Literature, Science, Suffrage and the Prelude to War

Suffrage

• The right to vote• The word

"suffragette" was first used to describe women campaigning for the right to vote in 1906

Women’s Suffrage

• In 1920, the 19th amendment allowed all women over 21 to vote in the United States.

• In 1928, British law allowed all women over the age of 21 to vote in the United Kingdom.

Albert Einstein

• In 1916, Einstein published his paper on the general theory of relativity

Einstein

• In 1933 he renounced his citizenship for political reasons

• the Nazi's put a $5,000 bounty on his head

• He emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton

• The Waste Land, 1922

• One of the most influential poetic work of the twentieth century

The Wasteland

• a long, complex poem about the psychological and cultural crisis that came with the loss of moral and cultural identity after World War I

• Published in 1925

• Actress, 1925• Photo by

Edward Steichen

Persistence of Memory, 1931, Salvador Dali

• Published in 1932

• Huxley is one of the most important literary and philosophical voices of the 20th Century

Spanish Civil War, 1936

• Francisco Franco led a coup d’etat

• His coalition of “Nacionales” was made up of right wing fascists, monarchists, conservatives, elites, and the Church

• They feared the proletarian (worker) uprisings and communism

Barcelona, 1936

Militia fighters, 1936

International Brigade

• The Republic was supported by unions, labor movements, and volunteers from around the world fighting fascism

• Ernest Hemingway joined the International Brigade

Ernest Hemingway

• Ernest Hemingway experienced war firsthand as a journalist

• he wrote dispatches from the frontlines

• He used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works.

• Franco was supported by the Hitler and the German Nazis and Mussolini and the Italian Fascists

• The Republicans were supported by Soviet Russia and Mexico

• France, Great Britain, the United States stayed out of the war

the Great Depression 1930- 1940

Dust Bowl 1930 - 1936

Guernica

• Hitler’s planes devastated the city of Guernica, a city that posed no military threat

Franco’s dictatorship

• The Spanish Republic was defeated by March of 1939.

• Franco’s conservative dictatorship lasted until his death in 1975

Refuges cross into France

Rape of Nanjing, 1937

The Rape of Nanjing

• In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanjing and

• Over the next six weeks, they murdered 300,000 (at least one half) of the civilians and soldiers.

• In the United States, reports published in the New York Times and Time Magazine, were greeted with skepticism from the American public.

• Most Americans had only a passing knowledge or little interest in Asia.

• Hitler was re-arming Germany

• Hitler was expanding the borders of the Nazi Reich through devious political maneuvers.