lysimeter stations and soil hydrology measuring sites … · lysimeter stations and soil hydrology...

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Christine Lanthaler [email protected]

Results of a 2004 survey/diploma thesis

Lysimeter Stations and Soil HydrologyMeasuring Sitesin Europe

Future Developments

PurposeEquipment

Research Results

Johnstown Castle, Wexford/Irelandpicture: provided by K. Richards

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Parts of the Thesis

Lysimeter Stationsin Europe

Lysimeter Stationsin Europe

Basicsof Soil

Hydrology

Basicsof Soil

HydrologyLysimeter

TypesLysimeter

TypesStations

inEurope

Stationsin

EuropeResearch

ResultsResearch

ResultsFuture

Develop-ments

FutureDevelop-

ments

Concept forthe Internet

Platform

Concept forthe Internet

Platform

Measuringmethodsand probesused inthe unsa-turated zone(comparisonof techniques)

Measuringmethodsand probesused inthe unsa-turated zone(comparisonof techniques)

• Seepagewatersamplers(SWS)

• Lysimeters

• Comparisonof types

ERRORS

• Seepagewatersamplers(SWS)

• Lysimeters

• Comparisonof types

ERRORS

• Overview

• Classificationaccordingto theirvegetationtype(s) andcountries/only examples

Descriptions(tables)

• Overview

• Classificationaccordingto theirvegetationtype(s) andcountries/only examples

Descriptions(tables)

• Classificationaccording totheir vegeta-tion type(s)/onlyexamples

• Summary

• Classificationaccording totheir vegeta-tion type(s)/onlyexamples

• Summary

• Statementsreportedin thequestionnaire

• Summaryand generaldevelopments

• Statementsreportedin thequestionnaire

• Summaryand generaldevelopments

• Goal andtarget group

• Usability• Layout• Contents• Example

• Goal andtarget group

• Usability• Layout• Contents• Example

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Soil HydrologyMeasuring Techniques

soil water content:

• direct/destructive or gravimetric method soil samples

Soil samples are taken in Wagna, 2004/07/26 picture: C. Lanthaler

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soil water content:

• indirect/non-destructive methods measuring sensors

TDR = TimeDomainReflectrometry

dielectric constant

TDR probes and pre-boring with extensiontubes for installing probes in soilto avoid damaging the probe‘s rodsaccording to IMKO 2003, pdf, modified

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matric potential/suction:• direct method tensiometer, piezometer

negative pressure head of water ismeasured directly

Example of a tensiometeraccording to UMS 2003 a,

modified

Principles of a tensio-meter (above watertable) and a piezometer (below water table)MARSHALL 1996, p. 30

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matric potential/suction:

• indirect method gypsum or porous blocks(electrical resistance method)

matric potential must bederived indirectly fromelectrical conductivity/soil water content

Calibration curve of thegypsum block and block cast

in rectangular shape withbared copper wire electrodes

MARSHALL 1996, p. 68

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Soil HydrologyMeasuringTechniques

Scheme of probes installedin soil (Neuherberg)

picture: C. Lanthaler, August 2004

Soil hydrological measuringprofile (Wagna)


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Soil HydrologySoil WaterQuality/Measuring

soil solution/seepage water:

• suction cups• suction plates

vacuum is applied

System of vacuum appliedto suction cups,sampling bottles

from UMS 2003 b, pdf, complemented

• LYSIMETER

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LysimetersWhat is alysimeter?

„lysimeter“ = combination of Greek words:„lusis“ = „solution/Germ.: Lösung“ and„metron“ = „measure/Germ.: messen“

original aim: to determine transport and leachinglosses of solutes; also used for determining actualevapotranspiration and groundwater rechargewater balance!

„A lysimeter is a device that isolates a volume of soil or earth between the soil surface and a depthgiven and includes a percolating water samplingsystem at its bottom.“

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Lysimeters

soil is hydrologically isolated from surrounding soil,

containers: filled with disturbed (artificially filled) or undisturbed (monolithic) bare soil or soil covered with natural or cultivated vegetation,

seepage water is measured directly; vertical water movement is also to be determined

What is alysimeter?

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Purpose of Research Stations

Agronomy, Agricultural Economy, Forest Economynutrient and pesticide/herbicide leaching losses,water demand of agricultural areas …

Ecology, Environment Protectionseepage water prediction of polluted sites,source term determination …

Use of lysimeters in different fields of research:

(Soil) Hydrology, Soil Science, Hydrogeology,Water Economy

water balance/evapotranspiration, monitoringseepage water/groundwater quality and quantity …

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Lysimeter TypesGravitationlysimeter

percolating water is collected gravimetrically =gravitation lysimeter

Principle sketch of a gravitation lysimeter MULLER 1996

Lysimeter station of the LUA Essen (Waldfeucht) SUSSET et al., 2003

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Lysimeter Types

lysimeters are either weighable …

Weighable lysimeter (monolithic)

Weighable lysimeter with built-in probesKLOTZ, SEILER 1998, p. 6

Weighing equipment (3 load cells) in Wagnapicture: C. Lanthaler, August 2004

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Lysimeter Types

… or non-weighable

Non-weighablelysimeter (monolithic)

Equipment of a measuring site including a non-weighable monolithic field lysimeter and

soil hydrology measuring probesaccording to HARTL et al. 2001,

p. 216, modified

Modified monolithic field lysimeter, Petzenkirchen system

according to FEICHTINGER inBAL 1992, p. 59, modified

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Lysimeter Types

an artificial groundwater level can be simulated = groundwater lysimeter GW level = variable …

Groundwaterlysimeter

Principle of a groundwaterlysimeter with variable

groundwater levelKESSLER, MEISSNER and RUPP

in BAL 2001, p. 135

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Lysimeter Types

… or GW level = constant

Groundwaterlysimeter

Principle system of a groundwaterlysimeter equipped with a device

to control the constantgroundwater level continuously

DVWK 1980, p. 14

Principle of a hydraulicgroundwater lysimeter (without

electronic components for shallowwater tables in mires/Scotland)

according to INGRAM, COUPAR, BRAGG 2001

Hydraulic groundwater lysimeter

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Lysimeter Types

large lysimeters/test areassize: 30 m² - 670 m²;trays or geomembranefilled with soil orsubstrate

Largelysimeters

Sketch of the test field and a lysimeter container in Seibersdorf/Austria

KRENN 2001

Lysimeterkeller

“B”

“A”

“C ”

“D”

Kompostsubstrat

Luzerne

Hausmüll

Dra inagekies

Dra inage

Sensoren

Large lysimeter inSeibersdorf/Austria


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SWS TypesSeepage watersamplers

SWS with applied vacuum (backfilled)

Seepage water sampler(SWS) according to

E. STENITZER

EDER in BÖHM et al. 2002,p. 121, modified

SWS do NOT reach the earth‘s surface!

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Capillary Wick Samplers (PCAPs) or Drain Gauge(monolithic)

Capillary wick sampler inVillié-Morgon, France

picture: provided byJ.-G. Lacas, 2004

Capillary wick sampler, in:DECAGON, 2003/pdf

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Funnels, buckets, trays, collection segments/cans

Filled tray and collectionvessel, installed in a forestnear Jastrebarsko/Croatia

picture: C. Lanthaler,October 2004

Collection segments and water samplers in a tunnel

in Sinji Vrh/SloveniaČENČUR CURK inBAL 2001, p. 128

Seepage water samplerside view/Czech Republicsketch provided by M. Florián

2004, modified

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Installing LysimetersWeighable mono-lithic field lysimeters in Wagna

pictures: C. Lanthaler, August 2004

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Weighability(non-weighable/weighable)

Soil filling technique(monolithic/backfilled)

Seepage water collection(gravimetric or not)

Groundwaterconnection

Lysimeter TypesClassification

Combined types (examples):

• Non-weighable backfilled gravitation lysimeter or

• Weighable monolithic groundwater lysimeter …

• Large lysimeters/test areas

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Lysimeter Errors

Bypass fluxescannot be determined in containers; lateral water transport is suppressed in a closed vessel

Boundary effects at the bordersplants are prevented from spreading; surface watermay run in an uncontrolled way keep gaps (betweencylinders) as small as possible; use larger vessels!

Natural hydraulic condition is disturbed, whena lysimeter or SWS is installed

Island/oasis effectsvegetative, hydrological and micro-climatical conditionshave to be as highly as possible representative of the field

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Lysimeter Errors

Disturbed profilewhen soil is artificially backfilled into lysimeters/SWS,soil is mineralized due to aeration - higher nitrateconcentration! investigate for longer periods, do not mix soil layers!

Protect lysimeters against animals!

Phenomena/boundary effects at the lysimeter bottomnatural soil profile (capillaries) is interrupted;seepage water only occurs when hydraulic pressureexceeds air pressure (when pores are saturated)use several outlets to reduce dammed water!

The lysimeter that is built in best is the one you don’t see!!!

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Research ResultsGeneral Statements

Measurementsat one position;lysimeter errors!

Investigation ofland use change;balances

Lysimeter studies

Numerical waterand nutrienttransport models

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The Survey

According to the survey 2004

2930 vessels

2440 lysimeters490 SWS

178 sites (ca.)in 18 countries

operated by117 institutions

Lysimeter types

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The SurveyLysimeter sites


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The Survey


Largest number ofvessels at one site …

320 lysimeters in Szarvas(Hungary)252 lysimeters at Limbur-gerhof (Germany)

Still operating …

2 lysimeters at RothamstedResearch (UK) since 1880234 lysimeters at Limburger-hof (Germany) since 1927/1930

Facts & Figures

New lysimeters were built in at following sites (2004/2005)…

Wagna (Austria): 2 weighable monolithic field lysimeters & probesMunich/Freimann (Germany): 1 backfilled gravitation lysimeterBraunschweig-Völkenrode (Germany): 8 weighable backfilledlysimetersVillié-Morgon (France): 4 capillary wick samplers & probesJohnstown Castle, Wexford (Ireland): 75 non-weighable monolithicgravitation lysimetersScotland (UK): seepage water samplers (5 plots)

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Internet PlatformLysimeter sitesin Europe

http://www.lysimeter.at Research stations in Europe

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to improve measuring methods;to determine hydraulic parameters;

to compare lysimeter data with data ofsurrounding undisturbed soil and

to compare different soil types

Future DevelopmentsChallenges

to investigate soil &groundwater protectivecultivation systems and

land use changes;to monitor the fateof pollutants in soil

to determine water& nutrient balances;

to calibrate and verifysoil hydrological or

solute transport models

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Lysimeter station (cellar) Jülich/Germany

Lysimeter and weather stationGroß-Enzersdorf/Austria

Lysimeter station (cellar)GSF Neuherberg/Germany

pictures: C. Lanthaler,April and August 2004

Stationsin Europe(Examples)

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Lysimeter station Szarvaspicture: provided by I. Zima Szaloki, 2004

Facility in Fagnières/France picture: provided by B. Nicolardot, 2004

Facility in Hirschstetten/Austriapicture: C. Lanthaler, August 2004

Stationsin Europe(Examples)

Lysimeter station Jokioinenpicture: provided by R. Lemola, 2004

lysimeter stations and soil hydrology measuring sites … · lysimeter stations and soil hydrology...

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