liver disease dr.mohmmadzadeh. anatomy largest solid organ of body weight : 1.5 kg from the nipple...
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LIVER DISEASEDr.Mohmmadzadeh
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Anatomy •Largest solid organ of body•Weight : 1.5 kg•From the nipple line in 4th intercostal
down to the costal margin•Falciform ligament & ligamentum teres
hepaticus
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Portal vein
•A valveless vein•Confluence of the smv & splenic vein•75% of total liver blood•Normal pressure 3-5 mmHg
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Hepatic veins
•Three hepatic veins•Right H.V drains segments V,VI,VII,VIII•Middle H.V drains segments
IVA,IVB,V,VIII•Left H.V drains segments II,III
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Hepatic artery
•From celiac trunk & give off gastroduodenal & right gastric artery
•Cystic artery from right hepatic artery
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Biliary system
•Canaliculi canal of Hering small duct R & L hepatic ducts common hepatic duct common bile duct
•Normal CBD is less than 10 mm
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Synthetic functions
•Coagulation factors•Albumin a variety of acute-phase proteins
& cytokines
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Carbohydrate metabolism
•Critical storage site of glycogen•Metabolization of lactate % Cori cycle
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Lipid metabolism
•Synthesis of lipoproteins, triglycerides,•Gluconeogenesis from fatty acics•Cholestrol metabolism
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Bilirubin metabolism
•A product of heme metabolism•Glucuronidated in liver & actively
secreted in bile•One liver sector is adequate for bilirubin
secretion•Electrolyte composition of bile is similar
to plasma
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Radiologic evaluation of liver
•Ultrasound : cirrhosis or fatty liver cystic or solid nature of
tumors for screening in high-risk
population of HCC IOUS•CT-scan : smallest detectable lesion 1 cm cystic or solid nature•MRI : more sensitive for early HCC
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•PET scan : hepatic metastsis of colorectal cancer
less useful for HCC•Angiogeraphy•Percutaneous biopsy•Diagnostic laparascopy
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Cystic diseases of the liver
•Congenital cysts
•Polycystic liver disease
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Congenital cyst
•Most common benign lesion•Dose not contain bile•Recurrence of simple aspiration is high•PAIR •Wide cyst fenestration
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Polycystic liver disease
•An autosomal dominant presenting in adulthood
•Three general anatomic presentation•PAIR•Fenestration•Resection of cyst•Formal lobectomy•Transverse hepatectomy
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Benign solid liver tumors
•Hepatic adenoma•Focal nodular hyperplasia
•Hemangioma •Hamartoma
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Hepatic adenoma
•In reproductive –aged women•In women who used OCPs•Pathology : sheets of hepatocytes ith no
nonparanchymal cells or bile ducts•75% symptomatic•They can rupture•Radiographycally difficult to distinguish
from FNH•Management : cessation of OCPs -
surgery-RFA
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FNH
•Asymptomatic ,does not rupture ,no malignant
•Two third of lesions have central scar•Resection in symptomatic lesions
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Hemangioma •A common benign lesion discovered
incidentally•Chronic low-intestity RUQ pain•US , CT-scan , MRI•Atypical hemangioma : Tc99 -labeled red
cell•Resection in symptomatic lesions
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Hamartoma •Most common liver lesion in laparotomy•Peripheral ,firm & smooth•Usually less than 1-3 mm
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Pyogenic liver abscesses
•In past : appendicitis & pylephlebitis•Currently : biliary tract manipulation ,
diverticular disease ,IBD ,systemic infections , ERCP, cryptogenic (one third )
•RUQ pain, fever, jaundice•US ,CT•Percutaneous aspiration•Laparoscopy
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Amebic abscess
•A recent history of diarrhea is uncommon•Sweating & chills for one week ,RUQ pain
& tenderness•Positive fluorescent antibody test •Mild liver enzymes abnormality•Metronidazole at least for one week•Aspiration
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Computed tomographic scan finding for an adenoma.
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Classic appearance of hemangioma on magnetic resonance imaging.
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Appearance of a giant adenoma on computed tomography.
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Computed tomographic appearance of fibronodular hyperplasia lesion.
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Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of a fibronodular hyperplasia lesion in the
right liver, seen on T1-weighted (A) and T2-weighted (B) images.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most
common primary malignancy of the liver and one of the most common malignancies worldwide, accounting for more than 1 million death annually
• The geographic distribution of HCC is clearly related to the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
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• HCC is two to eight times more common in males than in females in low and high incidence areas
• In general, the incidence of HCC increases with age, but a tendency to develop HCC earlier in high incidence areas has been noted.
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Ethiology •Hepatic viral infections•Environmental exposure•Alcohol use ,smoking•Genetic & metabolic diseases•Cirrhosis •OCPs
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Clinical Presentation• Most commonly, patients presenting with HCC are
men 50 to 60 years of age who complain of right upper quadrant abdominal pain and weight loss and have a palpable mass.
• Nonspecific symptoms of advanced malignancy such as anorexia, nausea, lethargy, and weight loss are common. .
• Another common presentation of HCC is hepatic decompensation in a patient with known mild cirrhosis or even in patients without previously recognized cirrhosis
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Diagnosis• Radiologic investigation is a critical part of
the diagnosis of HCC
• ultrasound, CT, and MRI
• Ultrasound plays a significant role in screening and early detection of HCC
• definitive diagnosis and treatment planning rely on CT and MRI.
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AFP measurements • AFP measurements can be very helpful in
the diagnosis of HCC.
• An AFP level greater than 20ng/mL is noted in about three fourths of documented cases of HCC.
• False-positive elevations of serum AFP can be seen in inflammatory disorders of the liver, such as chronic active viral hepatitis
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Treatment Options for Hepatocellular Carcinoma•Surgical Resection
Orthotopic liver transplantation•Ablative EtOH injection
Acetic acid injection Thermal ablation (cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, microwave)