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Logging in Digital Libraries

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Page 1: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Logging in Digital Libraries

Page 2: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Last week ….

• Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according to one view.

• Making a digital library as good as it cam be requires understanding what it is and how it is being used.

• Information comes from logs

Page 3: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Another aspect

• A category of quality indicator that comes from seeing what happens when users visit the library

• An important tool -- the logs• All web based systems have logs of

interaction from the outside world to the web server– Not specifically designed for digital libraries

• We will look at a proposed standard for digital library specific log analysis

Page 4: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

This work

Done by Marcos André Gonçalves, Ming Luo, Rao Shen, Mir Farooq Ali, and Edward A. Fox -Virginia Tech

and

Lillian N. Cassel, Filip Jagodzinski - Villanova

Page 5: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Motivation

Log analysisSource of information about:

• How patrons really use DL services• How systems behave while supporting user information seeking

activities• Examples: patterns

Used to:EvaluateEnhance servicesHelp design user interfacesBetter allocation of resources

Common practice in the web settingSupported by web servers, proxy caching

Page 6: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Motivation (cont.)

• DLs differ from the web– DL collections are explicitly organized, described, managed, and

preserved– Users with more specific tasks and needs– Digital objects and collections more structured

DL Logging should offer much richer information and opportunities Tradeoff : user privacy

• Current DL logs – Differences in formats and recorded information– Problems:

• Lack of interoperability• No reuse of analysis tools• Comparability of log analysis results

Page 7: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Related Work

• Problems with existing DL logs– Incompatibility– Incompleteness– Complexity of analysis– Lack of organization– Ambiguity– Inflexibility– Verboseness

--- Generally, lack of a global view of need for understanding how the DL is or is not serving its users

Page 8: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

The Digital Library Standardized Log Format

• Comprehensive• Reflective of the actual DL system behavior• Easily readable• Precise• Flexible to accommodate varying systems• Succinct enough to be implemented• Concern: user privacy

Page 9: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

DL Standarized Log Format Design

Capture high level user and system behaviors– Hierarchical organization– Encapsulated in transactions

• Interactions between the users and the system or among the system components

• Log format designed to record a number of different kinds of transactions

• Examples:Login to the system Submission of search queryBrowsing a result listRecording of a user failure

Page 10: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log format design (cont.)

Design– Reflective of DL function– Based on the 5S formal theory

• Unifying, mathematical theory to describe formally the semantics of DL components

• Guidance for how to organize the log structure

Page 11: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Page 12: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Temporal events, types of digital objects

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Page 13: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Temporal events, types of digital objects

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Structured documents and metadata; structured searches, collection, metadata catalog; hypertext, classification scheme

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Page 14: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Temporal events, types of digital objects

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Structured documents and metadata; structured searches, collection, metadata catalog; hypertext, classification scheme

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Retrieval mode, Presentation information,

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Page 15: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Temporal events, types of digital objects

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Structured documents and metadata; structured searches, collection, metadata catalog; hypertext, classification scheme

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Retrieval mode, Presentation information,

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Organization of the user and system actions into transactions, statements, events and actions; DL services as sets of scenarios.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Page 16: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log design and 5S5S Definition Use in Log Design

Streams Represent static and dynamic multimedia content

Temporal events, types of digital objects

Structures Labeled directed graphs; provide organization within the DL

Structured documents and metadata; structured searches, collection, metadata catalog; hypertext, classification scheme

Spaces Sets, properties and operations on those sets

Retrieval mode, Presentation information,

Scenarios sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Organization of the user and system actions into transactions, statements, events and actions; DL services as sets of scenarios.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

User information

Page 17: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

DL Log Format Specification

• Organization in structured logical way – XML- XML Schema

• Standard syntax

• Guarantee quality, correctness

• Rich set of basic types help standardization

• Abundance of XML parsers helps construction of analysis tools

Page 18: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log Format - Structure

• Top Level Hierarchy

Log

Log Entry

Transaction

SessionId

MachineInfo

TimeStamp

Statement

. . . . . .

Page 19: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

DL Log Format - Structure (cont)

• Decomposition of statement into different types

AdmInfo

Statement

SessionInfo

Event

ErrorInfo

HelpInfo

RegisterInfo

Page 20: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log Format - Structure (cont.)

• Decomposition of event

AdmInfo

Statement

SessionInfo

Event

ErrorInfo

HelpInfo

RegisterInfo

Action StatusInfo

Search Browse StoreSysInfoUpdate

Page 21: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

DL Log Format Structure (cont)

• Search attributesSearch

QueryString

TimeFrame

PresentationInfo

SearchBy

Format NumberOfResultsSortBy CutOff

Collection

Catalog

Page 22: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

DL Log Tool Implementation

Digital LibraryUser Layer

XMLLogManagerwriteLogEntry(parameters)

c1

XMLLogData

c2

Log middleware

Systemevent

storelogData(parameters)

Userevent

Analysistool

getLogData(parameters)

logData

Analysisrequest

result

DLpatron

DLanalyst

Page 23: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log Tool example: login

• Example 1: Login to the system

< TransId = "3452"> <SessionId > 987654usr3 </SessionId> <SessionInfo> <SessionStart> Start </SessionStart> <LoginInfo> <UserId> mhabib <UserId> </LoginInfo> </SessionInfo> <TimeStamp> 2002-05-31T20:10:55.000-05:00 </TimeStamp> <MachineInfo> <IPAddress> 128.173.244.56 <IPAddress> <Port> 8000 </Port> </MachineInfo></TransId>

Page 24: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log tool example: query a collection

Example 2: query all Dirline records about “low back pain”.. <Event> <Action> <Search> <Collection>Dirline</Collection> <ObjectType>CommunityRecord</ObjectType> <SearchBy>SearchByAnyParts</SearchBy> <SearchType>NonPersistant</SearchType> <QueryString>low back pain</QueryString> <TimeFrame> <StartTime>2002-05-31T20:11:07.000-05:00</StartTime> <EndTime>2002-05-31T20:11:09.000-05:00</EndTime> </TimeFrame> <PresentationInfo> <Format>List</Format> <SortBy>ByRank</SortBy> <NumberOfResults>217</NumberOfResults> <Cutoff>20</Cutoff> </PresentationInfo> ...

Ref to GMT

Page 25: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Log Analyzer OverviewXML Log

Log Data Parser/ Error Checker Routine

<TimeStamp> module

<Transaction ID = 3452> <SessionId> 987654usr3</SessionId> <TimeStamp> 2002-05-31T20:10:55.0-05.00</TimeStamp> <Statement> … <QueryString>low back pain</QueryString> … <DocID> 5114 </DocID> </Statement></TransID>

Step 1: Extract

Browse

Query String User ID

Search Error

Doc ID

Step 3: Populate Databases, Increment Global Variables, etc.

Step 4: Create Final Statistics

<Session ID> module

<Query String> module

<Error> module

Step 2: Parse XML; Send Log Line

Final Report/

Statistics

Databases

Step 1: Extract Log Data, SAX parser can be employed here

Step 2: Parse Log Data and check for log errors (eg. server stalls and incomplete log line is output to XML Log)

Step 3: The different modules populate various databases and/or increment the appropriate counters. Each module can adjust various databases, as for example the <TimeStamp> module, which increments the appropriate month hit counter and records that the user 987654usr3 made a request at time T.

Step 4: Aggregate data and output final statistics; all databases are made available

Page 26: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Summarizing this class and last week

• Looked at a view of DL quality– By examining the components of the DL

independent of usage (explicit computation)

– By looking at the view of the DL obtained by a visitor (log analysis)

• Each is a view that has been widely promulgated and well received, but is not an industry standard

Page 27: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

Next week

• Joseph Lucia, Director of Villanova’s Falvey Library will talk about what is happening in this very innovative and significant digital library.

• Come prepared with questions and ready to comment and discuss what he presents.

Page 28: Logging in Digital Libraries. Last week …. Introduction to quality indicators and the way in which these are formalized and made computable, according

References

• Gonçalves, M. A., Luo, M., Ali, M. F., and Fox, E. A. “An XML Log Standard and Tool for Digital Library Logging Analysis” In Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, 6th European Conference, ECDL 2002, Rome, Italy, September 16-18, 2002, Proceedings

• Klas, C., et al "A Logging Scheme for Comparative Digital Library Evaluation” Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, 10th European Conference, ECDL 2006, Alicante,Spain, September 17-29, 2006, Proceedings