loapush econ ch 3

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Forms of Business Organization

Section 2: Business Growth and Expansion

Section 3: Nonprofit Organizations

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro 1

You have an idea for a new product and you want to set up a company to market it. You need $5,000 to get started with production and advertising. Use what you have already learned about the factors of production to create a list of resources you will need and where to find them. Read Chapter 3 to learn about the different ways to organize a business.


Chapter Intro 2

1. The profit motive acts as an incentive for people to produce and sell goods and services.

2. Governments and institutions help participants in a market economy accomplish their financial goals.


Chapter Intro-End


Section 1-Preview

Section Preview

In this section, you will learn about the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of business organization.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• sole proprietorship

• proprietorship

• unlimited liability

• inventory

• limited life

• partnership

• general partnership

• limited partnership

• corporation

• charter

• stock

• stockholder

• shareholder

• dividend

• common stock

• preferred stock

• bond

• principal

• interest

• double taxation


Section 1-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• comprise • entity


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

What incentive is there for individuals to produce and sell goods and services?

A. Low prices through competition

B. Profit motive

C. Private property rights

A B C

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Section 1

Sole Proprietorships

Sole proprietorships are easy to start, but owners have unlimited liability.


Section 1

Sole Proprietorships (cont.)

• The most common form of business organization in the U.S. is the sole proprietorship or proprietorship.

Business Organizations


Section 1

• Advantages

– The easiest form of business to start— few requirements

– Decisions do not require approval from “higher ups.”

– Keep all profits

– Does not pay separate business income taxes; business is not a separate entity



Section 1

• Advantages

– Psychological factor of being own boss


– Easy to get out of business


Section 1

• Disadvantages

– Owner has unlimited liability.

– Difficult to raise capital

– Size and efficiency

– May hire several employees to stay open

– Cost of carrying minimum inventory

– Often has limited managerial skills



Section 1

• Disadvantages

– Difficult to attract qualified employees


– Larger employers can offer more fringe benefits.

– Limited life of business

Profiles in Economics:Andrea Jung


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Which is not considered an advantage to being a sole proprietor?

A. Retains all profits

B. Unlimited liability

C. Quick decision making

D. Business is not recognized as a separate legal entity.


Section 1

Partnerships

In a partnership, each partner fully shares responsibility for the operation of the business and all profits or losses.


Section 1

• A partnership has many of the same advantages and disadvantages of a sole proprietor.

• Partnerships are the least numerous form of business organization in the United States.

Partnerships (cont.)


Section 1

• Types of partnerships

– General partnership

– Limited partnership



Section 1

• Advantages to operating a partnership


– Ease of startup

– Formal legal papers called articles of partnership are usually written.

– Ease of management/varied expertise

– Lack of special taxes

– Easier to attract capital than a proprietorship


Section 1

• Advantages to operating a partnership


– More efficient operations that come with increased size

– Easier to find good employees than a proprietorship


Section 1

• Disadvantages to operating a partnership


– In a general partnership, each partner is responsible for acts of all partners.

– In a limited partnership, limited partner loses original investment. General partners must make up the rest of the loss.

– Limited life

– Potential for conflict between partners


A. A

B. B

Section 1

In which type of partnership would you prefer to be a partner?

A. General partnership

B. Limited partnership

A B

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Section 1

Corporations

Corporations are one of the most important forms of business and can easily raise large amounts of financial capital.


Section 1

• A corporation is a formal, legal entity all its own.

• Individuals who wish to incorporate must file with the national government and state where the business will have its headquarters.

Corporations (cont.)


Section 1

• If a corporation is approved, the government issues a charter stating the purpose of the business, specifying the number of shares of stock, and other business information.


Stock Ownership


Section 1

• Selling shares of stock to stockholders, or shareholders, is a way for a corporation to raise capital.

• Corporations pay out dividends to shareholders when the corporations become profitable.



Section 1

• There are two types of stock that corporations issue.

– Common stock

– Preferred stock


• Type of stock purchased determines the ownership rights of the shareholder.


Section 1

• Advantages to a corporation structure

– Ease of raising capital—sell more stock or issue bonds


Corporate Structure

• The amount of money borrowed on a bond is called the principal.

• Corporations pay interest on this borrowed money.


Section 1

• Advantages to a corporation structure

– Owners have limited liability.


Corporate Structure

– Directors can hire professional managers to run daily operations.

– Unlimited life

– Ease of transferring ownership


Section 1

• Disadvantages to a corporation structure

– Detailed records need to be kept for payment of taxes.

– Double taxation of corporate profits

– Difficulty and expense to get a corporate charter


Corporate Structure


Section 1

• Disadvantages to a corporation structure

– Owners or shareholders have little voice in business operations.


Corporate Structure

– Subject to more government regulations

• Publicly held corporations must register with the federal Securities and Exchange Commission, established in 1934, to regulate the sale of stock.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Some firms incorporate just to take advantage of which corporate characteristic?

A. Unlimited life

B. Ease of raising capital

C. Limited liability

D. All of the above


Section 1-End


Section 2-Preview

Section Preview

In this section, you will learn how businesses grow through merging with other companies or by reinvesting profits in themselves.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• merger

• income statement

• net income

• depreciation

• cash flow

• horizontal merger

Academic Vocabulary

• internally • dominant

• vertical merger

• conglomerate

• multinational


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

What is the best way for a company to grow?

A. Invest in self

B. Merge with another company

C. Depends on the situation

A B C

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Section 2

Business Growth and Expansion

• Investing profits in new plants and equipment is one way to grow a business. A merger is another way.


Section 2

Growth Through Reinvestment

Business owners can use their profits to update and expand their firms.


Section 2

Growth Through Reinvestment (cont.)

• Financial statements are used to keep track of a business’ operations.

– Income statement—shows how a business uses the revenue it receives from sales to grow through reinvestment

– An income statement shows a firm’s net income.



Section 2


– Depreciation—a non-cash charge of capital goods

– An increase in depreciation lowers the earnings before tax but increases cash flow.

– Cash flow is the bottom line, a more comprehensive measure of profits.



Section 2


• Corporations with positive cash flow may issue dividends and reinvest in new plants, equipment, or technology.

• Proprietors and partnerships may keep some of the cash flow as reward for risk taking in addition to reinvesting in business.


Section 2


• Reinvesting in the business increases production and generates more sales.

• Positive cash flow attracts investors.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which of the following is included on a net income statement?

A. Sales revenue

B. Expenses

C. Cash flow

D. All of the above


Section 2

Growth Through Mergers

Mergers allow firms to quickly grow in size.


Section 2

• When two companies merge, one gives up its separate legal identity.

• The name of the new company may reflect the identities of both for public recognition, however.

Growth Through Mergers (cont.)


Section 2

• Two types of mergers


– Horizontal merger

– Vertical merger

Types of Mergers


Section 2

• Reasons to merge


– Faster growth

– Become more efficient

– Better product manufacturing or delivery

– Eliminate competition

– Change image


Section 2

• A corporation may become so large through mergers and acquisitions that it turns into a conglomerate.

• Diversification is the reason why some businesses become conglomerates.

• Isolated economic events may affect some product lines but not all of them at the same time.


Conglomerate Structure


Section 2

• Large corporations that become international in scope are referred to as multinationals.



Section 2

• Multinationals


– Have manufacturing or service operations in several countries

– Are subject to laws in each country and may pay taxes to each

– Are able to move resources, goods, services, and financial capital across national borders


Section 2

• Multinationals are generally welcomed in a country because they bring new technology, generate jobs and revenue, increase the standard of living, and pay taxes.



Section 2

• Critics argue that multinationals often pay low wages, export natural resources, interfere with local businesses, and alter traditional ways of life in the host country.

• Multinationals can demand concessions by threatening to move operations out of the country.



Section 2

• Economists, however, welcome the lower-cost production and higher-quality output that global competition brings.

• Global competition raises the standard of living for everyone.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which of the following is a conglomerate in Japan?

A. Samsung

B. Sony

C. Daewoo

D. Gold Star


Section 2-End


Section 3-Preview

Section Preview

In this section, you will learn about the economic benefits that cooperatives and other nonprofit organizations bring to their members.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• nonprofit organization

• cooperative

• co-op

• credit union

• labor union

• collective bargaining

• professional association

Academic Vocabulary

• analyze • devoting

• chamber of commerce

• Better Business Bureau

• public utility


A. A

B. B

Section 3

Can you name any nonprofit organizations that exist in your community?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

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Section 3

Nonprofit Organizations

• Most businesses use scarce resources to produce goods and services in order to generate a profit.

• Other businesses operate on “not-for-profit” basis and are called nonprofit organizations.


Section 3

Community Organizations and Operatives

A variety of nonprofit organizations provide a wide range of goods and services to communities and members.


Section 3

Community Organizations and Operatives (cont.)

• Many community organizations such as schools, churches, hospitals, and welfare groups are legally incorporated but do not issue stock or pay income taxes. Any surplus earned is used to further their work.


Section 3


• One common type of nonprofit organization is the cooperative or co-op.


Section 3


• Three major types of cooperatives

– Consumer cooperative—members keep costs down by devoting time to operation.

– Service cooperative—particular company/agency employees use a credit union.


Section 3


• Three major types of cooperatives

– Producer cooperative—in the United States, farmers may organize this to sell their produce.

Cooperatives


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 3

Which type of cooperative would provide insurance to its members?

A. Producer

B. Consumer

C. Service

A B C

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Section 3

Labor, Professional, and Business Organizations

Some nonprofit organizations are formed to promote the interests of workers and consumers.


Section 3

• Many other groups besides co-ops organize nonprofit organizations to promote the interests of their members.

– Labor unions—use collective bargaining when negotiating with management

– Professional associations

Labor, Professional, and Business Organizations (cont.)


Section 3

• Many other groups besides co-ops organize nonprofit organizations to promote the interests of their members.

– Business associations—chamber of commerce or Better Business Bureau are examples

Labor, Professional, and Business Organizations (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

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Which nonprofit organization might a machinist belong to?

A. Labor union

B. Professional association

C. Business association

D. Any of the above


Section 3

Government

The government provides some goods and services while helping to make sure the economy runs smoothly.


Section 3

• Local, state, and federal governments operate as nonprofit economic organizations.

Government (cont.)


Section 3

• Government plays both a direct and indirect role in the economy.

– Direct involvement—government supplies a good or service that competes with private businesses

Government (cont.)

• Examples: the U.S. Postal Service (USPS), state colleges and universities, and police protection


Section 3

• Government plays both a direct and indirect role in the economy.

– Indirect involvement includes the regulation of public utilities, financial aid to college students, rent subsidies, and veteran’s checks.

Government (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 3

How do government organized nonprofits differ from privately held nonprofits?

A. Limited life

B. Professional management team is hired to oversee dailyoperations.

C. Congressional, state, or local funds may be necessary to cover any losses.

A B C

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Section 3-End


Business Organizations Three main forms of business organizations exist in the United States today.

VS 1


VS 2

Growth A company can reinvest its profits or merge with another firm in order to grow.


VS 3

Nonprofit Organizations Some organizations work in a businesslike way to promote the interests of their members. Unlike businesses, these nonprofit organizations do not seek to earn a profit.


VS-End


Figure 1

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Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Profile

Andrea Jung (1958– )

• first female chief executive officer (CEO) in Avon Products’ 118-year history

• ranked #5 on Fortune magazine’s “50 Most Powerful Women in Business”

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Vocab1

sole proprietorship

business owned and run by a single person who has the rights to all profits and unlimited liability for all debts of the firm

Vocab2

proprietorship

business owned and run by a single person who has the rights to all profits and unlimited liability for all debts of the firm

Vocab3

unlimited liability

requirement that an owner is personally and fully responsible for all losses and debts of the business

Vocab4

inventory

stock of finished goods and parts held in reserve

Vocab5

limited life

situation in which a firm ceases to exist when an owner dies, quits, or sells the business

Vocab6

partnership

unincorporated business owned and operated by two or more people who share the profits and responsibility for debts

Vocab7

general partnership

form of partnership where all partners are equally responsible for management and debts

Vocab8

limited partnership

form of partnership where one or more partners are not active in the daily running of the business and have limited responsibility for debts

Vocab9

corporation

form of business organization recognized by law as a separate legal entity

Vocab10

charter

written government approval to establish a corporation

Vocab11

stock

certificate of ownership in a corporation

Vocab12

stockholder

people who own a share or shares of stock in a corporation

Vocab13

shareholder

people who own a share or shares of stock in a corporation

Vocab14

dividend

check that transfers a portion of the company profits to stockholders, usually quarterly

Vocab15

common stock

most frequently used form of corporate ownership, with one vote per share for stockholders

Vocab16

preferred stock

form of corporate ownership without vote, in which stockholders get their investments back before common stockholders

Vocab17

bond

formal contract to repay borrowed money with interest

Vocab18

principal

amount borrowed when getting a loan or issuing a bond

Vocab19

interest

payment made for the use of borrowed money

Vocab20

double taxation

taxation of dividends both as corporate profit and personal income

Vocab21

comprise

to be composed of

Vocab22

entity

unit or being

Vocab23

merger

combination of two or more businesses to form a single firm

Vocab24

income statement

report showing a firm’s sales, expenses, net income, and cash flows for a certain period, usually three months or a year

Vocab25

net income

common measure of business profits determined by subtracting all expenses, including taxes, from revenues

Vocab26

depreciation

gradual wear on capital goods

Vocab27

cash flow

total amount of new funds a business generates from operations

Vocab28

horizontal merger

combination of two or more firms producing the same kind of product

Vocab29

vertical merger

combination of firms involved in different stages of manufacturing or marketing

Vocab30

conglomerate

firm with four or more businesses making unrelated products, with no single business responsible for a majority of its sales

Vocab31

multinational

corporation producing and selling without regard to national boundaries and whose business activities are located in several different countries

Vocab32

internally

within

Vocab33

dominant

possessing the most influence and control

Vocab34

nonprofit organization

economic organization that operates like a business but does not but does not seek financial gain

Vocab35

cooperative

nonprofit association performing some kind of economic activity for the benefit of its members

Vocab36

co-op

nonprofit association performing some kind of economic activity for the benefit of its members

Vocab37

credit union

nonprofit service cooperative that accepts deposits, makes loans, and provides other financial services

Vocab38

labor union

organization that works for its members’ interests concerning pay, working conditions, and benefits

Vocab39

collective bargaining

negotiation between union and company representatives over pay, benefits, and other job-related matters

Vocab40

professional association

nonprofit organization of professional or specialized workers seeking to improve working conditions, skill levels, and public perceptions of its profession

Vocab41

chamber of commerce

nonprofit organization of local businesses formed to promote their interests

Vocab42

Better Business Bureau

business-sponsored nonprofit organization providing information on local companies to consumers

Vocab43

public utility

company providing an essential services such as water and electricity to consumers

Vocab44

analyze

to break down into parts and study how each part relates to one another

Vocab45

devoting

giving time or attention

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loapush econ ch 3

Education

section 3government

section 3community

nonprofit

cash flow

united states

economic activity

borrowed money

indirect role