locating landfill sites

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IDENTIFYING SUITABLE SITES FOR LANDFILLS: The Case of Mombasa & Kabul

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Page 1: Locating Landfill Sites

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE SITES FOR LANDFILLS: The Case of Mombasa & Kabul

Page 2: Locating Landfill Sites

Contents The Case of Mombasa .............................................................................................................................. 3

Map 1: Current and Proposed Landfill Sites in Mombasa .................................................................... 3

Geology: .................................................................................................................................................. 4

Map2: Geology Map ............................................................................................................................. 4

Map 3: Mombasa Land Elevation Level ................................................................................................ 4

Water table and Aquifer Ratings: ......................................................................................................... 5

Proximity to the Airport: ......................................................................................................................... 6

Population Density: ................................................................................................................................ 6

Map 5: Mombasa Population Density Map .......................................................................................... 6

Connectivity/ Roads Network: .............................................................................................................. 7

Map 6: Transport Network Map ........................................................................................................... 7

Conclusion: .............................................................................................................................................. 8

The Case of Kabul ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Map 7: Current and Proposed Landfill Sites ......................................................................................... 9

Kabul Terrain: ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Map 8: Terrain Map ............................................................................................................................ 10

The Airport: ............................................................................................................................................ 10

Population Density: .............................................................................................................................. 11

Map 9: Population Density Map ......................................................................................................... 11

Road Connectivity: ............................................................................................................................... 11

Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 13

Page 3: Locating Landfill Sites

The Case of Mombasa

Mombasa city is located along the east coast ofKenyahaving population of around 1.2 million. Mombasa

can be divided into four main regions: Mombasa Island, North Coast (Bamburi, Kisuani and Shanzu

areas), the South Coast (Likoni) and the Mombasa Mainland (Mikidani, Martini, Chnagamwe etc).

Currently there are two landfill sites in Mombasa i.e. Kibarani in the Mombasa Island and the Mwakirunge

in the Mombasa Main land (Northwest).

The kibarani site which is located at the MombasaIsland is threateningto contaminate the water tableand

the sea water because of the porous soil and open dumping, respectively. The Mwakirunge site is located

towards the north west of the city. Even though the location is relatively better in terms of the

contaminating the water table and the sea water, the site is 15 km from the city center and the road is not

suitable for garbage trucks. It takes around 45minutes to reach the site from the collection point and

therefore a truck can hardly make 3 trips a day compared to the 6 trips to the Kibarani dumping site

Map 1: Current and Proposed Landfill Sites in Mombasa

Source: Google Maps

Page 4: Locating Landfill Sites

In order to locate new landfill sites, the following elements have been considered:

Geology:

Map2: Geology Map

Source: Tydall Centre Report 2010

Map 3: Mombasa Land Elevation Level

Source: www.floodmap.net

Page 5: Locating Landfill Sites

The Geology Map (2) reveals the area along the coast and the creek havingpermeable soil with

mangroves. Due to the nature of the soil no site near the coast and the creek can be selected. Mombasa

has a historyof being flooded almost every year,causing enormous damage. The coastalareas are

labeledthe LLCZ (low-lying coastal zone). The land within 10 meters of mean sea level has been

identified as a flood prone zone (danger zone). The Map 3 indicates that around 94% of Mombasa Island

and 24 % of the kisuani-2 division lie within the LLCZ. From the elevation map (3) we can see that most

all of the city,besides the areas next to the coast and creeks, is 20 meter above the sea level, which is

generally considered safe from flooding from the rise of sea level. Thereforefrom the analysesof the

geology of the city the area along coast and the creek, which is passing through the city center, can be

eliminated, while areas towards the north and the west look more suitable.

Water table and Aquifer Ratings:

Map 4: Soil and Water Aquifer Levels

Source: UNEP/UNESCO/UN-HABITAT/ECA report 2005

Page 6: Locating Landfill Sites

According to the soil and water aquifer maps (4), the kisauni and Mombasa main land areas have high

aquifer contamination vulnerability levels. Further, the map reveals that most part of the soil near the sea

has high levels of lime and sand stone, which are highly porous materials. On the other hand, the maps

indicate that the soil towards the north and west is relatively less porous and more suitable for a landfill

site.

Proximity to the Airport:

The airport is one of the most important “material considerations” in selectionof a landfill site.Placing a

landfill site near the airstrip is very dangeroussince it attracts various birds around the taking off and

landing zone. The main airport is located in the west of thecity and is connected well to the city center

through multiple roads. There is also a small air strip located in the north of the Bamburi area (Map 6),

helping eliminating that region as well.The areas beyond the MOIairportshare same road connectivity as

that to the airport, making that area a suitable choice for a landfill site. The A109 especially can be used

for easier access to the site.The analysis therefore gives locate two areasappropriate for a landfill site i.e.

the Miritini region and the Mombasa Road.

Population Density:

Map 5: Mombasa Population Density Map

Source: Mombasa First County Integrated Development Plan (2013-2017)

Page 7: Locating Landfill Sites

It is evident from the population density growth trend map of the city that the density is increasing

outwards from the MombasaIsland. Population density,because of the health and environmental hazards

of the residents, is one of the major factorsthat need to be considered in determining the location of the

landfill site. Therefore the analyses of the population density map allows shortlistingthree possible sites

i.e. The Mwakirunge (North), Mombasa Road(West) and Martini(West). Even though there is already a

landfill site at the Mwakirunge, this area will remain one of the most suitable areas for waste dumping

because of its low population density and suitable distance to the sea and water table. As for the Miritini

and Mombasa Road site, both are ideally located interms of their connectivitythrough the A109 highway.

However their proximity to the airport needs to be analyzedin more depth in order to select the point

within the area.The report recommendsthe improvement of the Kengelani road extension towards the

Mwakirunge for the easier movement of the trucks.

Connectivity/ Roads Network:

Map 6: Transport Network Map

Page 8: Locating Landfill Sites

Source: Mombasa First County Integrated Development Plan (2013-2017)

The map above gives a broad transport structure of the county. There are two main highways in

Mombasa; the A130 leading west from the city center and the B8 connecting the Northern areas. Besides

B8, the North West of the city is also connected through the Kengelani road. Even in terms of the

connectivity, we find the Mwakirunge, Mombasa Road and Miritini road most suitable sites for a landfill.

Conclusion:

Analysis of various maps and reports suggest the following three areassites as the most appropriate

locations for a landfill site:

1. The Mwakirungi

2. Mombasa Road

3. Miritini

Page 9: Locating Landfill Sites

The Case of Kabul

Kabul is located in between several narrow valleys of Hindukush mountain range, with a population of

around 3.2 million. It has 18 districts, with approximately 70% of the unplanned housing built on land

confiscated by war lords.

Map 7: Current and Proposed Landfill Sites

Source: Google Map

Following are the major landfill sites in the city:

KAMPANI: It is located in the west of Kabul near the upstream over the Afshar aquifer and is extremely

close to the drinking water well field, creating high chances of toxic contamination of the water. It is 20 Ha

in area and has already contaminated a large quantity of soil water.

CHAMTALA:It is located in the north and is 10Ha in area. Most of the site has already been filled 2-3

meters above its maximum capacity. It would require another 30 Ha to dump the piled waste.

GAZAK: The Gazak land fill was built after 2006 and is 15 km east of the city spread over 20 Ha. It is

secured through fence, is clay layered and leachatemanaged. But since the access to the site is through

a road that is 50 % damaged, it is not feasible for the companies to make 2hr journeys which

consequently decreasethe total waste collection from the city.

Page 10: Locating Landfill Sites

The following factors have been considered for selecting the landfil site in Kabul.

Kabul Terrain:

Kabul, as evident from the Map 8, is mountainous terrain. Within the city there are multiple mountain

ranges specifically in the northern and the southern regions. Besides the mounain ranges, there is a river

crossing from east tall moutain range, passing thorugh the city center towards the west. The river is call

“River Kabul”.The site has to be locaed away from the river kabul which passesthrough the center of the

ciyt.The landfill site has to be located far off from the moutainous valley in order to protect the leachate

and other toxic material from flowing into the city in case of rains. Therefore analysing the given

information, the area appropriate site for the landfill has to be either in the west, near the road going

towads Jalalabad city, or towards the eastern end of the city.

Map 8: Terrain Map

Source: Google Earth

The Airport:

The airport of Kabul is located at the north of the city (indicated in map 9).Therefore keeping in view the

mountainous terrain and the airport, the northern areas, largely, can be eliminated from the possible

options for landfill sites.

Page 11: Locating Landfill Sites

Population Density:

Map 9: Population Density Map

Source: Kabul Urban Development Report 2005 (Alain Bertaud)

The Map 9 shows the detailed density of Kabul city. It provides a clear view of the airport, the road

network and the “River Kabul”. Analyzing the density map, we can eliminate regions immediately north

and south of the city, leaving us again with areas in the east and the west of the city.

Road Connectivity:

Analyzing the road connectivity of the city from Map 9, we observe that all the major roads meet at the

center of the city. This means that the trucks will, in case of a single landfill site, have to travel through the

center of the city. This may increase traffic jams, travelling distance, cost and time. Further analyses of

the road networks reveal two major highways connecting the city to the east (Jalalabad Highway) and

west (Ustad Rabbani Road).

Conclusion:

The study and analysis of the terrain, river, density and road connectivity, the report has shortlisted two

sites, indicated on the Map 7, 8, &9:

Page 12: Locating Landfill Sites

1. Towards the west, on the Jalalabad highway.

2. Towards the east, on the Ustad Rabbani Road.

Page 13: Locating Landfill Sites

Bibliography Afganistan, U. A. (2013). White Paper Landfills And Transfer Stations. Kabul.

Development, K. U. (2005). Current city structure, spatial issues, recommendations on urban planning.

Kabul.

Government, M. C. (2013). First County Integrated DEevelopement Plan.

International, H. (2012). Characterization of the municipal solid waste stream in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Kabul.

International, H. (2014). Urban solid waste characteristics and househ old app etite for Separation at

Source in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Research, T. C. (2010). Impact of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: A Priliminary Case Study Mombasa.

Tan, Y. J. (2012). Th Management of Residential Solid Waste in Mombasa Kenya. Mombasa.

UNEP/UNESCO/UN-HABITAT/ECA. (2005). Vulnerability and Pollution of Groundwater in the Kausani

Area. Mombasa.

(Government, 2013)(Afganistan, 2013)(Research, 2010)(UNEP/UNESCO/UN-HABITAT/ECA,

2005)(International, 2014)(International, Characterization of the municipal solid waste stream in Kabul,

Afghanistan, 2012)(Development, 2005)(Tan, 2012)