What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve? what purpose does each serve?

Page 3: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Warm-Up ActivityWarm-Up Activity

Get together with an elbow partner and Get together with an elbow partner and discuss the following:discuss the following:Name the four main macromolecules and the Name the four main macromolecules and the

main purpose/function of eachmain purpose/function of each

Be ready to share what you discussed with Be ready to share what you discussed with the classthe class

Page 4: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Organic MacromoleculesOrganic Macromolecules

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

A macromolecule is a larger A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer) built by molecule (polymer) built by putting together smaller putting together smaller single units (monomers).single units (monomers).

Page 5: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

What are some examples you can think What are some examples you can think of?of?

Page 6: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Main source of energy Main source of energy for living thingsfor living things

Plants and some Plants and some animals use animals use carbohydrates for carbohydrates for structural purposesstructural purposes

Page 7: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Carbohydrates – fuel and building Carbohydrates – fuel and building materialmaterial

Made up of C, H, and OMade up of C, H, and O

Ratio is Ratio is 1:2:11:2:1 C:H:OC:H:OThree types:Three types:

1. monosaccharides1. monosaccharides2. disaccharides2. disaccharides

3. polysaccharides3. polysaccharides

Number of sugar molecules attached determines categoryNumber of sugar molecules attached determines category mono- onemono- one di- twodi- two poly- more than twopoly- more than two

Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, also has hydrogen bondsalso has hydrogen bonds

Page 8: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Carbohydrates ContinuedCarbohydrates Continued

Condensation forms polymersCondensation forms polymers

Hydrolysis breaks down polymersHydrolysis breaks down polymers

Page 9: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Are major sources of energy for cellsAre major sources of energy for cellsEx. Glucose – cellular respirationEx. Glucose – cellular respiration

Found in other carbohydrates as well as Found in other carbohydrates as well as other organic macromolecules (amino and other organic macromolecules (amino and fatty acids)fatty acids)

Most common monosaccharides: glucose, Most common monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactosefructose, galactose

Page 10: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

ActivityActivity

Discuss what you know about glucose, Discuss what you know about glucose, fructose, and galactose with your neighborfructose, and galactose with your neighbor

Be ready to share your answer!Be ready to share your answer!

Page 11: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Glucose, Fructose, GalactoseGlucose, Fructose, Galactose

Glucose: Glucose: *made during photosynthesis*made during photosynthesis*main source of energy for *main source of energy for

plants and animalsplants and animalsFructose:Fructose: *found naturally in fruits*found naturally in fruits

*is the sweetest of *is the sweetest of monosaccaridesmonosaccarides

Galactose:Galactose: *found in milk*found in milk*is usually in association with *is usually in association with

glucose or fructoseglucose or fructose

Page 12: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

DiaccharideDiaccharide

Disaccharide – two monosaccharide Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together. bonded together. table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose

and fructose bonded together, and fructose bonded together, milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and

galactose galactose

Page 13: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

Polysaccharide – more than two Polysaccharide – more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds bonds

Serve as storage material or building materialServe as storage material or building materialStorage (ex: starch, glycogen)Storage (ex: starch, glycogen)Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin)Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin)

A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units.with 12 or more monosaccharide units.Pasta and starches are polysaccharidePasta and starches are polysaccharide Potatoes are a starchPotatoes are a starch

Page 14: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Chemical Identification of Chemical Identification of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Benedict’s Test:Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in the presence of heatorange in the presence of heat

Iodine Test :Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to purple/blackpurple/black

Process of Elimination:Process of Elimination: If there is no reaction If there is no reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present.DISACCHARIDE is present.

Page 15: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Carbohydrate SummaryCarbohydrate SummaryElements 1C:2H:1O (ex. C6H12O6 )

Building Block Monosaccharides (ex. Glucose + fructose)

Bonds Hydrogen

Different forms Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Examples/ Common Names

Sugars & starches; cellulose

Importance/ Functions

Immediate energy

Other Tests: Benedict’s, Iodine

Page 16: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

What macromolecules are these?

Page 17: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Lipids (fats and oils)Lipids (fats and oils)

Used to store energyUsed to store energy

Some lipids are important parts of Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof biological membranes and waterproof coveringscoverings

nonpolar, does not dissolve in waternonpolar, does not dissolve in water

contains contains ≥≥CH:OCH:O

Covalent bondsCovalent bonds

Page 18: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Lipid StructureLipid StructureLipid molecules are made up Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids (3) and glycerolof fatty acids (3) and glycerol

Unsaturated fat- a fat that Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one carbon-contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (it is liquid carbon double bond (it is liquid at room temperature)at room temperature)

Saturated fat- a fat without one Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon double bond carbon-carbon double bond (solid at room temperature)(solid at room temperature)

Page 19: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Saturated fat Unsaturated fat (oil)

Page 20: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Chemical IdentificationChemical Identification

Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a translucent stain on brown paper bags translucent stain on brown paper bags (grease stain)(grease stain)

Solubility in a polar and nonpolar Solubility in a polar and nonpolar substancesubstanceWater and ethanolWater and ethanol

Page 21: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Lipid SummaryLipid SummaryElements ≥2CH:O (ex. C57H110O6)

Building Block Fatty acids + glycerols

Bonds Covalent

Different forms Fats, oils, waxes

Examples/ Common Names

Fats, oils, waxes

Importance/ Functions

Energy storage, insulation, protective coatings, cell membr.

Other Tests: brown paper, solubility in nonpolar substances (ex. Ethanol)

Page 22: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

What are the two types?What are the two types?

Why are they the most complex Why are they the most complex macromolecule? macromolecule?

Page 23: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Store and transmit hereditary or genetic Store and transmit hereditary or genetic informationinformation(RNA and DNA)(RNA and DNA)RNA- ribonucleic acidRNA- ribonucleic acidDNA- deoxyribonucleic acidDNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA has a double helix structureDNA has a double helix structure

DNA

Page 24: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Nucleic Acid StructureNucleic Acid Structure

Nucleic Acids are made Nucleic Acids are made up of up of nucleotidesnucleotides bonded together bonded together (phosphodiester bond), (phosphodiester bond), also has hydrogen bondsalso has hydrogen bonds

NucleotidesNucleotides consist of 3 consist of 3 partsparts 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar A phosphate groupA phosphate group And a nitrogenous baseAnd a nitrogenous base

Page 25: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Nucleic Acid SummaryNucleic Acid SummaryElements CHONP

Building Block Nucleotides(nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate)

Bonds Phosphodiester

Hydrogen

Different forms DNA & RNA

Examples/ Common Names

DNA, RNA, ATP

Importance/ Functions

Stores cellular information in a code (heredity), DNA & RNA form proteins

Other Most complex biol. compound

Page 26: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Which macromolecule do these represent?

Page 27: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

ProteinsProteinsProteins control the rate of Proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell reactions and regulate cell processes. processes.

Proteins are used to form Proteins are used to form bones and musclesbones and muscles

Proteins transport substances Proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to into or out of cells or help to fight diseasefight diseaseMade from CHON and Made from CHON and sometimes Ssometimes S

Page 28: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Protein StructureProtein Structure

There are four levels of structure in a proteinThere are four levels of structure in a protein

The primary structure of proteinThe primary structure of protein:: ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded

together by peptide bonds****together by peptide bonds****

Aminoacids

Page 29: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Amino AcidAmino Acid

Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NHAmino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH22 and and

a carboxyl end (COOH)a carboxyl end (COOH)

20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins

Page 30: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Protein Structure•(1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

•(2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains hydrogen bonded into a helix form

•(3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain clumped up

•(4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck together

Page 31: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Chemical IdentificationChemical Identification

Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in ProteinProteinBlue colored solution turns purple in the Blue colored solution turns purple in the

presence of peptide bonds presence of peptide bonds Intensity = Concentration of proteinIntensity = Concentration of protein

Page 32: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Protein SummaryProtein SummaryElements CHON and sometimes S

Building Block Amino acids (20)

Bonds Peptide bonds hold aa together

Different forms Includes enzymes

Examples/ Common Names

Hair & muscle, enzymes

Importance/ Functions

Structure & function, immune system, chem reactions, build tissue

Other Test: Biuret

Page 33: Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit. Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Carbon MacromoleculesCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,