mackean - christian monasticism in egypt

7/31/2019 Mackean - Christian Monasticism in Egypt

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c: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce AmyptGaetcke) nkwavar) gly ha glfa kj tna Amyptcle

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c> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypttncrf lef jkurtn àeturcas l%f% Ct fcjjaraf jrkg alriyjkrgs kj pncikskpny) hy agpnlscscem tna `ketagpiltcvacestalf kj tna prl`tc`li scfa kj icja 2 lef cts jkiikwarsnaif tnlt cj tna skui wls purcjcaf jrkg lii alrtniytnkumnts ct `kuif lttlce tk tna `ketagpiltcke kj Mkf%Vncs jraafkg jrkg gltarcli cetarasts wls tk ha skumnthy cskiltcke lef lsàtc`csg% Vnus wa nlva ce eak'Til'tkecsg tna taefae`y tk wctnfrlw jrkg tna wkrif`kupiaf wctn le lsàtc` lef `ketagpiltcva icja) wnc`nlra tna `nlrl`tarcstc`s kj gkelstc`csg% Hut tna krcmcekj tna ilttar `leekt ha jkuef tnarace jkr tna jkiikwcemralskes ?

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84 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce AmyptParlpcs ces`rcptckes lra tnlebsmcvcems jkr rastkrltcketk nalitn% Pkga axar`csaf prcastiy jue`tckes 2 leftnay lppalr tk nlva haae tna elafcug kj tnksa saabcemravailtckes) lef wara `kesaquaetiy jkuef ce tna gkstjraquaetaf tagpias% Vnay wara vary pkkr) `liiaftnagsaivas hammlrs) lef wara kjtae `kgpilcecem kjtnacr `kefctcke%Hut tnacr lcg lef gkfa kj icja wara ìalriy fcjjaraetjrkg tnksa kj tna @nrcstcle gkeb 2 tnay wara ekt

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`kescfarltcke) jkr A% Xavciikut)U M% Mrcctzgl`narU lefktnars nlva trcaf tk glcetlce tnlt Tl`nkgcus) tnajkuefar kj Amyptcle àekhctcsg) wls l gkeb kjParlpcs% Vna prkhiag àetras rkuef tna tcga tnltTl`nkgcus spaet lt @naekhksbcke .kr P`naeasct# cetna Pkutnare Vnahlcf ljtar na nlf iajt tna lrgy%Vnara) l``krfcem tk tna Mraab l``kuet) U ljtar raàcvcemtna jcrst aiagaets kj tna @nrcstcle jlctn) na wls hlp'tcsaf) lef raàcvaf l vcscke `keàrecem ncs juturagcsscke% Vnae) gkvaf hy tna Ppcrct kj Mkf) na wcsnaftk ha`kga l gkeb) lef skumnt kut tna le`nkrctaTlisagke) kj wnkg na nlf nalrf%

U Xcvua Amyptki%) >4) p%


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Eke'@nrcstcle Ls`atc` Pystags 8 jj#% Ct cs slcf tnlt ke aghrl`cem tncs gkfa kj icjatnay fcstrchutaf tnacr prkparty lgkem tnacr railtckes)hut prkhlhiy tnay fcf ekt raekue`a lii) ha`lusa tnaynlf tk prkvcfa jkr tnagsaivas nkusas lef jkkf%


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0: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypt

H% @nrcstcleMrkwtn kj @nrcstclecty

Vna hamceecems kj @nrcstclecty ce Amypt lra uebekwe)hut cts àetra wls Liaxlefrcl) jkr uetci tna tcga kjHcsnkp Fagatrcus .`% >'80< l%f%#) tnara wara ekktnar hcsnkps ce Amypt 2 lef tna rast kj tna `nur`nas)lpplraetiy mkvareaf hy prashytars lef fal`kes)U warasuhoa`t tk tna `nur`n kj Liaxlefrcl% Vna Fcfl`nasummasts tna pksschcicty tnlt @nrcstclecty spralftnrkumn tna wkrb kj tal`nars wnk waet jrkg tkwe tktkwe) stlycem keiy l snkrt tcga ce al`n pilà 2 leftncs cs `kejcrgaf hy tna axcstaeà kj tal`nars ce tnatncrf àetury% L ilrma eughar kj Oaws nlf ha`kga@nrcstcle furcem tna sa`kef àetury) cj tna Mkspail``krfcem tk tna Nahraws `crùiltaf lgkem tnag%Gkrakvar) Mekstc` sa`ts lra bekwe tk nlva haaewcfaspralf ce Amypt) lef cefaaf farcvaf skga kjtnacr cfals jrkg tna ranmcke kj tna le`caet Amyptcles%Zcmkrkus gcssckelry wkrb tnrkumnkut tna `kuetrywls `lrrcaf ke hy Hlscicfas)U Zliaetceus)U lef tnaGlr`ckectas) jkr @iagaet tnkumnt ct eaàsslry tk wrctal traltcsa lmlcest tncs narasy% Vna apcstia kj Lggke.:# rajarraf tk tna prasaeà kj Glr`ckectas ce tna tcga kjTl`nkgcus) lef Apcpnlecus/ stltaf tnlt tna jkiikwars kjGlr`cke wara stcii tk ha jkuef ce Amypt lef tna Vna'hlcf% L jcea `kiia`tcke kj Mekstc` mags lef lguiatsce tna Hrctcsn Gusaug .tlhia `lsa E) Jkurtn AmyptcleXkkg# lisk halrs wcteass tk tna Mekstc` l`tcvctcas) lefictarltura cs raprasaetaf hy tna Tcstcs Pkpncl) wnc`n

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Lsàtc`csg ce Amypt 0=prkhlhiy `crùiltaf ce cts krcmceli Mraab furcem tnatncrf àetury%Vna Gketlecst gkvagaet lisk paeatrltaf cetk

Amypt% @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce AmyptCt lppalrs) tnarajkra) tnlt @nrcstclecty glfa mralt

lfvleà furcem tna tncrf àetury lgkem tna eltcvacenlhctlets kj Amypt) litnkumn tnara gly nlva haaejaw lfnaraets ce tna praàfcem àetury%

Mrkwtn kj @nrcstcle Lsàtc`csg)Vna quastcke ls tknkw lsàtc`csg mraw up lef spralf ce tna Amyptcle@nur`n maearliiy cs l àetrli prkhiag kj tna rcsa kjgkelstc`csg ce tnlt `kuetry%


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Lsàtc`csg ce Amypt 03kj tna Eaw Vastlgaet @leke) kr tk spalb gkra `kr'ra`tiy) cts raàptcke ce tna `nur`n lef axl`t lttrchutasnlf ekt yat haae jceliiy sattiaf ce Liaxlefrcl ( lttna aef kj tna sa`kef àetury% U Vk tncs `crùgstleàgly parnlps ha lffaf tna jurtnar jl`t tnlt lt tnaslga parckf ( tna Liaxlefrcle @nur`n eactnar pkssassafl hlptcsgli `kejasscke scgcilr tk tnlt kj Xkga) ekruefarstkkf hy - ramuil jcfac - lef syekeygkus axpras'sckes l `kiia`tcke kj haicajs jcxaf ce skga jlsncke leffarcvaf jrkg tna lpkstias+-UVnus tna Mkspai l``krfcem tk tna Amyptcles `crù'

iltaf ce @iagaet-s tcga lef wls ekt uetci Krcmae-s flyramlrfaf ls le naratc`li wrctcem% Kea kj cts jaw sur'vcvcem jrlmgaets railtas l `kevarsltcke hatwaae kurIkrf lef Plikga) ce wnc`n tna hkfy cs fas`rchaf ls( tna mlrgaet kj snlga 2 ( tna parja`t stlta cs tnlt cewnc`n saxuli fcstce`tckes lef railtckes lra lhkicsnaf)lef tna halrcem kj `ncifrae ls tna hcttar pilet kjhkfciy plsscke cs tk ha lvkcfaf%U

Pcgcilr hut sicmntar avcfaeà cs hkrea hy tna Kxy'rnye`nus plpyrc) fcs`kvaraf ce 3= lef


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64 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptcs ekt glrrcaf) iat ncg ekt glrry% (U L trlfctcke glylisk ha gaetckeaf) wnc`n wls ùrraet ce @iagaet-s tcga) Utnlt Pt% Glttnaw nlf icvaf ke -- saafs lef rkkts lefvamatlhias) wctnkut jiasn%( Vncs avcfaeà cs tna gkrascmecjc`let wnae ct cs ragagharaf nkw icttia nls sur'vcvaf kj tna sl`raf ictarltura ùrraet ce tna @nur`n kjAmypt lt sk alriy l parckf%

0% Vna sikw favaikpgaet kj @nur`n mkvaregaet cetna @nur`n kj Amypt U lisk wkuif jlvkur tna spralf kjlsàtc`csg) sceà Liaxlefrcl wls l mralt àetra kjlsàtc`csg% Vna cejiuaeà kj tna @nur`n kj Liaxlefrclgust nlva haae vary mralt) ekt keiy ha`lusa kj ctsprastcma) hut sceà ct wls tna àetra kj @nur`n lutnkrctylef l`tcvcty 2 jrkg ct wkuif `kga gley kj tna tal`narsls waii ls ìarmy) wnksa cejiuaeà wkuif ha strkemiyjait ce tnksa plrts wnara tnay ilhkuraf 2 lef ct galettnlt @nrcstclecty wkuif taef tk `kga tk tna pakpiatnrkumn lsàtc` `nleeais%

Ce tncs `keea`tcke wa gly `kescfar nara tna tal`ncemkj tna twk mralt Liaxlefrceas) @iagaet lef Krcmae%

@iagaet-s pksctcke ce ramlrf tk lsàtc`csg cs sicmntiy`kgpic`ltaf% Ct gust ha ragagharaf tnlt na icvaf cel `cty wnc`n ikvaf pialsura lef iuxury) lef tnlt tnarawara twk aetcraiy fcjjaraet fk`trceas) aspa`cliiy lsramlrfs glrrclma) wnc`n na jait hkuef tk `kghlt%Kea `lga jrkg tna jkiikwars kj @lrpk`rltas) wnklfvk`ltaf icàetckus icvcem) wncia tna Glr`ckectas ketna ktnar nlef wara lsàtc` tk le axtraga famraa%Litnkumn @iagaet fcf ekt rcsa tk tna juii @nrcstcle

`keàptcke) na naif ek ikw vcaws lhkut tna hkfy%UCj ct nlf haae tna aeagy kj tna skui) @nrcst wkuif ektnlva plcf sk gu`n lttaetcke tk tna nalicem kj gae-s

< Ptrkg%) ccc%


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Ls`atc`csg ce Amypt 6%/ @kii)) ccc% 6) : 2 xxc% 6 2 Cestci)) c%


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16 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptljtar faltn gcmrltas tk tna bcemfkg kj Kscrcs wnara( tnay nlem) ls ct wara) upke ncg) lef `ketagpiltawctnkut avar hacem sltcltaf) lef ikem jkr tnlt halutywnc`n `le eactnar ha spkbae ekr fas`rchaf ( .=3#%Lmlce) Lpuiacus wrctcem kj tna Cscs ùit) ls ct wls ceXkga furcem tna ilttar plrt kj tna sa`kef àetury)fas`rchaf tna cectclta ls aeokycem ( tna ceajjlhia faicmntkj fwaiicem wctn tna cglma kj tna mkffass)( lef tnawkrsncppar ls mlzcem ke tna cglma ce sciaet prlyarlef lfkrltcke%U Tkrpnyry lisk ilcf mralt strass ketna `ketagpiltcva icvas kj tna Amyptcle prcasts) wnkjkr tncs purpksa favktaf tnagsaivas tk lsàtc`csg)qucat lef saìuscke jrkg tna wkrif% U Litnkumn tnasafas`rcptckes wara wrcttae jrkg l eke'Amyptcle pkcetkj vcaw) tnacr lmraagaet pkcets tk tna mrkwtn kjgystc`li taefae`cas ce tna raicmcke kj Amypt%

Jurtnar) wncia tna cgpkrtleà lttl`naf hy Mraabtnkumnt tk tna `ketagpiltcva icja wls favaikpaf lefral`naf cts ìcglx furcem tna tncrf àetury ce eak'Tiltkecsg) cts cejiuaeà wls saae ce @iagaet kj Liaxle'frcl) wnk wrkta kj tna `ketagpiltcke kj tna Mekstc`)Ulef ce Krcmae) wnk slw ce Glrtnl lef Glry tna typaskj tna prl`tc`li lef `ketagpiltcva icja) lef ìlcgaftnlt keiy hy l icja kj strc`t lsàtc`csg `le l gle saaMkf) jkr -- wa kumnt tk faspcsa tncems saeschia lef tag'pkrli lef vcschia) lef tk fk kur utgkst tk ral`n `kg'guecke wctn Mkf) lef tna `ketagpiltcke kj tncemstnlt lra cetaiicmaet lef cevcschia) lef l hiassaf icjawctn Mkf lef tna jrcaefs kj Mkf%(/Vnus tna prl`tcà kj fcvcea `ketagpiltcke nlf `kga

tk parvlfa Mraab tnkumnt) Liaxlefrcle Ouflcsg) leftk skga axtaet tna eltcva ùits 2 lef) ls ce tna `lsa

/ Gat)) xc% 84'6% 8 fa lhstceaet%) cv% : jj%U Ptrkg)) vcc% 0) =% / `) @ais%) ccc% 1: 2 `j% vcc% 03%


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Gystc`csg ce Amypt 11kj lsàtc`csg) wnae @nrcstclecty spralf wcfaiy lgkemtna Amyptcles ce tna tncrf àetury) ct wls lt tnatcga wnae mralt lttaetcke wls hacem plcf ce tna@nrcstcle @nur`n kj Amypt tk tna gkra gystc`li lspa`tkj raicmcke%Vna gkelstc` lcg wls) ls tna plmas kj @lsscle

lhuefletiy tastcjy) tna lttlcegaet kj parja`tcke) jkrwnc`n purcty kj prlyar wls assaetcli% Ct wls jkr tncstnlt guitctufas jiaf jrkg tna wkrif lef cts selraslef skumnt rajuma ce tna ikeaiy icja kj tna fasart%

@kesaquaetiy tna suhoa`t kj fcvcea `ketagpiltckewls `kescfaraf tk ek sglii axtaet ce tna @kejaraeàskj @lsscle%

Gksas quktaf tna axlgpia kj Glrtnl lef Glry lssnkwcem tnlt ( tna `ncaj mkkf `kescsts ce gafctltcke)c%a% ce fcvcea `ketagpiltcke -- 2U lef na `kggaefaftna gatnkf kj lfgcrcem tna ce`kgpranaeschia assaeàkj Mkf) tna mralteass kj Ncs `raltcke) Ncs oustcà% Ncsflciy prkvcfaeà) tna vlsteass kj Ncs bekwiafma lefNcs ceajjlhia gar`y% U Eastarks slcf tnlt tna `ketag'piltcke kj tncems fcvcea lef tna bekwiafma kj gkstsl`raf tnkumnts `kuif keiy `kga ljtar pursucem wctngcmnt lef glce tna cgprkvagaet kj gkrlis lefpurcjc`ltcke jrkg jluits%U Hut ct cs ce tna `kejaraeàkj Lhhkt Csll` tnlt tna ncmnast stlmas kj tna `ketag'piltcva icja lra ral`naf) ( Vna aef kj lii parja`tcke cstnlt tna gcef purmaf jrkg lii `lreli fascras gly flciyha icjtaf tkwlrfs spcrctuli tncems uetci tna wnkia icjalef lii tna tnkumnts kj tna nalrt ha`kga kea `ketceukusprlyar%--/ Jkr baapcem up tncs `ketceuli ra`kiia`tckekj Mkf) na slcf tnlt tna kifast jltnars mlva tna jkiikw'cem jkrguil wnc`n wls tk ha usaf ke lii k``lsckes ?

< @k++%)c% >% 8 @kiI+c%


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1: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypt/- K Mkf) glba spaaf tk slva ga ? K Ikrf) glba nlstatk naip ga%(U Hut skgatcgas l gkra suhicga stlmakj prlyar cs ral`naf hy gcefs tnlt nlva glfa mraltlfvleà tk tna stlta kj parja`t purcty) wctn tna naipkj tna Ppcrct 2 hut tncs cs le lrfaet bcef kj prlyar( wnc`n cs bekwe lef trcaf hy hut vary jaw) lef wnc`n)tk spalb gkra truiy) cs ceajjlhia) wnc`n trlesàefs liinugle tnkumnts lef cs fcstcemucsnaf) C wcii ekt slyhy ley skuef kj tna vkcà) hut hy ek gkvagaet kj tnatkemua kr uttarleà kj wkrfs) hut wnc`n tna gcefaeicmntaeaf hy tna cejuscke kj tnlt nalvaeiy icmntfas`rchas ce ek nugle lef `kejceaf ilemulma) hutpkurs jkrtn rc`niy ls jrkg l `kpckus jkuetlce ce lel`ùguiltcke kj tnkumnts) lef ceajjlhiy uttars tk Mkf)axprasscem ce tna snkrtast pksschia splà kj tcga su`nmralt tncems tnlt tna gcef wnae ct ratures tk cts usuli`kefctcke `leekt alsciy uttar kr railta+- U Vncs bcefkj ce`krruptchia prlyar fkas ekt `kga hy mlzcem ltley cglma) -- hut wctn tna purpksa kj tna gcef lii kejcra cs prkfuàf tnrkumn a`stlsy kj nalrt hy skgauel``kuetlhia baaeeass kj spcrct%(U

Pavarli jlgkus gkebs lra fas`rchaf ls ral`ncemmralt nacmnts kj `ketagpiltcke ? Letnkey raokcàf cetna `ketagpiltcke kj fcvcea tncems)/ lef wls sk par'scstaet tnlt kjtae) ls na wls prlycem ce l trlespkrt kjgcef) na faìlcgaf lmlcest tna rcscem kj tna sue jkrfcsturhcem ncg 2U Tlpneutcus ( ce ncs almar fascra jkr`ketceuli fcvcea gafctltcke ( piuemaf cetk wcif lefcel`àsschia plrts kj tna fasart) lef ct wls haicavaftnlt /- na aeokyaf lef faicmntaf ce tna flciy sk`catykj lemais(2U Cscfkra wls jlgkus jkr ncs a`stlsy2UGl`lrcus kj Amypt ( wls slcf tk ha ce l `ketceuli

< @kiI) ^% ik% 8 @qNU cx% 6% 1 @k++%)cx% 0


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Haicaj ce Jutura Icja 1=a`stlsy lef tk spaef l jlr ikemar tcga wctn Mkf tnlewctn tncems suhiuelry ( 2U lef Gl`lrcus kj Liaxlefrcllttagptaf tk baap ncs gcef jkr jcva flys uefcsturhafke tna `ketagpiltcke kj Mkf) mcvcem tncs `kgglef'gaet tk ncs gcef) ( Fk ekt fasàef jrkg nalvae ?tnara yku nlva lemais) lr`nlemais) tna pkwars ke ncmn)tna Mkf kj lii 2 fk ekt fasàef haikw nalvae ( 2 hutna wls khicmaf tk ialva kjj ke tna tncrf fly%U Ce snkrt)ls Mramkry ElzclezaeU slcf) tna àiis kj tna gkebwara ( nkiy lef fcvcea nkgas kj `ketagpiltcke ceAmypt) wnara) saìufcem tnagsaivas jrkg tna wkrif lefwai`kgcem tna fasart) gae icva tk Mkf gkra tnle liiwnk axcst ce tna hkfy%(Vna suhoa`t kj tna `ketagpiltcva icja gly ekw ha`keìufaf wctn tna wkrfs kj @lsscle) wnc`n cefc`lta

cts `keea`tcke ekt keiy wctn lsàtc`csg hut wctn tnajutura icja ? ( tna gcef cs jcxaf ke tna `ketagpiltckekj fcvcea tncems lef cs tna rltnar aetrleàf wctn tnaikva kj vcrtua lef tna faicmnt kj tncems àiastcli%Lef sk l gle wcii faspcsa lii tncems prasaet ls trlesc'tkry wnae na nls saùraiy jcxaf ncs gaetli mlza ketnksa tncems wnc`n lra cggkvlhia lef atareli) lefliralfy `ketagpiltas ce nalrt) tnkumn stcii ce tna jiasn)tna hiassafeass kj ncs jutura icja%(U

0% Amyptcle Haicaj ce l Jutura IcjaVna jutura icja ljtar faltn wls tna mralt jaltura kj

tna Amyptcle raicmcke% ( Vna `kestlet prasaeà kj tnafalf ce tna ìcjjs lef fasart kvarikkbcem tna sàeas kjtnacr icvas) kr ce iltar tcgas gkra jlgciclriy baptsurrkuefcem tna jlgciy icja ce tna ltrcug kj tna nkusa

< N%I%)


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1> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptprasarvaf l saesa kj `ketceucty wctn tna ktnar wkrif+ -UNlppceass ce l jutura icja fapaefaf ke tna fua par'jkrgleà kj tna juearli rctas) lef tna mraltast cgpkr'tleà wls lttl`naf tk tna prasarvltcke kj tna hkfy sktnlt tna spcrcts kj tna falf gcmnt plss hatwaae tnatkgh lef tna bcemfkg kj Kscrcs% Hut tna atnc`li vcawmrlfuliiy mraw up ce le`caet Amypt) hy wnc`n juturanlppceass wls ramlrfaf ls fapaefcem upke l vcrtukusicja nara% Kscrcs wls tna oufma kj nugle `nlrl`tar 2lef hajkra tna falf `kuif ha lfgcttaf tk ncs bcpmfkgtnay nlf tk lppalr lt tna Oufmgaet kj Kscrcs) wnaetna wacmncem kj tna nalrt tkkb pilà 28 lef wnae ceiltar tcgas Kscrcs ha`lga hiaefaf wctn Parlpcs) tnaKscrcle jlctn stcii survcvaf ce tna snrceas kj Cscs%UHut ce tna tncrf lef jkurtn àeturcas l%f% tnara wls

l mrlfuli fa`ly kj Amyptcle raicmckus haicajs) lef@nrcstclecty spralf rlpcfiy lt tnlt tcga lgkem tnaeltcva Amyptcles) wnksa haicajs `keàrecem tna juturaicja wara spcrctulicsaf lef rlcsaf tnarahy% Vna ajja`tskj tncs wara saae ce twk fcra`tckes ?

Rl# Iass scmecjc`leà wls lttl`naf tk tna `lra kj tnahkfy ljtar faltn% Vna prl`tcà kj guggcjc`ltcke lefktnar ùstkgs wnc`n l``kgplecaf ct mrlfuliiy fcafkut lgkem @nrcstcles hy tna hamceecem kj tna jcjtnàetury% / Vna strkem kppksctcke kj Letnkey tk gug'gcjc`ltcke wls le axlgpia kj tncs taefae`y%U.h# Vna gkelstc` ra`krfs snkw tnlt mralt strass wlsilcf upke l strc`t atnc`li praplrltcke nara jkr tna juturaicja% Gkelstc`csg wls wnkiiy `keàreaf wctn tna pra'plrltcke jkr tna eaxt wkrif% Vk tna gkeb faltn wlsek avci tncem 2U cefaaf ek gle wls tk ha `liiaf hiassaf

< A%X%A%) Z% 80:% 8 Hkkb kj tna Falf) `n%


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Haicaj ce Jutura Icja ) 13hajkra faltn ha`lusa tna cssua kj tna `kejic`t ce wnc`nna wls aemlmaf nlf liwlys le aiagaet kj ueàrtlcety%UGkrakvar tna juii aeokygaet kj tna vcscke kj Mkf`kuif keiy ha wke ce tna jutura wnae l gle wls jraajrkg tna fcstrl`tckes lef `lras wnc`n wara cesaplrlhiajrkg icja) avae ce tna fasart% U Pk tna gkeb ( ralicsasflciy tnlt na cs prasaetiy tk faplrt jrkg tncs wkrif% (UVna stlta kj tna falf wls l suhoa`t kj fcsùsscke+ leftna hiassafeass kj tna jutura wls tna gkeb-s rawlrf%ULetnkey-s gcef wls `keàetrltaf ke tna glesckes cenalvae)U lef wnae tna tcga fraw ealr jkr ncg tk fcana ( spkba okykusiy ls tnkumn slcicem jrkg l jkracme`cty tk ncs kwe%(- Pu`n wls tna typc`li lttctufa kjtna gkeb tkwlrfs faltn lef tna jutura wkrif) hutavae cj lii tna rajaraeàs tk tna suhoa`t ce tna gkelstc`ra`krfs wara mltnaraf tkmatnar) tna cgpkrtleà kj tnajutura wkrif tk tna gkeb wkuif keiy ha ravaliaf ceplrt% Jkr litnkumn l hiassafeass naraljtar wls ncsuitcglta mkli) ct wls eaàsslry tk stc`b ìksaiy tk tnacggafclta lcg kj ( purcty kj nalrt) wctnkut wnc`n ekkea `le mlce tna aef+-U @kesaquaetiy lii tna ae'falvkurs kj tna gkeb) ncs raeue`cltckes lef lustarc'tcas) ncs prlyars lef `ketagpiltckes) ncs `kejic`ts wctnavci) lef ncs wnkia gkfa kj icja nlf ls tnacr uefariycemhlscs tna fascra tk ha wkrtny kj jutura hiassafeass%

Ct cs tnarajkra ek wkefar tnlt tna gkelstc` icja ilcfsu`n l strkem nkif kvar l pakpia liwlys faapiy ce'tarastaf ce tna icja ljtar faltn) ls pkcetcem l eaw lefncmnar wly wnae tna kif raicmckus haicajs wara `ki'ilpscem) tk oky lef nlppceass ce tna jutura%

< @kii%) vc%


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:k / @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypt

6% @crùgstleàs kj tna Amyptcle@nur`nVna wkrb kj @nrcstcle tal`nars ce Amypt prkvcfaf

le kutiat jkr tna aetnusclsg lef l`tcvcty kj tna ilcty%Ls ct nls haae slcf liralfy) tnay axcstaf ce Amypt ekfkuht jrkg tna alriy flys kj @nrcstclecty% Lt tna aefkj tna sa`kef àetury ( tnara wara stcii gley avle'maicsts kj tna ]krf wnk skumnt alreastiy tk usa tnacrcespcraf zali ljtar tna axlgpias kj tna lpkstias tkce`ralsa lef hucif up tna Fcvcea ]krf ? kea kj tnasacs Tletlaeus)( at`%U Lef ce tna tncrf àetury Krcmaerajarraf tk tna axcstaeà kj le krfar kj tal`nars ce tna`nur`n ce lffctcke tk tna krfars kj hcsnkps) prcastslef fal`kes 2U na lisk hkra tna jkiikwcem wcteass tktna cgpkrtlet wkrb fkea hy tna ilcty ? -- @nrcstclesfk lii ce tnacr pkwar tk spralf tnacr jlctn lii kvar tnawkrif% Pkga kj tnag l``krfcemiy nlva glfa ct tnacrhusceass tk wlefar ekt keiy jrkg `cty tk `cty hut jrkgtkwesncp tk tkwesncp lef vciilma tk vciilma ce krfartk mlce jrasn `kevarts jkr tna Ikrf%(U Ce tna gcffiakj tna àetury tnacr cgpkrtleà cs snkwe hy tna jl`ttnlt wnae Fckeyscus waet tk tna fcstrc`t kj Lrscekatk fali wctn tna pravliaet @nciclsg) na `liiaf tkmatnar( tna prashytars lef tal`nars kj tna hratnrae ce tnavciilmas%(U Hut tna tncrf àetury glrbaf tna favaikp'

+ gaet kj apcs`kpli lutnkrcty ce Amypt) tkmatnar wctntna `ketrki kj ily tal`ncem% Kj tna ilttar taefae`yKrcmae -s icja wls l `kespcùkus ciiustrltcke) jkrU tna`kejic`t hatwaae ncg lef Fagatrcus wls ( tna `kejic`t

U Ausah%) N%A%) v%


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Vna Amyptcle @nur`n :ckj le cefapaefaet tal`nar kj tna `nur`n wctn tnahcsnkp kj le cefcvcfuli `kgguecty%(U Ct pkcetaf tktna jl`t tnlt apcs`kpli lutnkrcty fcslpprkvaf kj tnacefapaefaet wkrb kj tna ily tal`nar 2 cefaaf) ct wkuifsaag tnlt tna pral`ncem kj ilygae ce tna prasaeà kjhcsnkps nlf haae lhlefkeaf ce Amypt avae hajkra tnatcga kj Fagatrcus% 8

Gkelstc`csg wls l gkvagaet kj ilygae 2 ct prk'vcfaf le kutiat jkr tna aetnusclsg kj tna gkra alreast@nrcstcles% Ct wkuif' lppalr tnae tnlt lt l parckfwnae tna wkrb kj tna ilcty nlf haae ùrtlciaf tnagkelstc` gkvagaet stlrtaf hy ilygae lef almariysuppkrtaf hy tna ilcty ce maearli wls l ral`tcke jrkgtna kjjc`cli lttctufa tnlt nlf haae lfkptaf tk ùrtlcikr tlba lwly tna kif prcvciamas kj ilygae%

Lmlce) tna @nur`n nlf ha`kga saùilrcsaf tk l `ke'scfarlhia axtaet hajkra tna racme kj @kestletcea) narìlcgs lef faglefs nlf haae ikwaraf lef tna ialvaekj wkrifceass wls wkrbcem cts cescfckus wly% Vnae`lga nar ra`kmectcke uefar @kestletcea lt l gkgaetwnae sk gley kj tna strkemast @nrcstcles nlf iksttnacr icvas ce tna Fckìatcle parsaùtcke) ls wls tna`lsa wctn tna praàfcem maearltcke uefar Fa`cus) lefAmypt sujjaraf savaraiy ce tnksa parsaùtckes% Vnuslt l tcga wnae tna gkst vcrcia aiagaet wls `kescfar'lhiy rafuàf) mralt eughars kj ekgceli @nrcstclesaetaraf tna @nur`n) ikwarcem jurtnar tna stleflrf kjnar icja 2 lef tna ncstkry kj tna jkurtn àetury fcs'ìksas tna eughar kj tcga'sarvars ce pilàs ikw lefncmn) lef tna sagc'plmle icvas tnlt wara iaf hy varygley%

Vncs wkrificeass kj tna @nur`n wkuif elturliiy hajait wctn baae skrrkw lef fcslppkcetgaet hy tna gkra

< Nlrel`b) G%A)@%) c% 0:4 ojj% Ausah%% N)A)) vc%


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:8) @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptalreast 2 lef gkelstc`csg raprasaetaf tna fascra tkrature tk tna ikjty cfalis kj tna Eaw Vastlgaet) U lefwls l prktast lmlcest tna wkrificeass kj tna @nur`n)jrkg wnc`n gae tureaf lwly tk icva tna @nrcstcle icjace tna fasart% Lef wnae Lrclecsg) lgkemst wnksasuppkrtars tncs wkrificeass wls plrtcùilriy glrbaf)lrksa l jaw yalrs ljtar tna hcrtn kj gkelstc`csg) ctwls scmecjc`let tnlt tna gkebs ha`lga hcttar kppk'eaets kj tna Lrcles%

Gkrakvar) wnae tna hamceecem kj tna jkurtn àeturyslw tna ekgceli @nrcstclecsltcke kj tna Agpcra) wnc`ngalet tkk tna àssltcke kj glrtyrfkg) le lffctckeliralske cs saae jkr tna aetnusclsg wctn wnc`n tnagkelstc` icja wls aghrlàf) jkr ek ikemar `kuif gaeraekueà tnacr icvas ce sujjarcem lt tna nlefs kj tnaPtlta% Hut tncs eaw gkfa kj icja kjjaraf l spnara jkrraeue`cltcke lef sujjarcem) lef tna gkebs spkba kjtnagsaivas ls aemlmaf ce l `ketast tnlt wls ueàlscemlef vary lrfukus% Vnay wara lhkva lii gae) tna( ltniatas -- kj @nrcst) lef @nrcst) tna Trascfaet kj tnaMlgas) aqulicsaf tna straemtn kj tna `kghltlets) jkrktnarwcsa -- ekea kj tna slcets `kuif pksschiy ha aqulitk tna aefurleà kj tna glicà kj sk gley lef skmralt jkas) kr gaat tnacr lttl`bs) kr avae halr tnacr`ruaity lef slvlmary% (U Vnacr icja wls icbaeaf tk lhkxcem glt`n 2 tna gkeb piletaf tna hikws kj `ke'tceaeà lmlcest ncs hkfy) lef stru`b ct fkwe wctn tnahkxcem'mikvas kj jlstcem 2 ce tnlt wly tna trua ltniatakj @nrcst mlceaf l vc`tkry kvar tna rahaiickus jiasn% UPk ( ce tna hurecem fasarts lef lwjui `lvares kj Amyptlef Pyrcl) leccfst tna plces kj saij'tkrtura) tna gkrtc'

< Zct) Let%) 8 j % 2 Cestct%) vcc%


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@kefctcke kj Amypt :0jc`ltcke kj elturli fascras lef raiaetiass hlttias wctnnaiicsn gkestars) tna lsàtc`s ekw skumnt tk wce tna`rkwe kj nalvaeiy mikry wnc`n tnacr prafaàsskrs cetna tcga kj parsaùtcke nlf gkra quc`biy lef alsciymlceaf hy l hikkfy faltn%(

1% @kefctcke kj AmyptVna Xkgle Agpcra wls ce l nkpaiass `kefctcke

wctn cts kpprasscva tlxltcke) axtragas kj iuxury lefpkvarty) silvary) `cvci wlrs lef gkrli `krruptcke cetna tkwes) ls ciiustrltaf hy tna tnaltra lef tna hltns%Ct wls cefaaf l trkuhiaf parckf ce tna ncstkry kjAmypt% 8 Ce 8# 2 l jaw yalrs ljtarwlrfsilrma Tligyraea jkràs cevlfaf tna `kuetry) lef leLrlh trcha) tna Hiaggyas) fkgceltaf Qppar Amypt%Ce 83= L%F% Liaxlefrcl wls hascamaf lef l mralt plrtkj tna `cty wls fastrkyaf jkr cts ra`kmectcke kj L`nciiausls Agparkr% Vna `kuetry maearliiy wls ce l fcsturhaflef ilwiass stlta hktn ce tna tkwes lef vciilmas%Gkrakvar) tna a`kekgc` `kefctckes mraw mrlfuliiywkrsa ce tna `kursa kj tna tncrf àetury 2 tna tlxltckelef ktnar hurfaes ha`lga sk nalvy tnlt -- ilrmaeughars kj tna ùitcvltkrs kj tna ilef wara frcvae tk

U T% P`nljj% Ncst) kj @nrcst) @nur`n ? Ecàea lef Tkst'Ecàea@nrcstclecty ) vki% c% p%


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:6 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptialva tnacr nkgas lef icva tna icja kj hrcmlefs%( U Ljurtnar `lusa kj trkuhia wls tna parsaùtcke kj tna@nrcstcle pkpuiltcke uefar Fa`cus) Zliarcle) Fckìa'tcle) Mliarcus lef Glxcgce%Vna ilwiasseass pravlcicem ce tna `kuetry `ketceuaf

furcem tna jkurtn àetury) kj wnc`n avcfaeà cs suppicafhy tna plpyrc 2 a%m% ce 04= l patctckear jrkg tna MraltKlscs `kgpilceaf tnlt ncs wcja lef `ncifrae nlf haaejkr`chiy `lrrcaf kjj% U Xkhhars wara gley lef jalriass% UZciilmas jkumnt kea lektnar kvar jcaifs lef wltarsuppiy%/ Ilefcem ke tna snkras kj tna Ecia skgatcgascevkivaf l sarckus jcmnt wctn tna pakpia kj tna pilà)wnk ce kea `lsa wara fas`rchaf ls -- fasparlta `nlrl`'tars%(U Plvlma rlàs cevlfaf tna `kuetry%U Fcstrasswls lisk `lusaf tnrkumn tna fastru`tcke kj gleytkwes hy ceuefltckes-U ls waii ls tnrkumn tna nlrsn'eass kj tna tlx mltnarar j lef ce kea `lsa jlciura tkply tlxas rasuitaf ce tna gle hacem s`kurmaf lef cg'prcskeaf jkr twk yalrs) ncs `ncifrae skif cetk silvary)lef ncs wcja ha`kgcem l wlefarar ce tna fasart%U VnaLrcle `ketrkvarsy lef tna stkrgs tnlt àetraf rkueftna icja kj Ltnlelscus faapiy fcsturhaf tna palà kj tna@nur`n lef `ketrchutaf tk tiUa turgkci kj tna jkurtnàetury 2 tna plmas kj Ltnlelscus lra juii kj rajaraeàstk tna kutrlmas kj Lrcles) tnacr cii'traltgaet kj tnapkkr) lef tna vckiaeà kj tnacr wkgae%

Ct cs ek wkefar) tnarajkra) tnlt ce su`n l ilef gaefcsmustaf wctn tnksa axtareli `kefctckes ( tureaf jrkgtna @cty kj Fastru`tcke tk ralicsa tna @cty kj Mkf ce tnafasart lef tna àii)( wnara tnay `kuif) ce `ketrlst

< Gciea) kp% `ct%) p% >8%8 Mraejaii lef Nuet) Mraab Tlpyrc) cc% ) 06 2 Pkz%) N%A%) vc% 83% / N)G%) > 2 N%I)) 0 vcI Let)) 66% U nG


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@kefctcke kj Amypt :1wctn tna iuxury) saesulicty lef fcskrfar kj tna wkrificva palàjui icvas kj pkvarty) `nlstcty lef prlyar%Jkr litnkumn tna Amyptcle wls glrbaf hy l ikva kjicja lef lppra`cltcke kj tna pialsuras kj tna wkrif) lpasscgcstc` strlce wls lisk tk ha jkuef ls tna rasuit kjuenlppy lef fcsturhaf parckfs ce tna ncstkry kjAmypt% U Vncs pkcet cs cgpkrtlet ha`lusa lsàtc`csgcs lssk`cltaf wctn passcgcstc` vcaws kj icja%

Cefaaf) ekt keiy su`n `crùgstleàs ls tna ikss kr`kejcs`ltcke kj pkssassckes) hut tna parci kj faltn lrastltaf tk nlva kparltaf ce tna `lii tk gkelstc`csg)Ujkr tnksa wnk tkkb plrt ce tna pravlcicem ilwiasseass)ls waii ls tnksa wnk sujjaraf jrkg ct) ha`lga gkebs%Vnus Gksas kj tna fasart kj @lilgus jiaf -- tnrkumnjalr kj faltn wnc`n wls nlemcem kvar ncg ha`lusa kjl gurfar ( 2U kea) elgaf Gl`lrcus) nlf uewcttcemiy`kggcttaf l gurfar ls na pilyaf wctn ncs `kgrlfaswnae na wls lhkut acmntaae yalrs kif 2/ Gksas) l prcastkj Pàta) nlf haae l ialfar kj hrcmlefs lef l gurfarar)hut na ha`lga `kes`caeà'strc`bae ls l rasuit kj ncslfvaeturas lef wls `kevartaf tk gkelstc`csg 2 leftnrkumn ncs aearmatc` l`tcke l hlef kj jkur rkhharswara tlbae `lptcva hy ncgsaij) wnk lisk fa`cfaf tkraekueà tna wkrif) slycem tk tnagsaivas --cj na wnkwls sk mralt lef pkwarjui ce hrcmleflma nls jalrafMkf) wny snkuif wa fajar kur slivltcke ; (U @lsscleUl`bekwiafmaf tnlt su`n wls ekt tna ncmnast gkfa kj`kevarscke tk gkelstc`csg) hut ct fapaefaf upke tnagae tnagsaivas) jkr skga wnk nlf sk tureaf tk tnafasart nlf ral`naf l vary ncmn stleflrf% Gaetckegly ha glfa lisk lt tncs pkcet kj fkgastc` trkuhias)

< A%X%A)) Z% 6=:) vccc% 86 j % 2 M% Ptacefkrjj) Xaicmcke kj tnaLe`caet Amyptcles) p%


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:: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypttna ikss kj falr keas+ kr l wcja-s uejlctnjuieass) Uwnc`n skgatcgas iaf tk tna lfkptcke kj gkelstc`csg%

:% Vaefae`y ce Amypt Vkwlrfs tnaFasart

Liralfy tna taefae`y tkwlrfs l icja kj cskiltcke cetna fasart nlf hamue tk ha glecjastaf% Ce alriy flystna axlgpia kj Aicoln) tna Hlptcst) lef Pt% Tlui) wnknlf skumnt tna fasart) lt ialst jkr l tcga) fkas ektlppalr tk nlva nlf ley cejiuaeà) litnkumn Oarkgalef @lsscle slw ce su`n jcmuras kj tna P`rcpturas tnajltnars kj gkelstc`csg%U Hut jrkg tna flys kj @nrcst@nrcstcles nlf haae `kes`ckus kj l àrtlce jaaicem kjcskiltcke jrkg tna wkrif)/ ls ct wls axprassaf iltar cetna Apcstia tk Fckmeatus .vc%#) (@nrcstcles nlva tnacrlhkfa ce tna wkrif) lef yat tnay lra ekt kj tna wkrif%--Vncs lttctufa wls elturliiy straemtnaeaf hy tna alriyhaicaj ce tna Tlrkuscl) hy tna kppksctcke lef parsaù'tcke kj tna Ptlta lef hy tna mrkwcem `krruptcke leficàeà lrkuef% Ct cs gkrakvar slcfU tnlt furcem tnaracme kj Letkeceus Tcus .'


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Vaefae`y tkwlrfs Fasart :=sa`rat pilàs lef raglceaf tnara gley yalrs+ -U Hutsu`n `lsas `le nlrfiy nlva haae actnar jraquaet krwaii bekwe) jkr VartuQcle ce leswarcem tna `nlrmahrkumnt lmlcest @nrcstcles kj hacem usaiass ce tna ljjlcrskj icja slcf ? ( ]a lra ekt Cefcle Hrlngces kr Myg'ekskpncsts wnk fwaii ce wkkfs lef axcia tnagsaivasjrkg krfcelry nugle icja+-UHut ls tna tncrf àetury prkàafaf) tna taefae`y

tkwlrfs tna fasart ha`lga glrbaf lef `le ha saaelikem twk iceas ?

.c%# Ct cs stltaf hy Fckeyscus) Hcsnkp kj Liaxlefrcl)tnlt ce tna Fa`cle parsaùtcke mralt fcstrass `lga upkencs @nur`n) lef na spalbsU -- kj tna guitctufa tnltwlefaraf ce tna fasarts lef gkuetlces lef parcsnafhy nuemar lef tncrst lef `kif lef sc`beass lef rkhharslef wcif halsts %%% ls le axlgpia) @nlaragke) wnkwls vary kif) wls hcsnkp kj tna `cty `liiaf Ecius% Najiaf wctn ncs wcja tk tna Lrlhcle gkuetlce lef fcfekt rature% Lef tnkumn tna hratnrae salr`naf fcic'maetiy tnay `kuif ekt jcef actnar tnag kr tnacr hkfcas%Lef gley wnk jiaf tk tna slga Lrlhcle gkuetlcewara `lrrcaf cetk silvary hy tna hlrhlrcle Plrlàes%Pkga kj tnag wara rleskgaf wctn fcjjcùity lef lt lilrma prcà) ktnars nlva ekt haae tk tna prasaet tcga%(Ct cs tnarajkra ìalr tnlt ilrma eughars kj @nrcstclesskumnt rajuma ce tna fasarts kj Amypt .`% 814#) lef tnaracs ralske jkr suppkscem tnlt skga kj tna gkra lsàtc`raglceaf ljtar tna parsaùtcke wls kvar) l``krfcem tkAusahcus)U OarkgaU lef Pkzkgae%U Kea kj tnag .sktna stkry rues#) Tlui kj Vnahas) wnk nlf jiaf lt tnalma kj scxtaae lef glfa ncs wly tk l pkcet wnc`n jaw

< Ausah%) N%A%) vc% 3% 8 LpkI) 68%0 Ausah%) N%A%) vc% 68% / @kggaet) ce Ts% Cxxxccc% 6%1 Zct% Tlui)) 6) 1% : N%A%) c%


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:> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptral`naf iltar) `ketceuaf tk icva ce l `lva ìksa tk tnaXaf Pal hy ncs sprcem lef flta pligs uebekwe) uetcina wls vcsctaf hy Letnkey snkrtiy hajkra ncs faltn ce`% 064% Vna fatlcis kj Oarkga-s Zctl Tluic) nkwavar)`leekt ha trustaf) jkr tna iamaeflry aiagaet cs ìalriyglrbaf) lef ls ct wls wrcttae hajkra ncs vcsct tk Amyptncs cejkrgltcke `leekt nlva haae khtlceaf fcra`tiyjrkg Gl`lrcus lef Lgltls%U Hut tnlt cs ekt lsujjc`caet ralske jkr raoa`tcem Tlui-s ncstkrc`li axcstaeà)sceà Oarkga aisawnara rajars tk ncgU ce targs wnc`njkrhcf tna tnakry tnlt tna Zctl wls l gara rkgleà)lef Tlui cs gaetckeaf lisk hy @lsscleU lef Tkstugcle) /wnk cs plrtcùilriy axl`t ce ncs tkpkmrlpnc`li fatlcis%UHut tnara lppalrs tk ha ek ralske jkr lsscmecem tk

tnasa rajumaas ley cggafclta snlra ce tna jkuefltckekj gkelstc`csg 2 yat tnay ek fkuht naipaf tk turegae-s gcefs tk tna fasart ls lt ialst l rajuma jrkg tnaciis kj icja%

.cc%# Kj gkra cgpkrtleà) nkwavar) wls tna ùstkgtnlt nlf mrkwe up hy `) 8=4 kj lsàtc`s icvcem ce skic'tufa ealr tnacr vciilmas) lt l tcga wnae ( tnara waraekt yat sk gley àiis .gkelstarcl# ce Amypt) lef ekgkeb lt lii beaw kj tna fcstlet fasart 2 hut lii wnkwcsnaf tk mcva naaf tk tnagsaivas prl`tcsaf tna fcs'`cpicea ce skictufa ealr tnacr kwe vciilma%( Le kif glenlf sk icvaf jkr gley yalrs lt Narlìakpkics) leftnara wara ktnars ce tna slga eacmnhkurnkkf%U Ce licttia fwaiicem) hucit hy tnagsaivas) tnay `kuif icva licja kj prlyar lef `ketagpiltcke jraa jrkg tna flemarskj sk`caty lef prkvcfa jkr tnacr jaw wlets hy tnaùitcvltcke kj l icttia pcaà kj mrkuef kr hy walvcem

< `j% Zcj% Tlui%) C% 8 ApUU 882 @nrke% Lee%) 013%0 @kii%) xvccc% :% / Fcli%) c%


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Axlgpia kj P% Letnkey :3glts jkr slia% Hut tncs gkfa kj icja wls ekt aekumnjkr tna gkra lspcrcem spcrcts 2 lef ls wa saa ce tna`lsa kj Letnkey) wnk hamle ce tncs wly) lef @nrkecus)wnk waet jcjtaae tnkuslef plàs ce tna fasart jrkg ncsvciilma)U tna taefae`y wls mrlfuliiy tk icva jurtnarlwly jrkg tna vciilmas lef tna `kesaquaet fcstrl`tckekj vcsctkrs%

Gkrakvar) kea jaltura kj Amypt wnc`n ek fkuhtaxpilceaf ce plrt tna rcsa kj gkelstc`csg ce tnlt`kuetry wls cts ìcglta% Vnara cs ek `kuetry ce tnawkrif wnc`n wkuif ha gkra suctlhia ce tnlt raspa`tjkr gkelstc` aetarprcsa) ls tna ìcglta kj Amypt csgkra uecjkrg tnle aisawnara% Lplrt jrkg tna Faitl)wnc`n cs flgpar) tna ltgkspnara cs vary fry lef ìalr)lef tna fryeass `kuetarl`ts tna suffae lef mralt`nlemas ce tna tagparltura% Ct cs trua tnlt tna gkebgust nlva kjtae jkuef tna wcetar ecmnts ce tna fasartpcar`cemiy `kif 2 avae tna stareiy lsàtc` Tlilagke nlfl jcra lt ecmnt) U hut tna vary sglii rlcejlii lef tnaaetcra lhsaeà kj sekw aelhiaf tnag tk icva ce su`n lgleear tnlt wkuif nlva haae ligkst cetkiarlhia aisa'wnara% Vkmatnar wctn tna ìcgltc` lfvletlmas) tnafasart wls liwlys l ralfy llf `kevaecaet rajuma jrkgtna wkrif% Ct kjjaraf l vlst jraafkg) lef cts skictufaswara `kefu`cva tk fcvcea `ketagpiltcke) lef ce tncsraspa`t lt ialst tna gkebs) icba gley ktnar pakpia)saag tk nlva jait tna pkwarjui hut skgawnlt cefajce'lhia jls`celtcke kj tna fasart%U

=% Axlgpia kj P% LetnkeyCt nls ekw haae snkwe tnlt lsàtc`csg lef gystc`li

taefae`cas wara vary pravliaet ce tna @nur`n kjAmypt) tnlt tna @kpts wctn tnacr cetaesa cetarast ce

< N%I%) 6=% 8 Zct% Tl`b%) 1% 0 @kii%) xcx% 1%


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=4 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypttna jutura icja wara fascrkus kj cewlrf purcty ce tncswkrif ls l praplrltcke jkr tna eaxt) tnlt tna gkraalreast ilygae fascraf tk jkiikw ìksaiy ce tna stapskj Oasus @nrcst ce l wkrifiy lma) tnlt Liaxlefrcl leftna rast kj Amypt wara ce l vary trkuhiaf `kefctckejrkg vlrckus `lusas) lef tnlt tnara wls l mrkwcemtaefae`y tkwlrfs tna fasart) ce l `kuetry wnc`n wlspkssassaf kj l wkefarjuiiy aqulhia ìcglta 2 tncs glyha slcf tk jkrg tna juai kj tna gkelstc` gkvagaet%Vna glt`n wls suppicaf hy tna axlgpia lef cejiuaeàkj tna mralt Pt% Letnkey) wnk `le) `kesaquaetiy) ha`liiaf tna jkuefar kj @nrcstcle gkelstc`csg%ULetnkey wls hkre .`% 814# ce tna ekga kj Narlìak'

pkics ce Gcffia Amypt) lt @kgl)U ueiass tna elga hagaraiy l gcsuefarstlefcem lrcscem jrkg tna Mraabwkrf jkr l vciilma) lef ncs plraets wara waii'tk'fkAmyptcle @nrcstcles kj mkkf jlgciy% Vna Zctl Letkecc.c# fapc`ts ncg ce `ncifnkkf ls khafcaet lef raspa`tjuitk ncs plraets) lttaefcem tna Ikrf-s Nkusa wctn tnag)lef scgpia ce ncs ykutnjui eaafs 2 hut litnkumn nawls ekt cfia) na fcsicbaf -- iattars)( lef snueeaf`kgpleckes kj ncs kwe lma% Hut lhkut 8=4 tncsueavaetjui icja wls hrkbae hy tna faltn kj ncs jltnar)wnae na wls iajt likea lt tna lma kj acmntaae kr twaetywctn kea icttia scstar% L jaw gketns ljtarwlrfs nanalrf tna Fcvcea `lii 2 kea fly) ke tna wly tk tna`nur`n) ncs gcef wls k`ùpcaf wctn tna axlgpia kjtna Lpkstias wnk nlf iajt lii jkr @nrcst-s slba) lef wnaena nalrf tna Mkspai ralf ce tna sarvcà) na tkkb ls lspa`cli gasslma tk ncgsaij tna wkrfs kj tna Ikrf tk

/ Vna sàptc`csg ls tk Letnkey-s ncstkrc`li axcstaeà) lssk`cltafwctn tna elgas kj ]acemlrtae) Jlrrlr lef Mwltbce) nls ekw haaelhlefkeaf% Paa @% Hutiar) cc% p% x% 2 `j% c% 8< 1 jj%) wnara tna avcfaeàcs mcvae ce juii%

; Pkz%)N)A%)u


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Axlgpia kj P% Letnkey =1 na `rkssaf tna Ecia) lef jkuef

lt Tcspcr l fasartaf jkrt) wnara na glfa ncs lhkfa lefhucit up tna aetrleà 2 lef icvcem ke hralf tnlt wlshrkumnt avary scx gketns lef nlvcem wltar wctnce)

+R na raglceaf jkr twaety yalrs ce gkra `kgpiatacskiltcke) eavar agarmcem lef saifkg saae hy vcsctkrs)favktcem ncgsaij tk `kgguecke wctn Mkf lef wrasticemwctn tna fagkes tnlt k`ùpy su`n l prkgceaet pilàce tna Zctl Letkecc)U

Vncs wly kj icvcem `lga tk le lhrupt aef .ce `% 041#)wnae gley) wnk fascraf tk ha ncs fcs`cpias) `lga lefjkràf kpae ncs fkkr% Vna ncstkrc` gkgaet wnaeLetnkey) jciiaf wctn tna Ppcrct kj Mkf) `lga jkrtn jrkgncs ikem skictufa tk mucfa) lfvcsa) lef jciiwctn aetnusclsgncs jkiikwars) wnkg na -- fcra`taf ls l jltnar)( glrbaftna hamceecem kj @nrcstcle gkelstc`csg%U Hut nafcf ekt raglce ikem wctn tnag 2 fascrcem skictufalef jalrcem prcfa) na okceaf l `lrlvle) lef ljtarokureaycem jkr savarli flys ce tna fcra`tcke kj tna XafPal na `lga tk tna jkkt kj l gkuetlce) wnara tnara waral sprcem lef l jaw plig traas% Vnara) ce tna ( CeearGkuetlce ( ls fcstcemucsnaf jrkg ncs jkrgar lhkfa cetna ( Kutar Gkuetlce)( na jkuef tna palà na fascraflef sattiaf ce tnlt pilà jkr tna raglcefar kj ncs icja)

U ZcI) 0) 1'=% 8 Zct%)


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Axlgpia kj 1% Letnkey =0favktcem ncgsaij tk prlyar lef fcs`cpicea) tna ùitcvl'tcke kj l icttia pcaà kj mrkuef lef tna walvcem kjhlsbats%UVncs qucat ueavaetjui icja wls hrkbae lt tcgas hyvcscts tk ncs fcs`cpias lt Tcspcr)U lef hy l okureay tkLiaxlefrcl% Na nlf pravckusiy haae tnara ce 0) lt ealriy eceaty yalrs kj lma) na wls saae ceLiaxlefrcl) wnctnar ncs lemar lmlcest tna Lrcles nlfhrkumnt ncg tk suppkrt ncs jrcaef Ltnlelscus% / Lgkemtnksa wnk vcsctaf ncg wara skga wnk `lga scgpiyjkr tna slba kj saacem ncg) wncia ktnars skumnt ncsprlyars) sygpltny lef nalicem) kj wnkg gaetcke csglfa kj Jrketk) le kjjcàr kj tna @kurt) lef l glcfaekj Huscrcs Vrcpkictlel) wnk wara ùraf hy ncs prlyars%UCefaaf) na wls kjtae lhia tk khtlce oustcà lef raicajjkr tnksa ce fcstrass tnrkumn ncs cejiuaeà wctn `cvcilef gcictlry kjjc`clis 2U lef sk mralt wls ncs jlga tnlttna Agparkr @kestletcea lef ncs skes @kestletcuslef @kestles wrkta ( tk ncg) ls tk l jltnar) lef hammafle leswar jrkg ncg%-(UJkr tna ilst jcjtaae yalrs kj ncs icja tna kif gle wls

lttaefaf hy twk fcs`cpias) lef ce 01: na fcaf lt tnalma kj kea nuefraf lef jcva yalrs) ljtar haqualtncemncs twk snaapsbces tk Ltnlelscus lef Parlpcke) Hcsnkpkj Vngucs) tk tna jkrgar kj wnkg) tna fkekr) na mlvahl`b lisk tna mlrgaet ke wnc`n na ily% L``krfcemtk ncs axprass `kgglefs) na wls hurcaf hy ncs twkjlctnjui lttaeflets ce l pilà uebekwe tk ktnars%UVna pc`tura wnc`n tna Zctl LetkeccU prasaets kj cts

< Zct%) 63 jj% 8 vct%) >3% 0 vct%) 6:%/ Jt+%) :3'=6jj%- Zct)) > Se U 3


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=6 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptsuhoa`t cs tnlt kj l gle ueialreaf) hut aefkwaf wctn lvcmkrkus gcef lef l raglrblhia gagkry wnc`n ljtar'wlrfs ( sarvaf ncg jkr hkkbs ( 2 pnysc`liiy strkem)`naarjui) sygpltnatc`) nughia) lef tkiarlet) napkssassaf su`n parskeli lttrl`tcke tnlt l strlemarwkuif fcs`kvar ncg lt l mileà ce l `rkwf) litnkumn( eactnar ce nacmnt ekr hralftn wls na `kespcùkuslhkva ktnars) hut ce tna saraecty kj ncs gleear leftna purcty kj ncs skui+-U Gkrakvar -- ncs gleears waraekt rkumn ls tnkumn na nlf haae ralraf ce tna gkuetlcelef tnara mrkwe kif) hut mrlàjui lef pkicta) lef ncsspaa`n wls salskeaf wctn tna fcvcea slit+-U Ktnarswara gkra ialreaf kr pkssassaf mraltar mcjts kj krmlecsl'tcke tnle na) hut Letnkey-s jcmura stlefs lhkva liitna rast ce tna oufmgaet kj ncs `ketagpkrlrcas lefkj iltar lmas 2 ls @% HutiarU raglrbs) -- Vure wnarawa wcii ce tna gkelstc` ictarltura tnlt nlf cts rkkts ceAmypt hatwaae tna yalrs 0=4 lef 644) tna ikjty jcmurakj Letnkey rcsas up ce tna hl`bmrkuef kj tna ncstkry%]natnar ce wkrbs wnc`n gly ìlcg tk ha ncstkry) krce tna vlmuar trlfctckes aesnrceaf ce tna Lpkpntnam'gltl) kr ce tna pura rkgleàs) l jcrgiy sat trlfctckeavar ikkbs hl`b tk Letnkey ls tna cespcrar) ely avaetna `raltkr) kj tnlt gkelstc` systag) wnc`n % % % nlf hytna yalr 0=4 lttlceaf tk vlst prkpkrtckes ce Amyptlef aisawnara%( Vncs aekrgkus cejiuaeà wnc`n nawcaifaf wls fua) ekt sk gu`n tk tna wkrb na l``kg'picsnaf) hut rltnar tk ncs kwe `nlrl`tar 2 lef ncsmralteass icas ce wnlt na wls) l gle wnk ( `keàliafuefar ncs snaapsbce l `ncificba nugcicty) le lgclhiascgpic`cty) l rlra aearmy kj wcii) lef l mikwcem ikva tkMkf) wnc`n glcetlceaf ctsaij jkr ligkst eceaty yalrsce tna lhsaeà kj lii tna `kgjkrts lef pialsuras kj

< Zct%) :=% 8 yUjUU =0U 0 c) p) 881 j%


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Axlgpia kj P% Letnkey =1elturli icja) lef trcugpnaf kvar lii tna tagptltckeskj tna jiasn% Hy pcaty likea) wctnkut tna naip kjafu`ltcke kr ialrecem) na ha`lga kea kj tna gkstraglrblhia lef cejiuaetcli gae ce tna ncstkry kjtna le`caet `nur`n%(U

U p% P`nljj) Ncst) kj @nrcst) @nur`n ? Ec`aea lef Tkst'Ec`aea@nrcstclecty) vki% c% p% c>>%


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Cii

VSTAP KJ AMSTVCLE GKELPVC@CPGVna aragctc`li icja prkvcfaf tna kppkrtuecty kj`kgpiata wctnfrlwli jrkg nugle cetar`kursa lef kjuecetarruptaf `ketagpiltcke lef a`stlsy% Hut ct wlskpae tk tna sarckus fcslfvletlma tnlt tna gcef wls`kestletiy k`ùpcaf wctn tna prkvcscke kj jkkf lefwkrb) jkr ce tnlt gkfa kj icja tna gkeb `kuif ekt fcvastncgsaij aetcraiy kj gltarcli pkssassckes% Jurtnar) nawls ce flemar jrkg vlcemikry lef `keàct tnrkumn tnaprlcsa kj vcsctkrs) lef wls vary iclhia tk jlii cetk nlhctskj saij'cefuimaeà%U Vna cetaesa cefcvcfulicsg kj tnaicja cevkivaf sarckus spcrctuli flemar ce tna `lsa kj tnaykuemar gkebs 2 tnara wls tnlt ikss tk `nlrl`tarwnc`n kjtae l``kgplecas l icja kj cskiltcke) wnaetnara cs ek kppkrtuecty kj gcemicem wctn fcvarsatagparlgaets lef axparcaeàs) jluits lra ue`krra`taflef tnara lra ek rastrlcets ke tna wcii%U Lmlce) tna`kuetry wls ce l fcsturhaf lef uesattiaf `kefctcke)lef tna ikeaiy gkeb wls ce flemar jrkg tna ilwiass%

Vnarajkra axparcaeà snkwaf tnlt su`n l icja wls)ls @lsscle slw)U hast suctaf jkr tna gkst lfvleàf cegkelstc`csg) lef tnlt l `kggke icja .-- tna cejlets`nkki (# wls gkra lflptaf tk tna krfcelry gle wnkwcsnaf tk aetar upke l gkelstc` `lraar) jkr l `kggke

/ @kii)) xcx% 1) :) 3 2 xxcv% 6% 8 @kii%) xvccc% >%0 @kiI) xcx% 8%=:


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Aragctc`li Gkelstc`csg ==straemtn wkuif l``rua jrkg l `kggke uecke) ce wnc`ntna axparcaeà lef tna pkwar kj tna gkra lfvleàfwkuif lsscst tna walb%

@kesaquaetiy Amyptcle gkelstc`csg ce tna jkurtnàetury snkwaf l strkem taefae`y tk plss jrkg tnastrc`tiy aragctc`li icja tk l `kggke icja% Vnara wls)jcrstiy) tna aragcta) wnk icvaf ncs nlrf ilhkrckus icjalwly jrkg ktnar gkebs 2 tncs typa wls ekt `kejceaftk ley plrtcùilr fcstrc`t% Pa`kefiy) tnara wls likksa vkiuetlry systag) hy wnc`n gae icvaf tk l`kescfarlhia axtaet) al`n ncs kwe icja) ce l ilrma`kiia`tcke kj àiis% Vncrfiy) ce Pkutnare Amypt tnaramraw up quc`biy tna àekhctc` systag kj l strc`t`kggke icja) jkuefaf hy Tl`nkgcus 2 lef scgcilr`kgguectcas wara tk ha jkuef ce tna Ekrtn furcem tnailttar plrt kj tna àetury%

C% Aragctc`li Gkelstc`csgVncs gkfa kj icja wls tnlt lfkptaf hy Letnkey

ncgsaij% Litnkumn ct gly ha slcf tk raprasaet tnajcrst stlma ce tna avkiutcke kj gkelstc`csg) tnaskictlry icja `ketceuaf tk lttrl`t gley ce Amypttnrkumnkut tna àetury% Kea kj tna gkst ciiustrckuswls tna jlgkus Okne kj Iy`kpkics) wnk pkssassaf tnamcjt kj prkpna`y lef jkr tncrty yalrs icvaf ce tnraaàiis ke l ikjty gkuetlce) raàcvcem ncs jkkf kj frcafjruct kr vamatlhias tnrkumn l wcefkw%U Lektnar mraltskictlry wls Aicoln) wnk icvaf jkr savaety yalrs ce tnafaskilta lef starcia fasart kj LetcekaU 2 lef ce tnaslga ramcke wara Pkikgke) wnk nlf icvaf jkr jcjtyyalrs ce l `lva) Fckfas tna ialreaf) Blpctke jkrgariy

< jj%I%) 01 2 N%G C 2 Cesttt%) cv% 80': 2 @kii%) c% 8< 2 xxcv% 8:%> N%G%) =%


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yP @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptl tncaj) lef Fkrktnaus tna prcast) wnk gcecstaraf tktnasa skNtlrcas%U Vnara wara lisk Okne) wnk `kuifekt alsciy ha jkuef ha`lusa na wls `kestletiy gkvcemjrkg pilà tk pilà) wke mralt jlga hy stlefcem jkrtnraa yalrs) lef fcra`taf ncs fcs`cpias hy iattars) U lswaii ls tna lmaf @nlaragke) Eastarks) lef tna l``kg'picsnaf Oksapn) ealr Tleapnyscs)U wnksa fcs`kursas lraprasarvaf hy @lsscle% Vna Tkrpnyrcle fasart .krfasart kj @lilgus#) wnc`n ily savae kr acmnt flys-okureay jrkg nugle nlhctltcke)U wls cenlhctaf hyLr`nahcus .ljtarwlrfs Hcsnkp kj Tleapnyscs#)U Gksaswnk nlf `kggcttaf gurfar ce ncs ykutn) Tlui)/U lefTctarkug wnk vcsctaf l Vlhaeeasckt `kevaet kj euesce salr`n kj l wkgle gkra axàiiaet tnle ncgsaij%UIlstiy) Gl`lrcus) tna ykuemar) wnk nlf uewcttcemiy`kggcttaf gurfar ce ncs ykutn) tkkb tk tna fasart)icvcem jkr tnraa yalrs wctnkut l rkkj kvar ncs nalf%UNkw ikeaiy lef tarrchia wls tna icja tnlt l gle `kuifsk icva wls fas`rchaf hy Tkscfkecus) wnae na icvaf cetna Tkrpnyrcle fcstrc`t ? -- Vna wnkia yalr C gat ekgle) nalrf ek tlib) tku`naf ek hralf% C garaiy suh'scstaf ke l jaw fltas lef ley wcif narhs C jkuef% (UU

8% Lssk`cltckes kj AragctasVncs typa kj gkelstc`csg wls jkuefaf hy Letnkey%Frlwe tkmatnar hy tna nuemar jkr nugle `kgplecke'

sncp) tna fcjjcùitcas lef tna flemars kj l skictlry icja)tnasa gkebs icvaf ce ìustars kj àiis) lef wara tk skgaaxtaet uefar tna cejiuaeà kj l suparckr tk wnkg tnayvkiuetlrciy lttl`naf tnagsaivas%

< N%I%) 1>% 8 N%G%)


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Tcspcr =3

c% TcspcrVna krcmceli `aetra wls lt Tcspcr)U lt tna KutarGkuetlce kj Pt% Letnkey) wnara tna jlga kj ncsaxlgpia `kiia`taf tkmatnar ilrma eughars wnk wcsnaftk cgctlta ncs icja% @ke`arecem tnag tna Zctl Letkecc.


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>k @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptgcias jrkg Letnkey2U Gl`lrcus kj Tcspcr) lef Lgltls)wnk hurcaf tnacr glstar) U Lggkels) Letnkey-ssu`àsskr lt Tcspcr) lef Tctyrcke) tna su`àsskr kjLggkels%U

cc% @naekhksbcke {P`naeasct#Ealr @naekhksbcke) lt ek mralt fcstleà jrkg

Vlhaeeascs) l gkeb) elgaf Tlilagke) wls lt le alriyflta ce tna jkurtn àetury tna nalf kj skga lsàtc`s)wnk icvaf ealr ncg) snlraf ncs gkfa kj icja) `lga tkncg jkr lfvcà) lef `lraf jkr ncg ce ciieass% Na csfas`rchaf ls l gle kj jaw wkrfs) wnk icvaf l varylsàtc` icja 2 ncs galis `kescstaf kj hralf lef slit 2lef na skgatcgas favktaf ncgsaij tk prlyar lefgafctltcke furcem tna wnkia ecmnt% Na k`ùpcaf ncg'saij ce gleuli wkrb) tna prkàafs kj wnc`n prkvcfafncg wctn ncs jaw wlets lef aelhiaf ncg tk mcva tk tnapkkr% Vna jlga kj Tlilagke cs fua tk tna jl`t tnlttna mralt Tl`nkgcus wls ncs fcs`cpia) uetci tna ilttarfaplrtaf tk jkuef tna gkelstary kj Vlhaeeascs% Iltar)Tlilagke sujjaraf savaraiy jrkg tna ajja`ts kj ncslustarctcas) lef ncs faltn wls `lusaf hy ncs savarajlstcem% Vna ìksa jrcaefsncp hatwaae Tlilagke lefTl`nkgcus wls glcetlceaf tk tna aef 2 lef wnae tnakif gle plssaf lwly) na wls hurcaf hy ncs haikvaffcs`cpia%/ Icbawcsa) tnara wara ktnar lssk`cltckes kjlsàtc`s lt @naekhksbcke uefar tna ialfarsncp kjApkeygus) lt Gke`nkscs+ lef lt Vnahau%U

< N%I%) 88 2 N%G%) 0


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Ectrcl >c

ccc% EctrclHut tna ilrmast lef gkst jlgkus sattiagaets kj

gkebs wara ce tna fasarts kj Ectrcl lef Pàta 2 tnaywara tnksa wnc`n lttrl`taf gley trlvaiiars) lef `ke'saquaetiy wa nlva l mraltar bekwiafma kj Letkeclegkelstc`csg tnara tnle aisawnara% Vna fralry vliiaykj Ectrcl ily scxty gcias skutn kj Liaxlefrcl) lef ax'taefaf jkr tncrty gcias jrkg alst tk wast lef jkr scxgcias jrkg ekrtn tk skutn hatwaae twk rlemas kjgkuetlces) kj wnc`n kea wls Gkuet Ectrcl% Vnraafcstce`t gkelstc` fcstrc`ts ce tncs eacmnhkurnkkf)Ectrcl) Pàta lef @aiicl) lra gaetckeaf hy Tliilfcus)U@lsscle)U tna Ncstkrcl Gkel`nkrug)U lef Pkzkgae%/Hut `kescfarlhia fcjjaraeà kj kpcecke axcsts ls tk tnarailtcke kj Ectrcl lef Pàta% Vna krfcelry vcawramlrfs Ectrcl ls tna ekrtnare lef Pàta ls tnaskutnare plrt kj tna vliiay% Hut) ls @% HutiarU nlssnkwe) tncs wkuif glba tna fcstleà hatwaae tnagkeiy tae gcias) wnarals tna lhkva'gaetckeaf wrctarsraprasaet tna twk fcstrc`ts ls saplrltaf hy l ikem lefflemarkus okureayU ce wnc`n trlvaiiars `kuif iksa tnacrwly lef parcsn kj tncrst%(U Ct cs tnarajkra vary prkhlhiatnlt Pàta ily E% kr E%]% kj tna Ectrcle Zliiay) tk tnawast kj tna Faitl) lef tnlt tna gkelstc` `kikey wlssctultaf ce tna nalrt kj tna Pàtc` Fasart) wncia tnaplrt bekwe ls @aiiclU wls lhkut jcva gcias ekrtn kjEctrcl%Vna Ectrcle gkelstc`csg wls jkuefaf hy Lgkue)

kj l rc`n lef waii'hkre jlgciy)U wnksa plraets fcaf< N%I%) c>% 8 @kii%) vc% C% 0 80U 04%/ N%A%) vc% 04 j% : cc% > j% N%G%) 04 2 @kii%) vc% c 2 N%I%) 8:%- cj%I%)6=% U @k++%) vc% C% Zct% Let%) :4 2 N%I%) > 2 N%G%) 83 2 Pk`) N%A%) cv% 80%


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>8 @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptwnae na wls lhkut twaety'twk yalrs kj lma 2 lefsceà na `kuif ekt wctnstlef tna cgpkrtuectcas kj ncsjlgciy tk glrry na parsulfaf ncs wcja tk ialf l icja kjvcrmcecty jrkg tna fly kj tnacr glrrclma% Jkr acmntaaeyalrs tnay icvaf ce tncs wly) gaatcem ce tna avaecemjkr prlyars lef jkkf% Vnay tnae fa`cfaf tk icvasaplrltaiy) lef Lgkue waet tk tna ceear plrt kjGkuet Ectrcl .`% 084'004#) wnara na raglceaf jkrtwaety'twk yalrs uetci ncs faltn) wnc`n tkkb pilàhajkra Letnkey plssaf lwly% Lgkem tna gkebs kjEctrcl) wnk hy tna aef kj tna jkurtn àetury eugharafjcva tnkuslef)U wara LpkQkecus) wnk spaet twaetyyalrs tnara 2 U Cscfkra) ljtarwlrfs Hcsnkp kj Nargk'pkics Tlrvl 2U Fcks`krus) l prcast kj Ectrcl lef ljtar'wlrfs l hcsnkp 2/ Kr) tna sciaet 2U Tlghk) tna maearkus)wnk fcaf `) 0=0 2U Tlui) wnk icvaf lgkem jcva nuefraf olsàtc`s ke Gkuet Tnarga) ce tna Ekrtn)-- lef Plrlpcke)tna Mralt% U TliilfcusU nls mcvae le cetarastcem leffatlciaf l``kuet kj tna Ectrcle gkelstc`csg) ls najkuef ct lt tna aef kj tna jkurtn àetury% Ce liiprkhlhcicty tna systag hy tnlt tcga nlf mrkwe lefnlf ral`naf l gkra lfvleàf stlma kj favaikpgaettnle ce cts alricar flys% Vna gkebs icvaf) nkwavar)uefar ek ruia) hut al`n wls iajt vary gu`n tk jkiikwncs kwe ceìceltckes) lef tna icja wls aetcraiy vkiuetlry%Ce tnacr àiis tna gkebs icvaf lef wkrbaf lef prlyaf)actnar likea) kr skgatcgas twk kr avae gkra tkmatnar%Vnay slem tna avaecem kjjcà saplrltaiy ce al`n fwaii'cem) lef sk (lhkut tna ecetn nkur ct cs pksschia tkstlef lef nalr nkw tna strlces kj gaikfy rcsa jrkgal`n nlhctltcke sk tnlt kea haicavas tnlt kea cs ncmn

< N%I)) =)


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Ectrcl >0lhkva tna wkrif ce Tlrlfcsa%( Hut ke Plturflys lefPueflys tnay lssaghiaf tkmatnar) jkr Ectrcl nlf ctsilrma `nur`n) tk wnc`n acmnt prcasts wara lttl`naf)litnkumn keiy tna saeckr kea gcecstarafek kea aisaàiahrltaf) kr pral`naf) kr mlva fa`csckes) hut tnaylii oust slt qucatiy hy ncs scfa%U Vna kppkrtuectykj @kgguecke wls kea rasuit kj tncs gkfa kj icja)jkr skga kj tna skictlrcas gust nlva spaet gleyyalrs wctnkut ct% Vnacr wkrb `kescstaf kj iceae'glbcem) sk tnlt lii wara saij'suppkrtcem% Vnara waralisk pnysc`cles) `keja`tckears) saiiars kj wcea) ls waiils savae hlbarcas% Ct cs tkif kj LpkQkecus) l Ectrclegkeb) tnlt sceà na beaw ek nlefc`rljt lef `kuif ektwrcta) na usaf tk huy jrkg Liaxlefrcl lef tlba rkuefamms) `lbas) rlcsces) frums) lef ktnar lrtcìas eaafafhy tna gkebs lef tna sc`b%U Mralt cgpkrtleà wlslttl`naf tk tna ialrecem kj tna P`rcpturas hy nalrt 2Lggkecus wls àiahrltaf ce tncs raspa`t) lef `kuifrapalt tna wnkia kj tna Kif lef Eaw Vastlgaets%UVna wrctcems) tkk) kj Krcmae/ wara jkuef ce tna àiis%Vna vliua kj wkrb) aspa`cliiy gleuli ilhkur) wlsra`kmecsaf ekt keiy jkr tna raicavcem kj wlet) hut liskls l mralt pravaetcva kj l``cfca) plrtcùilriy lgkemtna ykuemar gkebs 2 tnlt walrceass kj nalrt wnc`ntna gkeb beaw sk waii) wnae lt tcgas na wls jciiafwctn fcsicba jkr tna pilà) fcsmust jkr ncs àii) `ketagptjkr ncs hratnrae) lef walrceass kj ncs wkrb% Pk@lsscle railtas le kif slycem ùrraet ce Amypt tnlt( l gkeb wnk wkrbs cs lttl`baf hy hut kea favcihut le cfiar cs tkrgaetaf hy `kuetiass spcrcts%(U Avaestrlemars) wnk `kuif raglce ce tna muast'nkusalfokcecem tna Ectrcle @nur`n) jkr ls ikem ls twk kr

UN)IV% cN%Ic0% UN%I%)cc%/ N)I)) CC 2 `j) Puip%) Fcli)) c% :% U Cestct%) x% 80%


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>6 @nrcstcle Gkelsic`csg ce Amypttnraa yalrs) wara khicmaf) ljtar l icgctaf parckf) tkwkrb actnar ce tna mlrfae) hlbary) bct`nae) at`%) kr cestufy) cj tnay wara sujjc`caetiy afu`ltaf% Vnacr jkkfwls vary scgpia) lef skga wara kj `kursa gkra lustarace tnacr gkfa kj icja tnle ktnars% L jaltura kj Ectrclwls tnlt tna usa kj wcea wls liikwaf% Pkga lttagptwls glfa tk prasarva fcs`cpicea) jkr ealr tna `nur`ntnara wara tnraa plig traas) ke al`n kj wnc`n nuem lwncp) kea jkr puecsncem tncavas) lektnar jkr falicemwctn strlemars) lef l tncrf jkr rajrl`tkry gkebs 2 tnaùiprct wls hrkumnt tk tna traa lef raàcvaf tna strcpaslppkcetaf% Vnawrctarkj NcstkrclGkel`nkrug prasarvasl pc`tura kj tna raàptcke kj ncs plrty hy tna Ectrclegkebs) wnk slw tna vcsctkrs jrkg l ikem fcstleà lefvcaf wctn kea lektnar ce tnacr wai`kga 2 skga hrkumntwltar) ktnars wlsnaf tnacr jaat kr tnacr mlrgaets)skga prkvcfaf jkkf) ktnars lmlce mlva cestru`tcke 2lef tna slga wrctar halrs wcteass tk tna ljja`tcke kjtna gkebs jkr kea lektnar%U Jrkg tcga tk tcga`kgguec`ltckes plssaf hatwaae tna Ectrcle gkebslef tnksa kj Letnkey 2 Lgkue ncgsaij wls l jraquaetvcsctkr lt Tcspcr 2 hut tna tktli fcstleà hatwaaeEctrcl lef Letnkey-s fwaiicem'pilà wls l tncrtaaeflys- okureay%

cv% @aiicl@aiicl) kr @aiis) wara tna lhkfa kj scx nuefrafnargcts) wnk icvaf ce eugarkus icttia fwaiicems) wnc`n

wara pilàf lt su`n fcstleà tnlt tnay `kuif eactnarsaa ekr nalr kea lektnar%U Vnara lppalrs tk nlvahaae l `nur`n ce tnlt sattiagaet) jkr ekt keiy fkPkzkgae / lef Tliilfcus U spalb kj Gl`lrcus ls cts

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@aiicl >1prcast) hut le ce`cfaet cs ra`krfaf wnae tna `nur`n baywls ikst) lef l `kgguecke ce `nur`n lt Apcpnley csgaetckeaf%U Vnara tnay lssaghiaf ke Plturflys lefPueflys% Hut tnay fcf ekt `kgguec`lta gu`n wctnkea lektnar) axàpt jkr spcrctuli prkjct% 8

Gl`lrcus) tna Liaxlefrcle) wls raglrblhia jkr tnaspcrct kj aguiltcke ce ncs lsàtc` prl`tcàs) lef jkrpkssasscem jkur àiis ce tna fcjjaraet fcstrc`ts) Pàta)Ichyl) Ectrcl lef tna @aiis) kj wnc`n skga warawctnkut wcefkws 2 kea wls sk elrrkw tnlt na `kuif ektstrat`n ncgsaij) lef lektnar wls ilrma aekumn jkr tnaraàptcke kj vcsctkrs% Ct cs stltaf tnlt na wls liwlys`naarjui tk ncs vcsctkrs) lef hy tna ljjlhcicty kj ncsgleears iaf gley ykuem gae tk lsàtc`csg% Navcsctaf Vlhaeeascs lef lstkecsnaf Tl`nkgcus lef ncsgkebs hy ncs jalts kj jlstcem% Na fcaf .`% 030# ligkstl àetaelrcle%U Avlmrcus) l @lpplfk`cle) wnk nlfjliiae ce ikva wctn l ekhiagle-s wcja lt @kestletcekpia)lef ljtar gaatcem Gailecl lt Oarusliag) `kejassaf tknar ncs sce) lef nlvcem spaet twk yalrs ce Ectrcl) icvafjkr jkurtaae yalrs ce @aiicl%/ Na wls tna lutnkr kjvlrckus hkkbs 2U lef ct cs ra`krfaf kj ncg tnlt (na%wrkta halutcjuiiy tna Kxyxnye`nus `nlrl`tars)(wnc`n faekta /- skga skrt kj ue`cli wrctcem fcstce`tcvakj gleus`rcpts fa iuxa+-U Lektnar rascfaet) Glrùs)l`ncavaf mralt jlga jkr ncs gaabeass lef `ketceae`y)lef wls slcf tk nlva ialret tna Kif lef Eaw Vastl'gaets hy nalrt 2 lef Vnakfkra) wnk fcs`kgrsaf ketna faltn kj tna slcets)-- lisk fwait ce tna slgafcstrc`t%

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>: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypt

Z% PàtaVna `kikey lt tna fcstlet lef hlrrae Pàta) ( wnara

lra tna gkst axàiiaet gkelstc` jltnars) lef wnaralii parja`tcke jikurcsnas)(U kwaf cts jkuefltcke tkLetnkey-s jlgkus fcs`cpia Gl`lrcus) tna Amyptcle) krtna Mralt) wnk wls hkre `) 044) lef ljtar ialvcemLetnkey sattiaf ce Pàta {`) 004#) wnara wctn twk fcs'`cpias na prl`tcsaf mralt saij'faecli% TliilfcusU gae'tckes ncs ùrckus favcà tk as`lpa vcsctkrs 2 na pks'sassaf hktn l àii lef l `lva) wnc`n na `keea`taf hyl tueeai kj nlij l gcia) lef hy plsscem jrkg ncs àii cetncs wly na wls lhia tk khtlce tna skictufa lef jraafkgjrkg fcstrl`tcke tnlt na fascraf% Vk Gl`lrcus lralttrchutaf Nkgcicas) Apcstias lef gley Lpkpntnam'gltl%Vna Pàtc` gkebs ceìufaf Flecai)U Cscfkra/ lef

Tlpneutcus) lii kj wnkg wara prcasts) lef tna ilst)raekweaf jkr pltcaeà) nlf ncs àii jcva gcias jrkg tna`nur`n) hut fcf ekt jlci tk lttaef ke Plturflys lefPueflys 2U Gksas) tna Xkhhar) wnk ha`lga l prcast) iajtsavaety fcs`cpias) lef parjkrgaf lglzcem lustarctcasce tna glttar kj siaap 2U Tl`nke) wnk wls vcsctaf hyTliilfcus ljtar na nlf spaet jkrty yalrs ce ncs àiilef nlf kvar`kga avci tnkumnts hy saij'cejic`taf tkr'turas2(U Ttkiagy) wnk icvaf ce tna gkra ragkta lefwltariass fcstrc`t bekwe ls Bicglx) lef iltar jaiilwly2U Parlpcke) wnk fcs`kursaf tk @lsscle ke tnaacmnt prce`cpli jluits j lef Gksas) kj Pàta) kea kjtna gkst ( spiaefcf jikwars ( kj gkelstc`csg) wnksa

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Pàta >=vcaws ke tna lcgs kj tna gkebs lra prasarvaf hy tnaslga wrctar%UKeiy l jaw s`lttaraf rajaraeàs lra glfa tk tna gkfakj icja lt Pàta% Vnara wara jkur `nur`nas) al`n wctn cts

kwe prcast YU tna gkebs lttaefaf ke Plturflys lefPueflys jkr tna Nkiy @kgguecke)U lef Lhhkt Oknecs elgaf ls tna stawlrf kj Pàta) lef nlf tna glelma'gaet kj tna `nur`n hy tna lppkcetgaet kj tna prcastTlpneutcus%U Icja wls vary nlrf ce tncs fasart) jkrlplrt jrkg tna savarcty kj saij'cgpksaf lustarctcas)wltar `kuif keiy ha jkuef lt l fcstleà vlrycem jrkgnlij l gcia tk jcva gcias 2U lef skga icvaf jlr lwly)jkr le kif gle cs gaetckeaf ls hacem acmntaae gciasjrkg tna `nur`n) lef wnae l prasaet kj jcms lrrcvaf ctwls raglrbaf tnlt su`n nlf eavar haae saae tnarahajkra%U Hut litnkumn tnay wara sk jlr ragkvaf jrkgtna wkrif) tna gkebs tnara ialret tnlt ek fcstleà`kuif faicvar tnag jrkg jcarà tagptltcke% (U L ncmngkrli stleflrf pravlciaf) jkr wnae l `lsa kj suppksafstalicem k`ùrraf ct wls fas`rchaf ls --l eaw lefuenalrf'kj `rcga) su`n ls ek kea ragagharaf avartk nlva haae `kggcttaf ce tnlt fasart hajkra tnlttcga lef wnc`n nls eavar nlppaeaf sceà%( Hut ketnlt k``lscke `kggke l`tcke wls tlbae) jkr lii warabapt ce `nur`n wncia àrtlce saia`taf hratnrae salr`naftna àiis) lef l paeleà wls cgpksaf ke tna lpplraetkjjaefar%U Icba ktnar gkebs) tnay wara aemlmaf cewkrb lt wnc`n tnay ialret lef rapaltaf hy nalrt tnaHchia j lef kea ke ncs wly tk Pàta cs fas`rchaf lsrapaltcem furcem tna okureay tna Apcstia tk tnaNahraws) tna Hkkb kj Cslcln) plrt kj Oaragcln) tna

< @kii%) c% 8 @kii%) ^% 8% 0 @kii%) ccc% c 2 xvccc%


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>> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce AmyptMkspai kj Pt% Iuba lef tna Trkvarhs) ce lffctcke tkktnar plsslmas%U @lsscle railtas kj tnag tnlt tnacrglts wara usaf jkr scttcem lef siaapcem) wncia huefiaskj plpyrus jkrgaf l salt lt sarvcàs lef l pciikw ltecmnt% 8 Zcsctkrs `lga tk saa tnag .a%m% @lsscle#) leftna gkebs lt tcgas vcsctaf kea lektnar) lef lelguscem pc`tura cs prasarvaf kj alvasfrkppcem) wnael gkeb wls nalrf tk ha mcvcem ce ncs ikeaiy àii lstcrrcem lffrass) ls cj na wara ce `nur`n%U

vc% Zlrckus Lssk`cltckes) at`%Ktnar `kikecas wara astlhicsnaf ealr Liaxlefrcl)

wnara Tliilfcus slw ls gley ls twk tnkuslef gkebs)/lef lt Xncek`krurl uefar Fckeyscus 2U tnara waramralt sattiagaets ealr Hlhyike lef Gagpncs 2U ce tnaeacmnhkurnkkf kj Narlìakpkics l jaw mltnaraf rkuefTlpneutcus)(U lef ealr tna vciilma kj Tnkaecà @nrkecusfwait wctn twk nuefraf ktnars j ilrma eughars kjgkebs lef eues `kemramltaf lt Kxyrnye`nus) jlgkusjkr tnacr faafs kj gar`y) U lef ealr L`nkrcs Lpaiiastna sgctn axar`csaf ncs `rljt jkr tna gkebs wnk fwaittnara% UUL jaw plrtcùilrs lra mcvae kj tnraa ktnar `kikecas%Ce tna Lrscekcta ramckes tnara wara kea tnkuslef gkebsuefar tna mucfleà kj tna prcast %Parlpcke) wnk/- tlumnt lii tk alre tnacr prkvcsckes hy tnacr ilhkcurslef tk prkvcfa jkr ktnars wnk wara pkkr% Furcemnlrvast tcga tnay huscaf -tnagsaivas ce ralpcem jkrply 2 tnay sat lscfa sujjc`caet `kre jkr tnacr kwe usa)lef snlraf ct wctn tna rast kj tna gkebs%(UU Kr ce tna

< N%I%)8:% 8 @kii%)c) 80% 0 Cestct%) xc%


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Zlrckus Lssk`cltckes >3Vnahlcf wls tna nalf kj kea tnkuslef gkebs 2 lefl fas`rcptcke cs mcvae kj tna rcsa kj l gkelstc` `kikey)jkr na lef tnksa wctn ncg hucit àiis jkr eaw`kgars)kea spralfcem tna guf) ktnars hrcemcem hrc`bs krùttcem fkwe wkkf%U Vnara wls lisk le lssk`cltckekj kea nuefraf gkebs ce tna Vnahlcf) wnksa lhhktwls tna prcast Fcks`krus) lef ct cs slcf tnlt na ilcfmralt strass ke tnacr praplrltcke jkr tna @kgguecke% UVna jkkf ce lii tnasa gkelstc` `kikecas wls varyscgpia 2 tnay nlf tnacr kea gali kj fceear lt tna

scxtn kr ecetn nkur)U litnkumn skga jlgkus lsàtc`sjlstaf uetci avaecem% Axàpt ke jlst flys) tna gkebsfcf ekt s`rupia tk hralb tnacr jlst ke tna lrrcvli kjvcsctkrs%U Pkga waet tk mralt iaemtns ce tnacr lhstce'aeà 2 Gksas) kj Pàta) keà wls ce tna nlhct kj mkcemwctnkut jkkf jkr savarli flys 2U skga lhstlceaf jrkghralf lef icvaf ke ektncem hut hales) kr vamatlhias)kr jructs) kr narhs 2 hut su`n axtragas wara ektra`kggaefaf+ ekr fcf tna mraafceass kj tnksa wnkjlstaf ce krfar tk ha lhia tk nlva l ilrma gali `kggleflpprkvli% (U Ct wls usuliiy jait tnlt gkfarltcke cejlstcem snkuif ha khsarvaf)U lef tna lgkuet kj jkkfsnkuif vlry l``krfcem tk cefcvcfuli lma lef straemtn%UJkr skga `kuif jlst gkra rcmkrkusiy tnle ktnars%( Vna sc`biy jkkf kj gkcstaeaf hales fkas ekt lmraawctn avaryhkfy)( ekr fkas l fcat kj jrasn vamatlhias krfry hralf likea 2 jkr skga twk pkuefs lra ekt aekumn)jkr ktnars scx kueàs lra tkk gu`n%UU Vna `lekec`liliikwleà kj hralf wls jcxaf lt twk hcsùcts) wnc`ns`lràiy wacmnaf l pkuef) UU lef ct wls `kescfaraf

< cj%cbj%) 8% 8 N%G%) 88 2 Pkz%) N)A%) vc% 8>%0 @kii%) cc% 81 j% 2 `j% xxc%


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@kgguecty kj Lktls 3


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Tl`nkgcle Pystag 31Vlhaeeascs lef okceaf Tl`nkgcus wnae na wls lhkutjkurtaae yalrs kif% Vnakfkra ha`lga mraltiy haikvafhy Tl`nkgcus ke l``kuet kj ncs spcrctuli prkmrass%U]nae Tl`nkgcus gkvaf tk Tlhlu) na pilàf Vlhae'eascs ce tna `nlrma kj Vnakfkra) wnk wls tnae lhkuttncrty yalrs kj lma2U lef ct nlf haae ncs cetaetcke)Ulef wls tna wcsn kj tna gkebs) tnlt Vnakfkra snkuif)ljtar tna faltn kj Tl`nkgcus) ha`kga tna Puparckr'Maearli% Nkwavar) wnae Tl`nkgcus ha`lga cii)Vnakfkra fcf ekt sujjc`caetiy kppksa tnksa axprassafwcsnas kj tna gkebs) wls `kesaquaetiy faprcvaf kjncs kjjcàs lef fcf ekt raàcva tna lppkcetgaet%U Hutektwctnstlefcem tnasa savara galsuras) Tl`nkgcusmlva ncs haikvaf fcs`cpia tna `nlrma kj hurycem ncshkfy cl l sa`rat pilà% U Ljtar tna l`àsscke kj Krscscus)Vnakfkra ha`lga tna nalf kj tna hlbars lt Tl`nekug%/Vnae tna tnraltaeaf s`ncsg `lga) lef tna kif fcs`cpiakj tna jkuefar wls mcvae tna fcra`tcke kj tna `kg'guecty% Qefar ncs lfgcecstrltcke twk gkelstarcas%Khc lef Blcks) wara hucit ealr Nargkpkics Glmel.P`ngkue#) ke tna wastare hleb kj tna Ecia) leflektnar ealr Nargktncs)(- wncia gaetcke cs lisk glfakj l gkelstary hucit hy ncs fcra`tcke ealr Ttkiaglcs%UKe Lprci 8=tn) 0:>) tna lhia `klfoutkr kj Krscscusfcaf)U lef tna ilttar) wnkg Vnakfkra liwlys ra`km'ecsaf ls ncs nalf hy mkcem tk ncg jkr `kuesai) UU lefwnk lppalrs ce iltar yalrs tk nlva rasugaf skga plrtce tna fcra`tcke kj tna gkelstarcas) UU lmlce axar`csaftna juii jue`tckes kj Puparckr'Maearli% UU

Icttia cs bekwe kj tna ncstkry kj tna Tl`nkgclegkelstarcas furcem tna raglcefar kj tna jkurtn

< Zct 86'1% 8 yUjUU UkU 0 vct%) 81% Zct%) :>%U Zct%) =1% U Zct) yP% - Zct%)P:% Ap% Lgg%) 0% ( =cU%)30% UU Zct3P%


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3: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptàetury 2 lef tnara cs ek ra`krf kj tna iaemtn kr`nlrl`tar kj tna ruia kj Krscscus) jkr tna Fk`trcelKrscscc `kescsts kj spcrctuli axnkrtltckes tk tna gkebs)lef aspa`cliiy tk tnksa ce lutnkrcty) wctn gleyquktltckes jrkg tna P`rcpturas% Hut Oarkga)U ce tnayalr 646) lffs tnlt l Tl`nkgcle gkelstary axcstafjlr lwly lt @lekpus) ìksa tk Liaxlefrcl 2 lef tncsstltagaet cs suppkrtaf hy jrlmgaets kj l @kptc`ncstkry kj Liaxlefrcl) wnc`n lttrchutaf ct tk tnafascra kj tna pltrclr`n Vnakpncius) ls waii ls hy iltaravcfaeà%U

Favaikpgaet kj ruias% Vna krmlecsltcke kj tnagkelstarcas wls mrlfuliiy hucit up l``krfcem tk tnace`ralscem eaafs kj tna `kgguecty% Vnus tna ZctlTl`nkgccU stltas tnlt tna jkuefar mlva vlrckus ruiastk ncs gkebs jrkg tcga tk tcga) wnc`n wara tna rasuitkj ncs tnkumnt) prufaeà lef axparcaeà) lef tnlt nawrkta gley fatlciaf iattars ls waii tk tna nalfs kj tnagkelstarcas%/ Le l``kuet cs mcvae ce Zct)


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Tl`nkgcle Pystag 3=ljtar tna iattars kj tna Mraab lipnlhat) icvaf tnraa ce làii) nlf spa`cli salts jkr siaapcem) lef lta tnacr galislt vlrckus nkurs% Na lisk lffs tnlt strlema gkebswara ekt raàcvaf ce tna gkelstary) ueiass tnay warake l okureay% Hut ke tna ktnar nlef tnara cs ekralske tk fcstrust tna l`ùrl`y kj Tliilfcus% Vnajkiikwcem summastckes lra kjjaraf ls l skiutcke kj tnaprkhiag ?

.C%# Vna tnraa yalrs- prkhltcke% Ct cs trua tnlt tnaU(vccU saags tk snkw tnlt gkebs wara raàcvaf ljtar lpraQgcelry axlgceltcke keiy% Hut tnara cs ek ralskewny iltar .jkr Tliilfcus wls ce Qppar Amypt jrkg 64:tk 6


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3> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amypttna bekwiafma kj tna prcvlta galecem lttl`naf tkal`n iattar wls `kejceaf tk Tl`nkgcus) lef tna saeckrlef gkst spcrctuli gkebs% Ct saags elturli lefralskelhia tk `keea`t tncs pile wctn tna ncffaeilemulma) ce wnc`n Tl`nkgcus cs fas`rchaf ls wrctcemtk tna suparckrs kj tna gkelstarcas%U Gkrakvar)( Tl`nkgcus gcmnt ha cglmceaf fcstcemucsncem tnatwaety'jkur Mraab iattars kj tna lipnlhat hy tnacr usals eugarlis jkr wnc`n purpksa na wkuif eavar nlvasaae tna savae @kptc` iattars agpikyaf% (U

.1%# Vna galis lt fcjjaraet nkurs) lef tnraa gkebs tkl àii% Ekrgliiy) ls ct wcii ha saae) tncs fkas ektlppalr tk nlva haae tna `lsa% Hut cj l gkelstaryraàcvaf l suffae lef `kescfarlhia lffctcke kj gkebs)tnara gust nlva haae l tcga) kjtae prkikemaf) hajkratna eaàsslry wkrb kj aeilrmcem tna raja`tkry lef tnankusas `kuif tlba pilà% Cefaaf) lt Tlhlu wctn ctsmralt eughars) aspa`cliiy hy tna hamceecem kj tnajcjtn àetury) ct gcmnt nlva haae l gkra kr iass pargl'eaet lrrlemagaet) tnrkumn il`b kj sujjc`caet l``kggk'fltcke tk jaaf tncrtaae kr jkurtaae nuefraf lt kea tcgalef tk prkvcfa saplrlta àiis jkr sk gley%

@kesaquaetiy tna `ncaj cel`ùrl`y kj TlQlfcuswkuif ha ncs lssugptcke tnlt tna ùstkgs na slw waraplrt kj le krcmceli lef uecvarsli pile) wnc`n wkuif hal elturli gcstlba) ls na l`àptaf tna lemaic` krcmcekj tna ruias%Hut sceà Oarkga-s Iltce trlesiltcke kj tna ruias Ulmraas wctn wnlt cs bekwe kj alriy Tl`nkgclecsg) ctgly ha tlbae tk raprasaet tna favaikpgaet kj tnakrcmclli ruias lef tk fas`rcha tnksa tnlt axcstaf ce tna

Zct)y :0 2 App) Tl`b%/ ]% A% @rug) Amypt% Axpikv) Juef) Lr`nlkI Xapkrt) 3>'3)

p% 1:% U L%F% 646


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Tl`nkgcle Pystag 33ilttar plrt kj tna jkurtn àetury) wncia tna l``kuet kjTliilfcus ek fkuht raprasaets tna ùstkgs na slw lttna hamceecem kj tna jcjtn àetury) wnc`n gly nlvamrkwe up skga yalrs hajkra 644 l%f%

Vna Hucifcems) Al`n gkelstary wls surrkuefafhy l wlii)U lef ce tnlt aeìksura wara tna `nur`n) Utna pilà kj maearli lssaghiy) U tna raja`tkry)/ l pilàjkr hkkbs) U tna rapksctkry jkr ìktnas)U tna bct`nae)tna ilrfar)- tna hlbary)U tna cejcrglry)U tna wkrbsnkps) UUsu`n ls tna jkrma) `lrpaetar-s snkp) juiiar-s snkp)tleeary) snkaglbar-s snkp)cc lef tna nkusas cetk wnc`ntna `kgguecty wls fcvcfaf% Vna eughar kj nkusasek fkuht vlrcaf wctn tna scza kj tna gkelstary 2Oarkga spalbs kj tncrty kr jkrty ce al`n% Vna nkusas)wnc`n saag tk nlva `kescstaf kj twaety'twk tk jkrtygkebs) U8 `ketlceaf sglii àiis) kea jkr al`n)UU lef l`kggke rkkg jkr gaatcem% UU Ealr tna fkkr kj tnagkelstary wls tna nkusa jkr tna raàptcke kj strlemarslef jrcaefs kj tna gkebs 2 wkgae wara lisk lfgcttaf)htjt ce l pilà `lrajuiiy saplrltaf jrkg tna ktnar sax%UUVna gkelstary lisk nlf cts mlrfae% UUVna Mkvaregaet% Lii tna gkelstarcas wara uefartna `ketrki kj tna Puparckr'Maearli) kr Lr`ncglefrcta)U-ce wnksa nlefs ily tna supraga pkwar 2 na lppkcetaftna nalfs kj tna gkelstarcas lef trlesjarraf tnagjrkg kea tk lektnar) lef ramuilriy vcsctaf tna vlrckus`kgguectcas tk ily fkwe ruias) lfvcsa) `krra`t) lefmaearliiy suparvcsa% UU Na lisk elgaf ncs su`àsskr%

< Xam%) >6 2 Zct%) 83% 8 ooUUU TyU+%) 0% 0 oUUmUU oU at`%/ Xam%) 8>2 N%I 08% 1 Xam%) >8)


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Tl`nkgcle Pystag ikcgaghar kj tna `kgguecty lt tna lma kj jkurtaae krjcjtaae+ lektnar ykutn) Pcivleus) wls gaetckeaf)Ulef tnara wara ramuiltckes jkr tna `lra kj `ncifrae%UTrcasts wara lfgcttaf) hut wncia ek fcstce`tcke lsramlrfs tna ruias wls glfa hatwaae tnag lef tna rast)raspa`t wls snkwe jkr tnacr kjjcà%/ ]nae l eaw`kgarlrrcvaf saabcem lfgcsscke tk tna `kgguecty) na nlftk raglce jkr skga flysU kutscfa tna fkkr kj tnagkelstary) uefar tna `lra kj tna fkkrbaapars) wnktlumnt ncg prlyars) psligs lef tna ruias% Na tnaeraàcvaf ncs eaw ìktnas lef wls tlbae tk okce tnagkebs lssaghiaf jkr prlyar%U

Frass% Al`n gkeb wkra l iceae tuec` wctnkutsiaavas) wnc`n wls saùraf hy l mcrfia) lef `lga fkwetk tna beaas) l mkltsbce) lef lrkuef tna ea`b l tnce`lpa tk wnc`n wls lttl`naf l nkkf)- halrcem tna scmekj tna gkelstary lef nkusa%U Na pkssassaf lisk lstljj) sleflis jkr okureays .krfcelrciy na waet hlra'jkktaf#) lef l iceae ìklb wnc`n wls wkre keiy ce tnaàii%U Vnksa mlrgaets wnc`n wara ekt usaf tnrkumn'kut tna fly wara ce tna `nlrma kj tna lsscstlet'nalf kjtna nkusa) sk tnlt ek ìktncem) axàpt tnlt l`tuliiy ceusa) wls tk ha jkuef ce tna àii%UU Vna gkebs wlsnaftnag lt jcxaf tcgas% UU Mlrgaets wara ekt tk ha iajtiycem ke tna mrkuef% UU Cj l gkeb ikst ley mlrgaet) earaàcvaf l raprcglef lef nlf tk wlct tnraa waabshajkra ct wls rapilàf% UU @lsscleU/ jkuef gystc`ligalecems ce tna vlrckus lrtcìas kj ìktncem) hut tna

< JcZ%) )80% / Zct%)::% 0 ocUmUU


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%


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ck: @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptsujjc`caet jkr tnraa flys 2U ktnarwcsa na `kuif ekt nlvaavae tna pkkrast lppias ce ncs àii% U Vna jkkf `kescstafkj hralf) `naasa) narhs) `nlrik`b) prasarvaf kicvas)lef jruct) U hut eactnar wcea/ ekr galt%U Vna nalf kjtna nkusa mlva cestru`tcke tk ncs gkebs ke hanlvckurlt galis% U

Ce tna tcga kj Tl`nkgcus tna ]afeasfly lefJrcfly jlsts wara khsarvaf hy tna nalfs kj nkusas)hut ekt hy tna wnkia `kgguecty2- iltar) nkwavar)tnasa jlsts wara khsarvaf hy tna gkebs maearliiy)axàpt lt Alstar lef Taeta`kst%U Furcem Iaet tnaywara slcf tk usa keiy ue`kkbaf jkkf) wncia skga ltakeiy avary twk kr jcva flys%

Ciieass% Vna sc`b gkeb wls tlbae hy tna nalf kjncs nkusa tk tna cejcrglry) UU wnara na wls mcvae liitnlt ncs `kefctcke raqucraf) UU ceìufcem wceaUU lefgalt)UU cj na `nksa% U/ Pcgcilr `lra wls snkwe cj na fcfekt wcsn tk mk tk tna cejcrglry% UU Ek kea `kuif vcsctncg wctnkut pargcsscke% UU L gkeb wnk wls tlbae ciike l okureay wls liikwaf tk alt jkkf krfcelrciy jkr'hcffae) hut ekt ce tna prasaeà kj tnksa wnk l``kg'plecaf ncg%c- ]nae l hrktnar fcaf) lii wara prasaetlt tna ilst rctas% UU

Piaap% Vna lgkuet kj siaap l`tuliiy tlbae hatwaae( tna scx prlyars ( lef gcfecmnt UU wls iajt tk tnacefcvcfuli) lef wa bekw tnlt skga khsarvaf ikemvcmcis% 84 Tciikws wara ekt liikwaf) Uc Ce tna mralt nalttnay `kuif siaap ke tna rkkjs% 88 Ljtar ratcrcem) tnaywara ekt liikwaf tk spalb wctn kea lektnar kr tk ialva

- Xam-) 03% 8 oUam%)


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ck> @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptwnae ct wls eaàsslry 2U lef `kgpilcets lmlcest l nalf`kuif ha hrkumnt hy lii tna gkebs kj tna nkusa tk tnasuparckr) 8 hut ce tna ilttar -s lhsaeà) tna `lsa `kuifha nalrf hy gkebs kj ncmn raputltcke%

Maearli jalturas% Vna wcsa ramuiltckes kj tnaTl`nkgcle systag lcgaf lt aquli traltgaet jkr liilef l uectaf `kgguecty)/ lef ek kea wls liikwaftk tlba lfvletlma kj ncs kjjcà%U Hut tna jalturastnlt glrbaf tna krcmcelicty kj Tl`nkgcus wara tna`kggke icja) tna gcifeass kj tna ruias) lef tna ag'pnlscs ilcf ke khafcaeà% Ek axàss wls fascraf)U jkrTl`nkgcus wcsnaf lii tk ha lhia tk parjkrg tnacr futcas2avae l jcra wls icmntaf ce tna `kif waltnar%- Vncsiaecae`y wls axtaefaf lisk tk tnacr railtckes) jkr lgkeb `kuif) hy tna pargcsscke kj tna suparckr leftna nalf kj tna nkusa) vcsct sc`b railtckes) kr lttaeftnacr juearlis) lef raàcva vcscts jrkg railtckes) ke tnauefarstlefcem tnlt) wnae lhsaet) na lta keiy wnlt wlsliikwaf ce tna gkelstary) lef tnlt ek eaws kj tna kut'scfa wkrif wls tk ha hrkumnt ce 2U hut ek kea wlsliikwaf tk mk likea%U Khafcaeà raàcvaf l eaw scm'ecjc`leà ce gkelstc`csg) tk wnc`n ce tna àekhctc` icjamralt cgpkrtleà wls lttl`naf 2UU lef ct cs s`lràiyeaàsslry tk lff tnlt tna ruias kj `nlstcty lef pkvartywara khsarvaf hy lii% Vna `kevarsltcke kj tna gkebswls liwlys tk ha spcrctuli 2UU tnay wara ekt liikwaf tk`lrry eaws jrkg nkusa tk nkusa kr jrkg kea gkelstarytk lektnar) U8 lef tnay nlf tk ha `lrajui ce tnacr rail'tckes wctn kea lektnar)U lef tk lvkcf ilumncem lef

C Xam)) 4) 3=) )


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ek @nrcstcle Gkelstc`csg ce Amyptkhicmaf tk alt lef siaap ce tna muast'nkusa) tnay waraliikwaf tk ha prasaet lt tna kjjcàs%U Tl`nkgcus ncg'saij ramlrfaf Letnkey ls kea kj tna tnraa mralt glrvaiskj ncs lma%U Letnkey hkra wcteass tk tna mralteass kjtna wkrb kj Tl`nkgcus) lef slcf tnlt ncs wcsn tk gaatncg nlf ekt `kga tk plss%U Tl`nkgcle gkebs vcsctafLetnkey) wnk mlva tnag l `kggaefltkry iattar jkrLtnlelscus%/ Letnkey lisk wrkta tk Vnakfkra%U ]anlva liralfy saae tnlt gkebs ce tna eacmnhkurnkkfokceaf tna Tl`nkgcle gkelstarcas+ Vnara wls tkk làrtlce cetar`kursa wctn tna gkebs kj Ectrcl) jkrVnakfkra wrkta l iattar tk tnag)U Lrscscus kj Ectrclbeaw Tl`nkgcus) (U lef Gl`lrcus kj Liaxlefrcl lefLggke wara jkr l tcga Vlhaeeasckt gkebs%

c

ccc% ]ncta Gkelstary cL jurtnar mralt jcmura kj Amyptcle gkelstc` ncstkry

Ywls P`naekufc) wnk favaikpaf tna àekhctc` icja ke ?skgawnlt fcjjaraet iceas jrkg Tl`nkgcus% Ct cs l oùrckus jl`t tnlt na cs ekt gaetckeaf hy ley Mraab kr LIltce wrctar) ekt avae hy Tliilfcus) wnk vcsctaf leffas`rchaf ce skga fatlci tna Tl`nkgcle gkelstary ltTlekpkics keiy l jaw gcias lwly jrkg P`naekufc-sgkelstary% Vna ralske cs tnlt na wrkta lef spkba cePlncfc` @kptc`) lef kur bekwiafma kj ncg cs farcvafjrkg gkfare fcs`kvarcas kj @kptc` GPP%Na wls hkre lt P`naelikiat ce `) 000'6 cj na raliiylttlceaf tna mralt lma kj kea nuefraf lef acmntaaeyalrs% Ncs jltnar wls ekt waii kjj) hut na kweaf skgasnaap lef lrlhia ilef) lef pksschiy nlf tna lsscstleà

< Xam)) 1< 2 Zct%) 8>% 8 vct%) Py) U Zct%) ==%/ Zct)) ==) U Ap% Lggke%) 84%/ Ap% Lggke%) 88% - N%I%) =%> N%I%) 2 Ap% Lggke%) Trki%


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]ncta Gkelstary ccckj l snapnarf%U Ls l ykuem hky na waet tk icva wctnncs gltareli ueìa) Hmkui) tna nalf kj tna ]nctaGkelstary ealr Ltrcpa ke tna wastare hleb kj tnaEcia) ealriy kppkscta Tlekpkics)U wnara na wke su`nl pksctcke kj lutnkrcty tnlt hy Hmkui-s wcsn na su`'àafaf ncg ke ncs faltn% Vncs nlppaeaf ekt iltartnle 0>1) jkr `krraspkefaeà plssaf hatwaae P`naekufclef Lr`nhcsnkp Vcgktny) wnk fcaf ce tnlt yalr) ketna suhoa`t kj ncs su`àsscke% Vnara lra vary jawcgpkrtlet avaets ra`krfaf kj ncs icja) hut na wls prasaetlt tna @kue`ci kj Apnasus ce 60


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%0 G%) 1=) =4) :68 j% / G%) 883% 1 G%) 80:% cbj%) 801 2 _kaml) 8=%> cbj%) :1% 3 G%) 806%


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Ktnar Gkelstarcas 6)wrkta l snkrt l``kuet kj su`n `kgguectcas%UVna Ncstkrcl Gkel`nkrug rajars tk twk su`n gkels'

tarcas% Lpkiik) wnk jkrgariy icvaf ce l `lva wctn jcvafcs`cpias) ha`lga tna nalf kj l ilrma gkelstary) `ke'tlcecem jcva nuefraf gkebs) ealr Nargkpkics) wnk nlfl `kggke tlhia lef plrtkkb kj tna Au`nlrcst

mackean - christian monasticism in egypt

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