looking out looking in
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Looking out Looking inTRANSCRIPT
Chapter Two:Chapter Two:
Communication and Identity:Communication and Identity:
The Self and MessagesThe Self and Messages
Looking Out/Looking InLooking Out/Looking InEleventh EditionEleventh Edition
Ronald B. Adler, Russell F. Proctor II, and Neil TowneRonald B. Adler, Russell F. Proctor II, and Neil Towne
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Who Are You?Who Are You?
• Moods and Feelings
• Appearance
• Social Traits
• Talents
• Intellectual Capacity
• Strong Beliefs
• Social Roles
• Physical Condition
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Communication and Self-Communication and Self-ConceptConcept
• Relatively Stable Set of Self-Perceptions
• Not All Aspects Equally Important
• Self-Esteem and Self-Worth
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Communication and Self-Communication and Self-EsteemEsteem
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Communication and Self-Communication and Self-EsteemEsteem
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Question:Question:
Self-esteem:Self-esteem:a. is the same as self-concepta. is the same as self-conceptb. is not related to how we feel about b. is not related to how we feel about ourselves ourselvesc. is part of the self-concept that c. is part of the self-concept that
involves involves evaluations of self-worth evaluations of self-worthd. does not influence expectations or d. does not influence expectations or
communication behavior communication behavior
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Big Five Personality TraitsBig Five Personality Traits
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Biological and Social Roots of Biological and Social Roots of SelfSelf
• Biology and the Self
• Traits a Matter of Degree
• Considerable Control Over Communication
• Self-Concept Determines How You Feel
About the Way You Relate to Others
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Socialization and Self-Socialization and Self-ConceptConcept
• Reflected Appraisal
• Messages from
Significant Others
• Social Comparison
• Reference Group
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Characteristics of the Self-Characteristics of the Self-ConceptConcept
• Self-Concept is Subjective
• Self-Concept Can Be Distorted
– Obsolete Information
– Distorted Feedback
– Emphasis on Perfection
– Social Expectations
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Characteristics of the Self-Characteristics of the Self-ConceptConcept
• Self-Concept Resists Change
• Cognitive Conservatism
• Problems Arise When…
– We Cling to Outmoded Negative Self-Perceptions
– There is Self-Delusion and Lack of Growth
– We Become Defensive
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Question:Question:
An unrealistic and distorted self-concept can An unrealistic and distorted self-concept can be caused by:be caused by:
a. obsolete informationa. obsolete information
b. distorted feedbackb. distorted feedback
c. societal emphasis on perfectionc. societal emphasis on perfection
d. all of the aboved. all of the above
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Influences on IdentityInfluences on Identity
• Sex and Gender
• Ethnicity
• Culture
– Individualistic
– Collectivistic
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Individual vs. Individual vs. CollectiveCollectiveCulturesCultures
• Self is separate, unique individual; should be independent, self-sufficient
• Individual should take care of self and immediate family
• Many flexible group memberships; friends based on shared interests and activities
• People belong to extended families or in-groups; “we” or group orientation
• Person should take care of extended family before self
• Emphasis on belonging to very few permanent in-groups with strong influence
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
• Reward for individual achievement and initiative; individual decisions encouraged; credit and blame assigned
• High value on autonomy, change, youth, individual security, equality
• Reward for contribution to group goals and well-being; cooperation with in-group; group decisions valued; credit and blame shared
• High value on duty, order, tradition, age, group security, status, and hierarchy
Individual vs. Individual vs. CollectiveCollectiveCulturesCultures
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Question:Question:
Which of the following is NOT true of collectivistic Which of the following is NOT true of collectivistic cultures?cultures?a.a. A person gains identity by belonging to a A person gains identity by belonging to a group.group.b. b. Assertiveness is valued.Assertiveness is valued.c.c. There is a higher degree of communication There is a higher degree of communication
apprehension.apprehension.d. d. Self-worth is not only shaped by what the Self-worth is not only shaped by what the individual does but also by the behavior of individual does but also by the behavior of other members of the community.other members of the community.
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and CommunicationCommunication
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the event more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the event more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Types of Self-Fulfilling Types of Self-Fulfilling ProphecyProphecy
• Self-Imposed
Prophecies
• Prophecies Imposed
on One by Another
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Influence of Self-Fulfilling Influence of Self-Fulfilling PropheciesProphecies
• Improve Relationships
• Damage Relationships
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Changing Your Self-ConceptChanging Your Self-Concept
• Have Realistic Expectations
• Have Realistic Perceptions
• Have the Will to Change
• Have the Skill to Change
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Presenting the SelfPresenting the SelfCommunication as Identity Communication as Identity ManagementManagement
• Public and Private Selves
– Perceived Self
– Presenting Self
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Looking At Looking At Diversity Diversity Multiple Identities
• Mixed Heritage
• Mixed Cultures
• Mixed Families
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Characteristics of Identity Characteristics of Identity ManagementManagement• We Strive to Construct Multiple Identities
• Identity Management is Collaborative
• Identity Management can be Deliberate or Unconscious
• Identity Management Varies by Situation
• People Differ in Their Degree of Identity Management
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Why Manage Identities?Why Manage Identities?
• Start and Manage Relationships
• Gain Compliance from Others
• Save Others’ Face
• Relational goals
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
How Do We Manage How Do We Manage Identities?Identities?Face-to-FaceFace-to-Face• Manner
– Words
– Nonverbal Behavior
• Appearance
• Setting
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
How Do We Manage How Do We Manage Identities?Identities?MediatedMediated
• Personal Correspondence
• Personal Newspaper Ads
• Web Pages
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Chapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and MessagesChapter 2 - Communication and Identity: The Self and Messages
Identity Management and Identity Management and HonestyHonesty
• Manipulation
• Phoniness
• Choices About How to Act - Which Face?