long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon...

Soil & Tillage Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

G ModelSTILL 3317 No. of Pages 6

Long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizertreatments on soil organic carbon sequestration and crop yields on theNorth China Plain

Z.C. Yang a,b, N. Zhao a,*, F. Huang a, Y.Z. Lv a

aCollege of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR Chinab Institute of Agricultural Integrated Development, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forest Science, Beijing 100097, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:Received 28 December 2013Received in revised form 24 June 2014Accepted 29 June 2014

Keywords:WheatCorn stalksLong-term experimentSoil organic carbon sequestrationCrop yields

A B S T R A C T

The aim of the study is to analyze the effects of different fertilization of organic and inorganic fertilizerson soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop yields after a 22 years long-term field experiment.The crop yields and SOC were investigated from 1981 to 2003 in Dry-Land Farming Research Institute ofHebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hebei Province, China. The dominant croppingsystems are winter wheat–summer corn rotation. There were totally sixteen treatments applied to bothwheat and corn seasons: inorganic fertilizers as main plots and corn stalks as subplots and the main plotsand subplots all have four levels. The results revealed: after 22 years, mixed application of inorganicfertilizers and crop residuals, the SOC and crop yields substantially increased. Higher fertilizerapplication rates resulted in greater crop yields improvement. In 2002–2003, wheat and corn for thehighest fertilizer inputs had the highest yield level, 6400 kg ha�1 and 8600 kg ha�1, respectively.However, the SOC decreased as the excessive inorganic fertilizer input and increased with the risingapplication of corn stalks. The treatment of the second-highest inorganic fertilizer and the highest cornstalks had the highest SOC concentration (8.64 g C kg�1). Pearson correlation analysis shows that cornand winter wheat yields and the mineralization amount of SOC have significant correlation with SOC atp < 0.05 level.

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1. Introduction

The food security in China is very important because the largepopulation and the better living standard need more food. TheNorth China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important agriculturalregions, where about 35 million ha of croplands are located and atleast 14 million ha of land area is dominated by the croppingsystem of winter wheat–summer corn rotation (Liu et al., 2003).Winter wheat and summer corn cultivated on the NCP account for48% and 59% of the country’s total, respectively (Liu and Mu, 1993).Therefore, the soil quality and crop yields of NCP have greatimplications for China’s food supply.

Manure application to soil had been a common practiceadopted at NCP for many centuries. It can enrich soil and henceensure crop yields. But recently organic manure application hasalmost disappeared because the application of organic manurein arable cropping system is both labor-demanding and

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 1062731431.E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Zhao).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.06.0110167-1987/ã 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Yang, Z.C., et al., Long-term effects of

carbon sequestration and crop yields on the North China Plain. Soil Till

cost-inefficient. Another factor may be due to the increased useof inorganic fertilizers and biocides and consequential consider-able increase of soil productivity in a relatively short time (Ellis andWang, 1997). However, the application of inorganic fertilizer couldreduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run(Yaduvanshi, 2001; Khan et al., 1986). Soil degradation isthreatening food security (Oldeman et al., 1990), and will increasethe emission of CO2. The rising level of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere is highly correlated with global warming. Thereforesoil quality and its importance for sustainable agriculturaldevelopment has received growing attention in recent years(Dumanski and Pieri, 2000; Zhang et al., 2003).

Many researchers are concerned with the ways of addressingsoil degradation to achieve a sustainable agriculture and CO2

abatement. Numerous researches had shown that manureapplications can increase crop yields and soil organic matter(SOM), and improve the soil quality as well (Blair et al., 2006).

As the rapid development of agricultural machinery, thepractice of returning crop stalks to farm field has become one ofthe main sources of organic fertility required by cropland.Returning crop stalks like green manure can reduce soil erosion

different organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments on soil organicage Res. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.06.011

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2 Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx


and ameliorate soil physical properties (MacRae and Mehuys,1985; Smith et al., 1987), enhance SOM and fertility (Doran andSmith, 1987; Power, 1990), increase capacity of nutrient retention(Drinkwater et al., 1998; Dinnes et al., 2002), and decrease globalwarming potential (Robertson et al., 2000). This study was carriedout based on the results of a long-term winter wheat–summer cornfield experiment conducted from 1981 to 2003. The objectives ofthe study were (1) to assess effects of inorganic and corn stalks onyields and yield trends of both winter wheat and corn, (2) tomonitor the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content undercontinuous winter wheat–corn cropping with different soilfertility management practices, and (3) to identify reasons foryields and SOC trends.

2. Methods and materials

2.1. Description of the long-term experiment

The experiment was carried out at the Dry-Land FarmingResearch Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and ForestrySciences, Hengshui (37�420 N, 115�420 E, altitude of 31 m above sealevel), Hebei Province, China from 1981 to 2003. The soil is alluvialsoil (Soil taxonomy of USDA, 1999) with particle composition ofsand 27.2%, silt 55.1%, and clay 17.7%. Selected soil properties weremeasured at the start of the experiment (in Table 1). The annualaverage precipitation was 411 mm with nearly all occurringbetween June and September (Fig. 1 in Supplementary data) andthe annual average temperature was 12.5 �C.

The experiment utilized the split-plot design with inorganicfertilizers as main plots and corn stalks as subplots. The main plotsand subplots all had four levels of treatments, which wereexpressed as A and B, respectively. So there were totally sixteentreatments with three replicates each treatment, which were set as(A1, A2, A3, A4)*(B1, B2, B3, B4). The four levels of main plots were:A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N 90 kg ha�1 and P2O5 60 kg ha�1), A3(N 180 kg ha�1 and P2O5 120 kg ha�1), A4 (N 360 kg ha�1 and P2O5

240 kg ha�1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no fertilizer), B2(corn stalks 2250 kg ha �1), B3 (corn stalks 4500 kg ha �1), B4 (cornstalks 9000 kg ha �1). The larger the number attached to treatmentappellations indicated a higher level of fertilizer input, either ofinorganic or organic fertilizers. Phosphorous was applied as basalfertilizers once and for all prior to sowing of winter wheat inOctober. Nitrogen was divided into two halves, one for winterwheat and the other for summer corn. Half of the N that wasallocated to winter wheat was applied as basal fertilizers just priorto its sowing, while the remaining half was top-dressed. All N-fertilizers that were allocated for corn were top-dressed. As forapplication method, basal fertilizers were applied before cropsowing and were mixed with soil by plowing, and top-dressing wasapplied to the soil surface before the tillage stage. Prior to the nextround of planting, corn stalks were spread on the soil surface andincorporated into the soil through plowing with adequateirrigation that was applied during crop growth season.

Winter wheat was grown at the end of October and harvested inearly June, followed immediately by the sowing of corn in mid-June,which was harvested in mid-October. Winter wheat and summercorn required irrigation according to their specific water-demandingstages. To control growth-reducing factors, hand weeding and otherplant protection measures were applied as needed.

Table 1Characteristics of the 0–20 cm layers of the soil at the beginning of the experiment plo

Soil layer Organic matter Available N Available P

(cm) (g kg�1) (g kg�1) (mg kg�1)

0–20 11.51 0.05 12



2.2. Soil sampling and chemical analyses

Soil samples were collected from the top soil layer (0–20 cm)of each plot once a year after the corn crop harvest, and then wereair dried and subsequently ground to pass a 0.25 mm sieve. Soilorganic matter was determined by a standard potassiumdichromate digest method, and total N was measured with theKjeldahl method. To determine the available P, soil samples werefirst extracted with HClO4-H2SO4 solution and 0.5 mol L�1

NaHCO3 (pH 8.5), respectively. Subsequently, the Olsen P methodwas used. Available K was extracted with an ammonium acetatesolution (NH4OAc, 1 mol L�1) and then determined with a flamephotometer.

2.3. Incubation soil: C mineralization

The samples for incubation were taken in October each yearafter corn harvest. Samples (10 g) of whole soil were incubated intriplicate in 500 mL glass jars. During the incubation, soil sampleswere wetted to field capacity. Small glass bottles were fitted withinthe jars containing 10 mL of 0.25 M NaOH to trap the CO2 evolved.Jars were sealed and stored in a dark room at 27 �C. C evolution wasdetermined by pipetting 5 mL of the C-containing NaOH, andautotitrating with 0.15 M HCl after precipitation of carbonates with8 mL of 3 M BaCl2 (De Neve and Hofman, 2000).

2.4. Statistical analysis

All ANOVA, regression, and multivariate analyses were con-ducted in SPSS 13.0. Treatments were analyzed by one-way ANOVAand significant differences between means were judged byTurkey's post-hoc tests. To determine the key factor (s) affectingyields and the quantitative relationships between them, stepwisemultiple regression analysis was applied using the criteria ofprobability of p < 0.05 to accept.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Wheat and corn yields and soil organic carbon content

In order to assess the effects of inorganic and corn stalks organicnutrient sources on yields and yield trends of both winter wheatand corn, we selected the treatments of A1B1, A1B4, A2B1, A2B4,A3B1, A3B4, A4B1, A4B4 to analyze.

Yields in all treatments displayed similar changes, whichincreased overtime for A2B1, A2B4, A3B1, A3B4, A4B1, A4B4treatments, remained fairly steady for A1B1, A1B4 treatments, anddecreased in some years (Fig. 1). Yields fluctuations were largestfor A4B4 and smallest for A1B1. In 2002–2003, some treatments ofwheat yield increased again and A4B4 treatment had the highestyield, that is, about 6400 kg ha�1. For corn yield, A4B4 treatmentalso had the highest yield, about 8600 kg ha�1. In the long run, thedecrease in yields of both wheat and corn was the strongest withthe A1B1 and A1B4. In both wheat and corn, yields of A2B1, A2B4,A3B1, A3B4, A4B1, A4B4 were higher than those of A1B1, A1B4. Thetreatments of A2B1, A2B4, A3B1, A3B4, A4B1, A4B4 substantiallyincreased the yields of wheat and corn, especially from 1999 to2000. So the response of wheat and corn to inorganic and organicfertilizers was distinct in the long term. By comparing the yield

t, Hengshui, China.

Bulk density Field capacity Wilting coefficient pH(g cm�3) (%) (%)

1.14 27.65 8.20 8.32



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Fig. 1. Winter wheat and corn yields during the 22 years field experiment at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N 90 kg ha�1 and P2O5 60 kg ha�1), A3 (N 180 kg ha�1 andP2O5120 kg ha�1), A4 (N 360 kg ha�1 and P2O5 240 kg ha�1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no fertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha �1), B3 (corn stalks 4500 kg ha �1), B4(corn stalks 9000 kg ha �1).

Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 3


trends with precipitation trends (Fig. 1 in Supplementary data), wefound that yields exhibited positive relationship with annualprecipitation. For example, precipitation increased during1982–1983, 1989–1990, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, the yields alsohad an increased trends in the same periods.

SOC sequestration from fertilization application is a keypathway by sequestering CO2 in agriculture. The amount of SOCwas related to the amount of plant residues that were returnedto soil. Fertilization will affect the amount of SOC generated bycrop residues left in the field after harvest (Gregorich and Drury,1996). We examined the effects of long-term application ofinorganic fertilizer (N and P), organic fertilizer, and combinationof inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer on SOC dynamics.The SOC in different treatments had similar trends over time(Fig. 2). From 1984 to 1986, SOC showed a distinct decliningtrend over time. SOC under A1B1 declined rapidly in the firstyear until to the end of the experiment, albeit with a muchslower rate. Overall reduction in SOC under A1B1 was 7.3% in theinvestigated 21 years. SOC under varying fertility treatments(A1B4, A2B1, A2B4, A3B1, A3B4, A4B1, and A4B4) all increased atthe end of the experiment, suggesting that organic and inorganic



fertilizer can promote the accumulation of SOC and improve soilfertility in the long term (Dong et al., 2012). A3B4 hadremarkably improved SOC which resulted in the highest SOCconcentration (8.64 g C kg�1).

The average of yields over 1982–2003 was used to evaluate thelong-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer. As observed inFig. 3(a), the yields of both wheat and corn were higher followed bythe application of more inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer.With the application of corn stalks, crop yields converged in bothtreatments, the difference between the A1, A2, A3, and A4 wasobvious. However, for the same level of inorganic fertilizer, theyields increased with the application of more corn stalks, but theincreasing rate was weak, suggesting that the inorganic fertilizercan increase the crop yields in a short time span. The corn yield washigher than wheat in all treatments except A4B1, suggesting thatcorn was more responsive to fertilization than wheat. A4B4treatment produced the highest average yields (4351.5 kg ha�1 and4707.5 kg ha�1), fertilization increased yields by 370% for wheatand by 75% for corn compared to A1B1. In sum, conjunctiveapplication of inorganic and organic fertilizers can increase cropyields substantially (Nie et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2007).



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Fig. 2. Change in soil organic carbon content (0–20 cm) at sampling time after corn harvest at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N 90 kg ha�1 and P2O5 60 kg ha�1), A3 (N180 kg ha�1 and P2O5 120 kg ha�1), A4 (N 360 kg ha�1 and P2O5 240 kg ha�1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no fertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha �1), B3 (corn stalks4500 kg ha �1), B4 (corn stalks 9000 kg ha �1).

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Fig. 3. Average of wheat and corn yields (a), SOC (b) in the different fertilizertreatments in the field experiment at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N90 kg ha�1 and P2O5 60 kg ha�1), A3 (N 180 kg ha�1 and P2O5 120 kg ha�1), A4 (N360 kg ha�1 and P2O5 240 kg ha�1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (nofertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha �1), B3 (corn stalks 4500 kg ha �1), B4 (cornstalks 9000 kg ha �1). For Fig. 3(a), the white bars are the wheat yield and grey barsare the corn yield. The error bar is the standard deviation.





Fig. 3(b) also showed that all treatments of the appliedfertilizers can increase SOC compared with A1B1 (Zhong et al.,2007; Masto et al., 2007), the effect became stronger as moreinorganic and organic fertilizers were added. This means that thebest way of enriching soil was the combination of inorganic andorganic fertilizers (Malhi et al., 2006). Such combination canincrease SOC very efficiently (Melero et al., 2006), indicating thatfertilizers benefit the storage and accumulation of SOC in this longterm experiment. For the treatment of A4B4, the SOC content waslower than that in A3B4, because more chemical fertilizers mayinhibit the increase of SOC and hence lead to soil degradation.

3.2. The effects of soil organic carbon content on crop yields

Analysis of variance across years was done to determine theeffects of treatments (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Grain yields ofwinter wheat and corn were recorded every year (1982–2003)from replicated treatments. The effects of corn stalks, inorganicfertilizer, soil organic carbon content, and the interaction betweencorn stalks and inorganic fertilizer on both winter wheat and cornyields were found significant (p < 0.05).

In long-term experiments crop yields may be associated withsuch various factors as nutrients, cultivars, climate, soil types andmanagement practices, and so on. Researchers had reported inrecent years that soil organic matter was one of the most importantfactors in determining crop yields (Quiroga et al., 2006). Ourresearch shows similar result.

By Pearson correlation analysis of SPSS (Fig. 4), the corn yieldhad significant correlation with SOC at p < 0.05 level tow tailed(n = 240, r = 0.569), and the winter wheat yield had significantcorrelation with SOC at p < 0.05 level tow tailed (n = 240, r = 0.548).SOC increased with the rising in yields. It seems that SOC canincrease crop yields, but there is some questions regarding theresult: can the inorganic fertilizers increase SOC and increase cropyields at the same time? Is the increase of crop yields the onlyresponse to the application of inorganic fertilizer? What practicescan be adopted to boost yields as a result of changes in soil organicmatter content?

SOC is an important nutrition sink for crops. The nutrients inSOC can be released by mineralizing, which afterwards can be usedby crops to increase crop yields. The mineralization amount of SOCwill be enhanced with the increase of SOC. Therefore, themineralization amount of SOC is an important parameter in



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Fig. 4. Correlation of soil organic carbon and crop yields in the 21 years fieldexperiment at Hengshui, China. Total refers to the total experiment data.

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Fig. 5. Correlation of SOC and mineralization amount of SOC in the 21 years fiel

Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 5




determining crop yields. Pearson correlation analysis found themineralization amount of SOC had significant correlation with SOC(Fig. 5) and winter wheat yield (Fig. 6) at p < 0.05 level two tailed(n = 240, r = 0.601 and r = 0.583), but had low significant with cornyield (Fig. 6) at p < 0.05 level two tailed (n = 240, r = 0.419). Thismay be due to the fact that the mineralization amount of SOC wasmeasured in October, after the harvest of corn. So the mineraliza-tion release nutrients for winter wheat and with more SOC beingmineralized, winter wheat yield would rise further. But for corn,the nutrients released by mineralization became less, and hencethe amount of SOC had lower correlation with corn yield than withwinter wheat yield.

Results of the correlation analyses from long-term experimentsshowed that crop yields will increase as the SOC increase, thus SOCwas a very key factor in determining crop yields.

4. Conclusion

Significant differences in SOC and crop yields among differentfertilization treatments were found in the study. Without fertilizer(A1B1), the SOC and crop yields will decline in a long-termexperiment. The application of only corn stalks (A1B4) had a lowefficiency in increasing SOC and crop yields. Combination ofinorganic and organic fertilizer can substantially increase SOC andcrop yields. The crop yields increased further with more fertilizerbeing added. Meanwhile, the treatment of A4B4 had the highestcrop yields. However, SOC decreased with less inorganic fertilizersapplication and SOC increased with the addition of corn stalks.Fertilizer was an effective way of SOC storage. There was a trendthat the crop yields had a relationship with SOC. More than twentyyears of continuous winter wheat–summer corn rotation cultiva-tion revealed a significant correlation at p < 0.05 level (tow tailed)between crop yields and SOC. The mineralization amount of SOChad a significant correlation at p < 0.05 level (tow tailed) withwheat yield which can confirm the result of crop yield related toSOC. North China Plain is one of the most important agriculturalregions in China and the dominant cropping systems are winter

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c ca rbon (g kg-1)

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d experiment at Hengshui, China. Total refers to the total experiment data.



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Fig. 6. Correlation of mineralization amount and wheat and corn yields in the field experiment at Hengshui, China. Total refers to the total experiment data.



wheat–summer corn rotations. The combination of inorganic andcorn stalks can replace the farmyard manure and green manure tofertilize soil and sustain crop yields.

Acknowledgements

This study was financed by the planning subject of “the twelfthfive-year plan” in national science and technology for the ruraldevelopment in China (2012BAD14B01-1) and special research ofenvironmental nonprofit industry (2013467036).

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, inthe online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.06.011.

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