LUCKNOW PACT

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

BACKGROUND

First World War started in 1914.

Indians sacrificed a lot in terms of lives,

manpower, supplies, finances and

patience with high prices for

wheat,rice,kerosine etc.

The Muslims had reservations about

Turkey and going to dispel their

pro-British reputation

The growing mood of determination to

participate in governing the subcontinent

led to the Lucknow Pact between the

Muslim League and the Congress in

1916.

Quaid-i-Azam joined Muslim League

in1913 which gave a new dimension to

Indian Politics.

Muslim League had already demanded

self rule for India as had the Congress.

The Muslims were demanding for

separate electorates. Both parties were

demanding same privileges.

Leaders from both sides agreed to co-

operate to bring the government around

to accept their demands.

IN SIMPLEBACK GROUND

1914 war

Indian sacrifices

Turkey issue

Determination to participate in governing the sub continent

Quaid e Azam

Self rule for India (by both)

separate electorates

Cooperation to persuade government

Major points

Both parties reached on an agreement in

1916 in Lucknow called “Lucknow Pact”.

The Congress conceded to electorates for

muslims and acknowledged them as a

separate nation.

Hindus and Muslims should be guaranteed

a certain number of seats in areas where

they were a minority.

Muslims gave up their claims to

majorities in Punjab and Bengal in return

of a promise of extra seats for Muslims in

minority Provinces.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was principal

negotiator of this pact and was entitled as

“ Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity", by

Mrs. Sairojni Naidu.

Jinnah visited Europe along with Gokhle

after this pact

British recognized the problems,

contributions and determinations of

Indians and announced their intentions of

granting gradual self-government within

the Empire on 20 august 1917.

IN SHORT

Major Points:

1916

Muslims are separate nation (congress).

Certain number of seats in majority

Muslims gave up in Punjab n Bengal in return for seats in

minorities.

Quaid was Principal negotiator.

“Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity”(Mrs. Sairojni Naidu)

Jinnah and Gokhle (Europe).

British announced self government within Empire on 20

August 1917.

Khilafat Movement

Background

Muslims of India had an emotional

attachment with Caliphate.

They considered Ottoman Empire as their

Caliphate.

Sultan of Turkey was considered as

Ameer-ul-Momneen by Indian Muslims as

they did not have their own identity and

always saw towards Ottoman Caliph

European powers curtail the Turkish

Empire by occupying Eastern Thrace,

Constantinople and the straits in Balkan

wars in 1912-13.

Turkey joined Germans in 1st World War

to avenge the European Powers.

Sympathies of Indian Muslims were with

Turkey.

Germany Lost the War.

The British hoped to neutralize the status

of the Caliph and the right of the Turks to

their homeland.

The Peace settlement and the Treaty of

Severs broke of the Ottoman Empire and

reduced Sultan to the status of Vassal

Prince.

Muslim Holy Places were placed under

the hold of Allied Forces.

Majlis-i-Khilafat was made by traders in

Bombay in 1919.

Muslim Conference’s meeting held in

Lucknow and decided to make it mass

scale movement.

Seth Jaan Muhammad Chhutani was as

elected president.

Muslims Of India launched this movement

to fight Turkey’s battle from India though

they were thousands of miles from Turkey.

Objectives

To maintain the Turkish caliphate

To protect the Holy Places of the Muslims

To maintain the unity of the Ottoman

Empire

Riots started in Amritsar in April 1919

followed by Jalianwala Bagh tragedy on

April13,1919 killing 379 people.

In1920 terms of Treaty of severs were

announced caused deep resentment

among Muslims.

In June, 90 Muslim leaders wrote to

viceroy about their non-cooperation with

government from August if terms of treaty

were not revised , but that was of no use.

Muslim Conference and Congress both were demanding the Independence of India.

Congress leaders decided to cooperate with Muslims in the time of need.

A Meeting held and decided to cooperate each other un-conditionally and to send a delegation to viceroy and to England to explain the matter.

Non-cooperation movement was started in 1920.

Khilafat Delegation to England

Khilafat delegation visited England under

leadership of Moulana Muhammad Ali

Johar and met Prime Minister Lloyd

George, but he gave a cold shoulder and

delegation met failure.

Hijrat Movement Jamiyat Ulema-i-Hind proposed that when

a land is not safe for Islam, a Muslim has

two options-Jihad or Hijrat.

Fatwa was signed by 925 prominent

Ulemas.

Hundreds of Families sold their properties

and migrated towards Afghanistan, but

were not allowed to enter in the premises

of the state.

This was a tragic event as thousands of

Muslim Families suffered.

Major Events

In 1921,Moplah uprising,400 were killed

and tens of thousands were injured.

Moplah train tragedy,66 were killed.

Hindu-Muslim communal riots particularly

in Multan and Bengal.

Arrest of Ali brethren in Sep.1921.

Feb 1922,Chaura Chauri incident, 21

policemen killed.

Gandhi called off the whole movement

making an excuse that the National

Volunteers were responsible for the

murder of policemen.

A sever blow to Khilafat Movement. When

in 1924 Turks announced an end to

Khilafat and made a new government.

Khilafat conference and committee died

down in a short time and there was

nothing but the name remained

COMMENTS

Movement failed to achieve its objectives

but carried to political awakening to

Muslims.

Made clear to Indian Muslims neither to

trust the British nor the Hindus.

Movement was a sever blow to All India

Muslim League’s popularity