lindab plx sheet line

LindabCoverline® PLXApplication Guide

Table of Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................... 3

1. The Material ................................................................................................................. 5

1.1. Structural composition ......................................................................................................... 51.2. The coat ................................................................................................................................... 61.3. Weather exposure, resistance to aggressive atmosphere ................................................ 81.4. Color variety, color-fastness ................................................................................................. 91.5. Warranty, classification, useful life ................................................................................... 10 1.6. Dimensions of the coils and sheets ................................................................................... 101.7. Environment protection ..................................................................................................... 10

2. How to use PLX ........................................................................................................ 11

2.1. Storage, transport ................................................................................................................ 112.2. Processing equipment and tools ....................................................................................... 112.3. Machining temperature ...................................................................................................... 122.4. Joining of pieces of PLX sheet-metal ................................................................................ 132.5. Effects produced by thermal movement; dilatation components ............................... 142.6. Wind load ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.7. Fastening ............................................................................................................................... 19

3. PLX Roofing ................................................................................................................ 23

3.1. Designing principles, proposed structures ....................................................................... 233.2. Primary principles underlying the structural design ................................................... 263.3. Connection of folded PLX roofs .......................................................................................... 293.3.1. Longitudinal sheet connections ......................................................................................... 293.3.1.1. Sheet sizes ............................................................................................................................. 303.3.1.2. Sliding clips .......................................................................................................................... 303.3.1.3. Upright clips, fixed zones .................................................................................................. 31 3.3.2. Transversal sheet connections ............................................................................................ 323.3.3. Roof pitch values, sealing materials ................................................................................. 343.3.4. PLX roofing joint points ..................................................................................................... 353.3.4.1. Hanging gutter .................................................................................................................... 353.3.4.2. Eaves gutter........................................................................................................................... 383.3.4.3. Parapet gutter ...................................................................................................................... 41

3.3.4.4. Eaves sheets .......................................................................................................................... 473.3.4.5. Ridge fold ...............................................................................................................................493.3.4.6. Roof edge ...............................................................................................................................503.3.4.7. Ventilating ridge ...................................................................................................................523.3.4.8. Pent roof .................................................................................................................................563.3.4.9. Valley ......................................................................................................................................573.3.4.10. Valley gutter ..........................................................................................................................613.3.4.11. Upstands ................................................................................................................................623.3.4.12. Wall cladding ........................................................................................................................673.3.4.13. Wall flashings ........................................................................................................................693.3.4.14. Bordering of dormer and transom window .....................................................................723.5. Joint connections of PLX folded roofing applied to Lindab hall structures ....................743.6. Arched folded roofing ..........................................................................................................773.7. Roof safety system.................................................................................................................773.8. Roof cover with insert laths.................................................................................................813.9. Roof covers made of small elements and fish-scale components..................................833.10. Edging of composition roofing............................................................................................853.11. Edging of hard roof covers ..................................................................................................863.12. Lightning protection ........................................................................................................... 90

4. PLX facade cladding .............................................................................................93

5. Maintenance, repair and refurbish of PLX .......................................101

5.1. Cleaning ................................................................................................................................1015.2. Corrosion ..............................................................................................................................1015.3. Repainting ............................................................................................................................102 5.4. Yearly maintenance ............................................................................................................102

Literature

Preface


1

Subject to alteration

LindabCoverline® PLX

3

PrefaceThe following application guide presents roofing techniques developed by Lindab Ltd.,based on the use of PLX and Aluzink PLX sheets.

This book provides assistance in understanding and learning the possible ways of apply-ing folded sheet-metal roofing structures. Detailed descriptions of the key features ofseam connection designs are provided to answer fundamental questions in the design andinstallation phase, thus contributing to the development of the best engineering solutions.

Special attention is paid to the order of layers, a crucial issue in designing sheet-metalroofing structures. This book also provides sufficient information to facilitate the prepa-ration and interpretation of budget specifications.

All instructions contained herein constitute basic principles. The attached detail drawingspresent broadly accepted seam connection designs, but local possibilities and capabilitiesshould always be taken in consideration.

Lindab PLX – a complete system

Lindab offers a unique product variety for sheet-metal roofing. The well-known Swedishsteel is the stock material of each system component.

Our system consists of the following products:- PLX and Aluzink PLX sheet material (coils and cut-to-size sheets)- supplementary, auxiliary materials (screws, clips, backing foil)- fold sealants- perforated, venting sheets- gutter boards, snow retainers- safety systems (roof-top ladder, gangways, lightning protection)- comprehensive mechanization.

The comprehensive system offered by Lindab is supplemented by a nationwide networkof distributors and specialized contractors, enabling customers to get fast and compre-hensible product information and order service.

Lindab Ltd. offers the following services:- engineering and installation consulting,- preparation of detailed price proposals and consignment lists,- unique software for greatly simplified design specifications,- manufacture of edges of specific dimensions and designs,- preliminary folding, bending by the manufacturer,- sale, lease of folding equipment (pre-profiler, seam-folding machines, arch-

bending machines),- sale of high quality roofing tools.

1

PLX Application Guide


4

Training

In response to the growing use of folded roofing solutions in Hungary, special courses areheld to train design engineers, apprentices, tinsmiths & plumbers. Our site at Biatorbágyis the venue for such training courses.

The use of sheet-metal as roofing material

The use of steel sheet-metal for roofing has a long tradition. The underlying technologywas developed in the 19th century. In the beginning, the paint coat was applied to the gal-vanized steel sheets at the building site. Today, almost all sheet-metal is prepainted, gal-vanized by the manufacturer.

The metallographic structure ofsteel sheet-metal has undergoneconsiderable improvement duringthe past few years. The sheets arejoined by double upright folds.

Sheet-metal offers numerousadvantages. For industrial facilities,office buildings and apartmenthouses, the general appearance,fire-resistance and resistance tomechanical wear are important fea-tures, as is the long life expectancy. Roofing made with steel sheet-metalmeets all these requirements. In addition, painted sheet-metal can be comple-tely recycled, which is an important aspect in view of today’s stringentenvironmental regulations.

The Material


1

1



5

1. The MaterialWe use stainless PLX and Aluzink PLX steel sheets to protect roofs with folded sheet-metal. Relying on the expertise and experience of tinsmiths and technical experts, we havedeveloped materials of special quality that can be processed both manually and bymachines. These materials feature extraordinary softness and flexibility.The brand name (Prelaq) and the date of manufacturing are printed on the back of each sheet.

1.1. Structural composition

PLX TC-50The strength of the prepaintedsheet can be attributed to its struc-tural steel core whose specificyield point is approx. 180 N/mm2.Accordingly, the behavior of thesteel sheet under different circum-stances can be predicted. To ensureproper corrosion resistance, bothsides of the steel core are coatedwith zinc (thickness: 20 µm, speci-fic density: 275 g/m2). To ensureproper adhesion of the paint coat, the sheets are subjected to different pretreatment processes. In thenext step, a primer coat is applied to both sides of the sheet, in order to ensure resistance to corro-sion and to improve adhesion of the next TopCoat layer. The plastic coat gives the final color of thesheet. Protection against damage during transport is provided by a protective foil that can (andmust) be removed quickly and easily when the sheet is integrated in the roofing structure.The specific weight and thickness of the PLX sheet is 4,71 kg/m2 and 0,6 mm, respectively.

Aluzink PLXWhen the color plays no role, uncoated sheet material may also be used.

Aluzink PLX is a metal-coated sheetmaterial, developed to producedouble upright folds. After severalyears exposure to the effects of weath-er, its metallic, silvery color (with avaguely floral pattern) assumes agrayish hue. To facilitate on-site pro-cessing, the sheet surface is pretreatedwith a thin polymer coat that pre-vents permanent adhesion of finger-prints or grease spots.

Steel sheetZinc layerPassivating layerPrimer coatTopCoat50 layer

Steel sheetZinc layerPassivating layerPrimer coatEpoxy-based lacquer

Protecting foil

Protective layer

Al-Zn alloy

Steel core

1 The Material



6

The strength of the sheet material can be attri-buted to the use of Swedish steel. The alumi-nium-zinc alloy coat applied to both sides of thecore steel sheet consists of 55% aluminum, 43,4%zinc and 1,6% silicon (AZ-185). The thickness ofthis coat is 25 µm (0.025 mm), on both sides. Thespecific yield point is approx. 200 N/mm2. Themetallographic structure of the sheet materialcombines the best properties of the three compo-nents, i.e. the outstanding corrosion resistance ofaluminum, the “self-healing” capacity of zincand its resistance to pit corrosion, and thestrength of steel.Thanks to these properties, Aluzink PLX can beused in areas classified in sensitive environmentprotection categories that fall within the C1 to C4range. Therefore, these sheets can be integratedin structures used in aggressive industrial envi-ronments and in maritime navigation.

1.2. The coat

PLX-TopCoat 50The thickness of the plastic film coating appliedto PLX is 50 µm, i.e. nearly twice as much asthat of conventional polyester coatings.The surface of the sheet material is somewhatcoarse to the touch since the coating materialcontains hard acrylic particles whose diame-ter slightly exceeds the coat thickness. Thesetiny globules significantly improve resistanceto UV radiation and prevent premature age-ing. The globules are embedded in the poly-ester layer, thus ensuring improved protec-tion against mechanical wear and scratching.The excellent flexibility bestowed by theprimer layer prevents peeling of the paintcoat along the cut edges. During any coilingprocess and installation work, these compo-nents act like a lubricant, making PLX steel-based sheet-metal easier to form than anyconventional material coated with polyester.

Hard abrasion-resistant particles

Poliester

Flexible paint layer

Primer

Steel core

Industrial Environment, high SO2 content

Years

mill

ing

in µ

m

15

10

5

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aluzink coated (AZ 185)

Zinc coated (Z 275)

Urban Environment

Years

mill

ing

in µ

m

15

10

5

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aluzink coated (AZ 185)

Zinc coated (Z 275)

The Material 1



7

A blue coat is applied to the lower part of the back side of the sheet, primarily to preventdamage to the paint on the coiled sheet material during transport, storage and use at the site.Before delivery, the coiled sheets are wrapped with another protective foil which can (and must)be removed when the roofing work is completed.

The paint is applied to both sides of the PLX withrollers.

The selection of colors is continuously being expand-ed and our paint systems comply with applicableenvironmental requirements and standards.

Properties of PLX and other coated sheet materials

By comparing the five major properties of the PLX TopCoat with several leading brands,we come to the following conclusions:

MaintenanceThe long useful life of PLX can be attributed to its hard and abrasion-resistant surface.From among the paint systems shown here, it requires the least maintenance effort.

Color-fastnessThe length of time that a painted steel sheet can retain its original color and brightness de-pends on the type of paint and the heat resistance of the paint system. In terms of color-fastness, PVDF is the leading paint system, primarily due to the color-fastness of the paintparticles it contains. Since the same paint particles are used to manufacture the polyesterbased paint systems, their color-fastness compares well.

1. maintenance

4. abrasion resistance

5. corrosion resistance

PLX TC 50

Plastisol

Poliester

PVDF

2. color-fastness

3. workability

1 The Material


Workability Workability is a specific aspect of color-fastness and demonstrates the behavior of the paint coatwhen hand and machine tools are used. The paint coat of sheets for machining shall not crack,peel or become scratched or chipped during the installation phases. Similarly, workability is ameasure of the foldability of the sheet material or its behavior under extremely cold weatherconditions. Thanks to the outstanding flexibility of polyester and the presence of hard particlesin the coating, the workability of PLX matches that of plastisol coated sheets.

Abrasion resistanceAbrasion resistance indicates the behavior of a coating when subjected to mechanical effects.Due to the presence of the hard and scratch proof globules in the PLX paint coat, PLX outperforms (in terms of abrasion resistance) any sheet with conventional polyester or PVDFcoatings. The excellent abrasion resistance also contributes to the long product life.

Corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance is a measure of how well the different coatings on the sheet materialprotect the steel core. The PLX coating system, the fruit of long development efforts andexperience, is a 50 µm thick, flexible and hard coating that provides excellent protection.This is thanks to the careful selection of each component layer in the TC-50 coating, aswell as the way in which they are combined.

1.3. Weather exposure, resistance to aggressive atmosphere

When installing PLX and Aluzink PLX sheets, the ambient pH-value should not be lessthan 3 or more than 9. The sheet material should not come in direct contact with brass orcopper. If installed on a concrete surface, the concrete should be completely set.

Accumulation of stagnant water in recesses puddles should be avoided.

8Subject to alteration

The Material 1



9

1.4. Color variety, color-fastness

PLX sheets are available in a constantly growing range of colors, currently consisting of16 different shades, plus Aluzink PLX. Careful market research precedes the introductionof any new color or shade. There are no technical restraints on the introduction of new colors,but statistics show that each country accepts approx. 15 dominant colors. These “stan-dard” colors can vary widely from country to country.The color-fastness and heat resistance (these two properties are interrelated) of coatedsheets depend on the quality of the paint system. Paint systems used for PLX sheets areamong the most advanced on the market, with a color-fastness in excess of 100 °C.

If the coating should lose its brightness, it can be repainted.

RAL 9006

silver045

RAL 6003

dark green874

RAL 3009

dark claret758

RAL 8017

brown434

RAL 5009

navy blue558

RAL 7038

dove-gray461

RAL 9007

anthracite gray044

RAL 8003

copper777

RAL 6021

verdigris975

RAL 8004

brick-red742

RAL 1017

ochre189

The upper colors are information colors can deviate from the real ones.

RAL 5024

light blue502

Aluzink RAL 7035

light gray022

RAL 9010

white001

RAL 7011

dark gray087

RAL 9055

black015

1 The Material



1.5. Warranty, classification, useful life

Lindab Ltd. warrants the adequacy of the material in its PLX and Aluzink PLX sheets for 15years.

PLX and Aluzink PLX sheets and system components have been granted permits for use fromÉMI (the Hungarian Building Industry Quality Control Institute).The most important applicable European standards:

PLX EN 10143Alucink PLX EN 10215

Our quality assurance system has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001, 9002 and 14001standards. The useful life of a sheet can be assessed in two respects: aesthetics and functionality.In terms of aesthetic value, PLX sheets have a useful life of 15-25 years. However, this periodcan be extended by proper, professional maintenance. Discoloration and fading signal theapproaching end of a product’s aesthetic life.In terms of functionality, the useful life ends when the sheet material is no longer capableof protecting the structure underneath. Assuming that the building is completed in accor-dance with the relevant instructions and regulations, and that the roof is regularly inspect-ed and maintained, the useful life of PLX sheets is equal to that of the building. Comparing useful lifetime of aluzink and ordinary zinc:

Environmental Class Aluzink Z 275(year)

country 200 65urban 100 20

industrial 40 8navy 50 15

1.6. Dimensions of the coils and sheets

PLX is 670 mm wide. Coils are 79 m long, and sheets are cut to 2000 mm lengths. Aluzink PLX is 610 mm wide. Coils are 79 m long, and sheets are cut to 2000 mm lengths.

1.7. Environmental protection

PLX sheets are made of steel that can be recycled like any other grade of steel. Since everylot of steel contains recycled materials, steel-making processes are based, in whole or inpart, on the processing of scrapped steel.Accordingly, both steel and PLX can be fully recycled. Re-melting is a crucial phase ofsteel production. During the re-melting phase, impurities (like metallic components andresidual paint) are removed from the metal bath.During the recycling process, the paint coat of PLX sheets burns off completely, emittingonly CO2 and water (i.e. substances which do not pollute the environment). The remelt-ing process yields fresh steel that is equal in quality to original stock material.

10

How to use PLX


2



2How to use PLX

2. How to use PLXCoated steel products are widely used for roofing and wall cladding. The use of coated steelsheets for roofing is rapidly becoming well established, thanks to its attractive appearance,excellent quality and relatively low cost.Folded sheet-metal is frequently used for the roofing of industrial and municipal buildings.Thanks to its aesthetic appearance, these sheets have won growing acceptance in residentialareas as well. All instructions are based on the specific properties of this material and must bestrictly adhered to during the installation phase. Any divergence from such instructions canresult in damage to the material and loss of product warranty.

2.1. Storage, transport

The strapped coils or the sheets stacked in wooden crates are delivered in foil-wrapped bund-les. The completeness and integrity of each shipment must be verified upon receipt. Anydeficiency, damage or other objection must be entered in the bill of delivery. Lindab Ltd. dis-claims any responsibility for damages to shipments transported by a freight company otherthan Lindab Ltd.

Adequate unloading equipment must be provided at the building site.

At the site, the wooden crates may be stacked, but only in properly aligned stacks. Improperstacking can damage the shipment. After receipt, the products must be protected fromweather exposure and mechanical damage. If the crates are stored on the roof, the roof struc-ture should not be overloaded. Products intended for long term storage should be placed ina covered area and protected from humidity and radiant heat. Permanent adverse effectscaused by aggressive chemicals (acids, lime, mortar, etc.) may discolor sheet surfaces. If thepresence of humidity is unavoidable, the sheets should be stored in a tilted position, provi-ding for proper ventilation and protection by wrapping foil. Humidity or moisture betweenthe individual sheets should be avoided to prevent impaired surface quality.

2.2. Processing equipment and tools

Traditional tinsmith’s tools are needed to pre-pare and fix PLX sheets, e.g. hammer with plas-tic head, gutter tongs, guillotine shears, com-bined sheet shears, unfolding pliers, coversheets, angular fold closing device.Polyurethane padding of the tools reduces therisk of scratching the sheets or damaging thepaint.

11

2 How to use PLX



12

Various machines are available to facilitate and accelerate the preparation, machining and integ-ration of the materials. The necessary equipment can be purchased or leased from Lindab Ltd.

Preliminary folding can be done with the WM84 preprofiler. Machine powered sealing ofthe folded material can be completed using the WM84 seam folder.

In the case of sheets for arched roofs of specialdesign, our arch-bending machines should be usedto achieve proper folding.

Accurate setting and regular maintenance and careof the equipment assures proper operation.

Each machine and equipment should be operatedin strict accordance with the respective operatingmanuals.

2.3 Working temperature

The PLX and Aluzink PLX sheets should not be folded or shaped below –5°C when folding isdone by machine, or +5°C in case of manual folding. The difference is due to the fact that man-ual hitting results in abrupt “shock deformation” which is not tolerated well by cold sheetmaterial. Machine powered folding, however, is much slower, with less mechanical shock.

If stored outdoors overnight, the temperature of the sheet material may remain well belowthe ambient air temperature in the morning. Installers should therefore check that the sheetmaterial is above the minimum temperature before use, warming the material by someexternal heat source if necessary.

WM84 pre-profiler WM84 seam folder

Arch-bending machine

How to use PLX 2



2.4 Joining of pieces of PLX sheet-metal

PLX sheet metal can be joined by:

- overlapping- folding- inserting a lath

The joining method depends on the architectural specifications, the building and installa-tion conditions (roof, wall, pitch, etc.) and the applied materials. Building engineersshould consider every relevant aspect carefully.

Overlapping

Field of application:- edge components of facade cladding, high-pitched roofs and upstandcladding, extension of elements used for roofing reinforced with lath inserts.

Folding

Field of application:- connection of sheet metal cladding components applied to roof and facade surfaces- collars surrounding upstands and superstructure footing on shallow pitched roofs- connection of elements of bends, valley and attic gutters.

13

2 How to use PLX



14

Bending

When working with PLX sheet metal, folding is the most common source of stress. Thanks toits outstanding structural properties, PLX meets even the most stringent requirements. Whensheets are folded 180° at specified temperatures:

– no crack may develop in the plastic coating, exposing the underlyingsheet material

– no crack in the sheet material or chipping/peeling of the coating mayarise if the bent Aluzink PLX sheet is also subjected to lateral bending.

Soldering

– plastic coated PLX sheet metal can be soldered only after removing theplastic coat. Non compliance can result in reduced sheet quality and theloss of the manufacturer’s guarantee.

– the Aluzink PLX sheet is not able to be soldered.

2.5. Effects of thermal movement, dilatation components

Any PLX sheet metal roofing should be designed and installed to allow for the thermalexpansion or contraction of the structure, without compromising its water impermeability.The degree of such thermal movement can be calculated using the following formula:

∆ L = α × Lo × ∆T ,

where α = 0,000012 is the dilatation co-efficient of the PLX sheet.

From among the materials used for sheet metal roofing, PLX has the lowest dilatation co-efficient (in fact, only 50% of the expansion of zinc alloy sheets). Owing to the consider-able temperature fluctuations which roofs are exposed to, this is an extremely importantphysical property.

According to the general rules valid in Hungary, sheet-metal roofing structures must bedimensioned to tolerate extreme temperatures ranging between -20°C to +80°C. Theextent of thermal movement should be determined relative to these limiting values, as afunction of the designed installation temperature. If the installation temperature is 15°C,then 65°C and 35°C respectively should be taken into account in terms of thermal expan-sion and contraction.

In view of the above, the structural components of any PLX sheet metal roofing and thejoint connections must be designed with utmost care. The absence of proper dilatation ele-ments may result in failure of the folded joints, thereby leading to roof leakage and / orimpaired aesthetic properties.

How to use PLX 2



Engineering solutions that ensure unobstructed absorption of thermal expansion and con-traction are described in chapters 3 and 4 of this booklet, including details about:

– clamping techniques– transversal joining of sheets– longitudinal joining of sheets– dilatation steps– details of gable, eaves, ridge– roofing superstructures and upstands.

Dilatation joint designs

∆

D ∆

∆

D

∆

∆

∆

D

∆

∆

∆

min

. 300

dilatation gap

∆

∆ = dilatation gap

D = length of dilatation joint

∆

15

2 How to use PLX


16

2.6 Wind load

Each roof is exposed to the suction effects of wind. The suction force measured along theexternal edges of the roof and in the end zones exceeds the force experienced at other roofsurfaces by a factor of 2 to 3. The expected wind load of any specific building is deter-mined by its height, shape and geographic location.The following gable and pent roof designs show the biggest wind loads ever experienced.In case of arched roofs, the greater value should be taken into account.In respect to the various roof zones, the dimensional suction force can be calculated as follows:

qd = µ × 1,3 × qk (kN/m2),

where: qd = degree of suction effect

µ = shape coefficient

qk = wind load (kN/m2)

Based on the calculated value of the suction effect, the “F” pull-out force makes an impact on the clips:

Ft = qd × Cclip × Cfold (kN),

where: Cclip = distance between clips, along the folding line

Cfold = distance between the individual folds

x = the smaller value from 1 or 2hy = the smaller value from b or 2h

The pitch of the gable roof: > 5°


How to use PLX 2



17

x = the smaller value from 1 or 2hy = the smaller value from b or 2h

Wind load gable on the roof.

1 < b/8 < 2

Roof pitchHeight of eaves Suction force of wind (N/m2)

(meters) at the corners at the edges intermediate surfaces

0 – 8 1600 900 3000 - 25 ° 8 – 20 2560 1440 480

20 - 100 3520 1980 6600 – 8 900 550 300

25° – 35 ° 8 – 20 1440 880 48020 - 100 1980 1210 660

The following table shows the maximum suction force generated by the wind on roof sur-faces, as a function of the roof pitch and the height of the building:

b

b/8

b/8

The pitch of the gable roof: > 5°

2 How to use PLX



18

Height of eaves Suction force of wind (N/m2)(meters) at the corners at the edges internal surfaces

0 – 8 1250 750 5008 - 20 2000 1200 800

20 - 100 2750 1650 1100

As a function of the height of the eaves, the maximum wind load arising on the surface offacade cladding changes as follows:

Failure of an improperly fastened sheet-metal roof, caused by the suction force of wind

How to use PLX



22.7 Fastening

The elements of PLX sheet metal roofing are fastened to the substrate by clips.

Fastening by clips protects the sheet metal rooffrom the suction force of wind but allows forunobstructed thermal movement. Both fixed andsliding clips are used.The selection of type and quantity of the clipsshall always be based on the materials used andthe installation circumstances.

Clips may be made of:– dip galvanized steel sheet, or– stainless steel sheet.

The distance between the clips should be:as specified in Section 2.6, but– max. 450 mm if nailed– max. 600 mm if screwed– max. 500 mm if riveted.

Due to the increased stress, separate calculations shouldbe made for the corners and edges of the roof and forplaces where roofing safety elements are installed.

Be sure to use clips whose resistance to suction ortearing exceeds the suction force of the wind, i.e.:

Ft < Rd

where:Ft = tensile force acting on the clips

Techniques for fastening upright folds

techniques used for fastening sheet metal edges

19

How to use PLX



20

2 – Clips may be fastened with 2.8 x 25 mm roughened nails or 4.0 x 25 mmcountersunk (wood) screws, made of the same material as the clips. Atleast 2 fasteners per clip should be used. Screws made of high grade steelshould primarily be used at or around the corners and edges of the roof.For roofing or wall cladding of buildings higher than 20 meters:

Board thickness Rd (suction force)(mm) (kN)

19 0,6923 0,8725 0,96

– If fastened to corrugated sheets, the clips should be fixed with self tappingscrews or pop rivets.

– If fastened to mineral wool sheets, a special technique is needed whichgreatly differs from the previous solutions. The washers designed to fixthe clips rest on the load bearing substrate via spacing dowels; the sub-strate can be made of reinforced concrete or can be a ceiling boardingmade of galvanized steel corrugated sheet.

fastening of sheet metal roofing to a ceiling boarding

made of heat insulated corrugated sheet

spacing dowel made of plastic

self-cutting screw

How to use PLX



21

2Fastening of folded PLX sheet-metal with clips (corrosion resistance classification: C2 to C4)

Substrate: metal

Substrate: wood

Application Type of clip Bonding unit

Installation, maintaining an intermediate space.Hard mineral wool, boarding etc, max. 20 mm

Upright clip

Sliding clip

Self tappingscrew

Penetrating clip

Tail-in clip

Application Type of clip Bonding unit

Installation: directly on to the substrate.

Installation, maintaining an intermediatespace. Insulated version.

Upright clip

Sliding clip

Wood screw

Penetrating clip

Tail-in clip

Installation, maintaining an intermediatespace. Insulated version.

PLX roofing


3

PLX roofing

3



23

3. PLX roofing

PLX is basically suitable for covering shallow- or high pitched roofs if the latter are par-ticularly exposed to unfavorable weather conditions.

Shallow pitched roof, pitch: 7 °- 25 °High pitched roof, pitch: more than 25 °

Minimum pitch for PLX sheet metal roofs: 5 °.

If continuous strips are used and no large upstand or snow trap imposes additional risk andthe precipitation is discharged via external gutters, then the pitch may be as shallow as 3°provided that appropriate technical solutions are applied. However, this is considered a spe-cial design approach and the manufacturer must be consulted about installation.

In terms of water impermeability, PLX sheet metal roofs can be classified as follows:

– Impervious roofs (roofs consisting of large and small components, e.g. tiled roofing, mirror panels): The roof shell is built over a well vented air-space and its pitch ensures that,under normal circumstances, no precipitation penetrates any space betweenthe roof sections, which consist of large and small components. Any mois-ture entering under extraordinary circumstances (snowdrift, driving rain)evaporates in the vented space without causing any damage.

- Roofs of improved impermeability (e.g. folded roofing, lath inserts):The roof shell is built over a well vented air-space and, thanks to the efficientsealing of the roofing elements, precipitation can penetrate only under spe-cial conditions and in negligible quantities, evaporating in the vented spacewithout causing any damage.

3.1. Designing principles, proposed structures

From the point of view of building physics, a PLX sheet metal roof must, in general, bedesigned as a “double shell cold roof” which consists of the following major structuralelements (from top to bottom):

– PLX sheet metal– baseboards– vented air space– vapor and heat insulation– load-bearing structure.

3

PLX roofing

Primary principles underlying the structural design:

1) Efficient air-circulation below the roof should be ensured by creating a ventilated air-space ofa height that is inversely proportional to the pitch of the roof. Proper care should be paid toensure intensive ventilation at and in the vicinity of upstands, hip ends and dormer windows.

Mesh of the built-in insect screen: 45 to 55 %, d = 5 to 8 mm mesh size.



24

Field of application Space for inward/outward Clearance of air spaceventilation (cm) (cm)

Roofs with 3- 5° pitchSmall roof surfaces

4 5 - 20Dormer-window, covered cornice and wall surfacesRoofs with 5- 20° pitch 4 10Roofs with pitch above 20° 3 5 Vertical surfaces 2 2Arched surfaces, cupolas/domes 4 6 cm or length of rafter/100

principle of roof structure ventilation

inward ventilation through perforated sheet inward ventilation through interspaced boards

3

The linear solution is preferred for the design of vent holes needed for inward and out-ward ventilation, and efforts should be made to ensure the maximum level differencebetween the eaves and the ridge.

2) Materials with deformation resistance and dimensional accuracy should be used tobuild a thermal insulation layer capable of maintaining the prescribed thermal insula-tion values at each point of the roof or wall surface. Special attention should be paid todeveloping proper designs (free from thermal bridges) at and in the vicinity of penet-rated roof and surface sections and corners.The vapor-tight sheet at the lower end of the heat insulation serves as a barrier to keepout its moisture. Only well designed and perfect insulation barriers can prevent con-densation of vapor inside the structure.

3) According to a former Hungarian standard, a separation layer must be insertedbetween the sheet metal roof and the baseboards. The corresponding Swedish norm stipulates the use of sanded bituminous sheets.The German and French regulations prohibit or restrict the insertion of any separation layer.In connection with the integration of the separation layer, the Roofing Guidelinesissued by ÉMSZ introduced the following allowances:

– a bituminous sheet can be used during the building phase as a temporaryprotective layer but must be removed during the course of the installation.

– if the pitch exceeds 10°, the separation layer may be omitted, provided that thePLX roof rests on well-ventilated base-boarding; in the case of shallow-pitchedroofs (3-5°) a secondary draining layer made of aeration pad should be used.


25

ventilation adjusted to different eaves designs

PLX roofing


3

PLX roofing

– whenever the base-boarding consists of impervious wooden base-boarding (e.g.OSB hardboard), a separation layer of sanded bituminous sheet must be used.

4) The secondary draining layer can be integrated by introducing:– a bottom sheet containing a drain layer, located at

the upper plane of the baseboard (aeration pad)– a “breathing” foil (featuring extremely high

vapor permeation) laid above the upper planeof the thermal insulation.

3.2. Orders of layers

In addition to the orders of layers designed according to the above principles (see sectiondrawings I to III), we present a special approach (see section drawing IV) to demonstratethe application of PLX sheet metal on a single shell warm roof.



26

I.I. III.

II.

IV.

1

600 600

600600

600 600

123104116712

1 – PLX sheet metal2 – Separation layer (acc. to item 3 of Section 3.1.)3 – Base-boarding4 – Air space5 – Rafter6 – Thermal insulation7 – Vapor barrier8 – Lathing9 – Plasterboard10 – Brander11 – Light beam12 – Corrugated sheet13 – Hard mineral wool14 – Tread-resistant thermal insulation15 – Base-boarding

310256789

1

1

13

14

15

1

13

14

12

23456789

12

2

1

13

Order of layers of heat insulated “single shellwarm roof” covered by PLX sheets

Order of layers of heat insulated “double shell cold roof” covered by PLX sheets


PLX roofing

3

Base-boarding

The base-boarding of the PLX sheet metal roof should be firmly supported and fastened in a waythat absorbs:

– volume changes resulting from drying of and moisture absorption by the material,– snow load, wind pressure and payload defined in the respective Hungarian

standard (MSZ 15021).

At the same time, it should allow for circumstances (pitch, dilatation, ventilation, roof struc-tures, upstands, eaves, valleys, etc.) needed for the professional installation of the final cover.The base-boarding may consist of the following materials:

– boarding– building sheets– corrugated sheet.

a.) BaseboardThe material used for this purpose should meet the following requirements:

– treated with fire-retardant and fungicidal chemicals– max. moisture content: 30%– timber: 2nd class softwood, minimum thickness 24 mm, width: 80 to 140

mm, sharp cornered.Each board is fixed to the rafters by 2 nails, with the core strip facing downwards (the convexsurface faces the cover layer) and leaving 1 to 3 mm spacing. Thanks to the excellent mechani-cal properties of PLX, an “interspaced” boarding pattern (leaving max. 8 to 10 mm wide gaps)can be used in proportion to the increasing pitch of the roof (i.e. if it exceeds 10°).


27

Small pitched PLX roof separated layer by aeriation pad


3

PLX roofing

b.) Building boardsThe minimum thickness of wooden building boards used as base-boarding is 22 mm. Themaximum panel size is 2,5 meters. The boards must be laid according to the Dutch bond pat-tern but allowing sufficient gaps for jointing. If this method is used, proper natural ventila-tion must be assured and a separation layer must be inserted.Commercially available chipboard and wallboard materials are not suitable for use with sheetmetal covered roof structures. In Hungary, OSB-3 bass-mat hardboard is widely used. Boardsmust be fixed by nails or screws with a 15 and 30 cm spacing pattern at the end and interim sup-porting points respectively. The minimum distance between such points and the edge of theboard should be 10 mm.The maximum rafter spacing (specified in cm) can be chosen from the following table, de-pending on the actual load and the thickness of the OSB-3 bass-mat hardboard.

c.) Sheet metalsThis option may be chosen to meet particularly strict fire protection requirements or to de-velop roofing of lightweight construction.Material: dimensionally stable, galvanized, corrugated steel sheet manufactured byLindab (LVP 20, LVP45, LVP 85 or LVP 100).The clips for the PLX sheet metal roof can be fastened directly to the trapezoidal sheet,using selftapping screws or draw rivets.The shell structure installed between the ribs is efficiently ventilated. No separation layerneeds be inserted between the sheet metal basement and the PLX cover.


28

Load Board thickness (mm)(kg/m2) 22 25

100 104 118150 91 103200 83 94250 77 87300 72 82350 68 78400 66 74

Baseboard moisture content at Decrease of draw-out value following the baseboardthe time of installation drying (at 12% moisture content)

15 - 20 % Negligible20 - 30 % 35 - 40 %

> 30 % > 50 %

Following the drying of the raw timber (still wet when built in the roof structure), thedraw-out value of the nails used to fix the clips shall decrease, as shown below:

Permitted rafter spacing (in cm), assuming the use of OSB bass-mat hardboard



29

PLX roofing

3

3.3. Connection of folded PLX roofs

Folded systems are the most frequentlyused of the available Lindab PLX sheetmetal roof designs. Essentially, precutsheet strips are connected to each other atthe site, lengthwise and crosswise.

3.3.1. Longitudinal sheet connections

Pre-profiling equipment is used to convert PLX sheet metalinto beaded sheet strips. Preshaping can be done either inthe factory or at the site. The properly profiled sheet stripsensure absorption of lateral thermal movement. Followingthe matching of the sheet strips, special tongs or foldingmachines can be used to produce the following types ofcover:

System of right-angle upright fold

Due to its particularly jointed surface, this type of folding isprimarily applied on visible roof structures with a pitchexceeding 25°.

System of double upright fold

Its use is recommended in case of roofs with a pitch below 25°.Sealing strips are used in the following cases:

– roof edges also exposed to cooling from beneath,– near snow traps,– near the eaves and valleys,– in case of extremely shallow-pitched roofs (3-7°)

Max. 600

1 – base-boarding 2 – clip 3 – separation layer 4 – PLX sheet metal 5 – sealant (folding oil, gel,(see item 3 of Section 3.1.) sealing strip)

schematic diagram of cross-section of PLX folded roof

right-angle upright fold

cross-sectional layout ofa pre-profiled bead

PLX roof covering

double upright fold

2 43 1

4

max 450

max 600

5 12

10

5

10

25

3

PLX roofing

3.3.1.1 Sheet sizes

The maximum length of any single PLX sheet strip is 15 meters. When a sheet strip islonger than this is needed to cover a roof, additional engineering solutions should be sug-gested to absorb the tension generated by dilatation, e.g. use of extended sliding clips andthe increase of the size of dilatation gaps.In addition, the length of prefabricated sheet strips is essentially determined by the tech-nical sophistication of the equipment available at the site, the location of the preprofiler(in a plant or at the building site), the local circumstances, the building height, the pitchof the roof and its structural complexity.

3.3.1.2. Sliding clips

Sliding clips give the sheet strips unobstructed thermal movement longitudinally, whileproviding safe fastening that resists the suction force of wind.For roof covers made of PLX sheet strips, the longer the sheet metal is, the greater the im-portance of allowing for such unobstructed movement. The sheet strips must be fixed ina way that ensures unobstructed thermal movement along the eaves and the ridge.Therefore, sliding clips must be used if the length of the sheet strips exceeds 5 meters.



30

Lindab sliding clip

Extra sliding clipConventional clips

PLX roofing

3

The number of clips fastened on the baseboards can be determined as a function of thebuilding height:

3.3.1.3. Upright clips, fixed zones

Upright clips fix the sheet strips to the baseboards in a way that prevents their displace-ment parallel or perpendicular to the plane of the roof. The length of PLX sheet stripsfixed by upright clips should not exceed 5 meters.

The number of upright clips mustbe determined with due regard tothe expected load on the roof, thepitch and the possibility to absorbthe thermal expansion of thesheet strips between the ridgeand the eaves. The upright clipsshould be placed within 1 to 2meter wide strips, or “fixedzones”, which location is illust-rated by this figure.



31

Height of eaves (m) Roof area Clips/m2 Max. spacing (cm)

0 - 8Intermediate 4 33

edge 4 33


edge 6 33


edge 8 25

Conventional fixed clipsLindab fixed clip

fixed zone (fixed clip), approx. 2 meters

placement of fixed clips, as a function of the roof pitch

<10°

L L L L LL/4L/3

10–18° 18–30° ≥30°


3

PLX roofing


32

3.3.2. Transversal sheet connections

– Simple overlapping: permitted only in case of steep roofs > 80°.

– Simple flat fold: can be used for roofs with a pitchexceeding 25°. In order to provide protection against drift-back via capillary attraction, the sheet strips are foldedback asymmetrically.

– Simple flat fold with retention strip: can be applied to surfaces with a pitch exceeding10°. The minimum width of the retention strip should be 100 mm and a distance of min.250 mm should be left between its lower edge and the upper edge of the sheet. Theretention strip is fastened using water-impermeable rivets.

If the pitch of the roof is less than 10°, transversal connections of increased impermeabi-lity are needed:

– slope step– double flat fold.

unnotched cross-folding notched cross-folding

types of cross-folding

Cross-folding with riveted retainer



33

PLX roofing

3

– Slope step

– Double flat folds can be used without sealingabove 7°. Above 5°, a suitable sealant should beinserted (durable sealing strip capable of resist-ing temperature changes).

A limiting factor is that the slope step does not allow for the longitudinal thermal move-ment of the matching sheet strips. It is therefore recommended only if incorporated infixed sheet strips or if sectios shorter than 5 meters are matched. This approach is usedprimarily in case of boarded covers and upstands.

above 7°, fixed to the baseboard by a wedge

cross-folds

Min. 1000

perforated brim

movement clearance

1 – baseboard2 – separation layer3 – retention flange4 – wood screw5 – PLX sheet-metal roof

43

1 2 5

movement clearance

Min. 200minimum inclination 1:16

Min. 50

tiered design of the baseboard,between 3 and 7°

upright fold, upper

upright fold, lower

3

PLX roofing

3.3.3. Roof pitch rates, sealing materials

Sealants used in the Lindab PLX sheet metal roofing system:


Subject to alteration34

Roof pitch Permitted technology Sealant Remarks

Double upright fold>3° + second dewatering layer TBA minimum pitch of

Strip cover without overlapping folded roofingDouble upright fold TBA

>5° Double flat fold TBA Strip length: max. 5 mStrip overlapping with slope steps Step height: min. 6 cm

Double upright fold RUNOTEX

>7°Double flat fold

Wedge supported slope step insert Step height min. 6 cm

Double upright fold RUNOTEX>10° Single flat fold, with

riveted retention flange Double upright fold ABRATEX 80

>15° Single flat fold, with riveted retention flange

>25°Rectangular upright fold ABRATEX 80 Min. angle of folded cover

Single flat fold Overlapping: min 30 mm

>45°Double upright fold

Single flat foldDouble upright fold Facade cladding

>80°Single upright fold or overlapping

Marking Description Main properties Packaging

TBA Fold sealing strip Self-adhesive, 3 x 10 mm 100 m/rollNon-soluble,

ABRATEX 80 Folding oillong life,

5 liters per containercan be used between

10 and 70 °C Good adhesion,

long life,RUNOTEX gel Butyl rubber based colorless, can be painted, 0,3 l per cartridge

contains solventdeterimental to health

PLX roofing

3

3.3.4. PLX roofing joint points

3.3.4.1 Hanging gutter

Hanging gutters need not be dimensioned since their parameters are predetermined by the crosssection of the downpipes. The dimensions can be found in the dimensional tables. The angle isdetermined by the spacing of the downpipes but should be at least 3 to 5 %. The expected life ofthe eaves gutters is determined by the selection of the suitable size, adherence to the prescribedspacing of the gutter brackets and the use of a roof safety system. Further relevant detailed infor-mation can be found in the application technology guides issued with the LindabRainline® andLindabProtectline® systems.



35

1 – baseboard2 – gutter holder/bracket3 – wood screw4 – eaves gutter5 – eaves flashing6 – separation layer7 – retention flange8 – PLX sheet metal

profile of retention flange

high point

100

≥30

~50-80

Extended width:

285 mm

10

low point

8 6 1

3

57

2 4

movement clearanceMin. 200

3

PLX roofing

Retention flange

The principal difference between an eaves gutter designed for structures of sheet metalstrips and one designed for conventional roofing structures is the need to allow for longi-tudinal thermal movement in the case of the former. This is why we use a min. 30 mm widecollar with a protruding flange (see figure below). The end of each strip is folded back tofix it to this flange. To allow for the greater thermal expansion of longer sheet strips, thewidth of this flange must be increased to allow expansion without causing the folded stripends to unhook. A min. 10 cm wide section of the eaves flashing should abut and shouldbe fixed at 20 cm intervals by nails arranged in a zigzag pattern. If the roof pitch is less than7°, the eaves lath should be countersunk into the end of the rafters in a way that ensuresthat the top of the lath remains 5 mm below the upper plane of the base boarding. Then theend of the upright folds can be closed or turned down, as shown in the figures below.


Designs for the end of upright folds (use of templates)

45 35

25

3545

45 35

25

~35

50




37

PLX roofing

3

Downpipes

Downpipes are one of the most crucial structural components in any roof drainage sys-tem. Proper dimensioning can ensure safe removal of the precipitation falling on the roof.The prevailing stormwater load (specified in liters/sec) can be calculated as follows:

Q= Y x F x q [l/s]

where: Y = 1.0 if the roof pitch is < 15°

Y = 0.8 if the roof pitch is > 15°

F = the horizontal projection of the water catchment area (m2)

q = prevailing stormwater load (in Hungary, 0,03 l )s × m2

Dimensioning and the selection of the elements are done according to the following table:

In Hungary, the most commonly specified downpipe size is 100 and 120 mm. Bigger sizesare primarily used to service large halls/workshops.The downpipe sizes compare to the projected area of the roofs as follows:

The above data apply to funneled connecting branches. The projected surface area of con-necting branches without funnels must be reduced by 30%.In cases where offsetting is used instead of a gooseneck, the projected surface areas shownin the table must be reduced by 30%.The number of eaves gutters should be increased if water is collected and drained from aprojected area larger than 300 m2.Downpipes are held in place by built-in pipe clamps spaced 200 mm apart.

Volume of precipitation Diameter of downpipe Extended width of eaves Diameter of eaves gutter ( l/s ) (mm) gutter (mm) (mm)

2,6 87 250 1254,7 100 333 1507,6 120 400 19013,8 150 500

Diameter of downpipe Projection area (m2) Extended width of han-(mm) <15 ° >15 ° ging eaves gutter (mm)

87 91 114 250100 164 205 333120 266 333 400150 482 602 500

3

PLX roofing

3.3.4.2. Eaves gutters

The choice of eaves gutters is based on the downpipes. If the eaves gutter sizes are pro-perly matched with the downpipe sizes in the table, no dimensioning is required sincetheir angle and the rules of installation are standardized.

Round eaves gutters

Pitch of roof Round eaves gutter, extended section (cm)> 45 ° 50> 25 ° 67> 20 ° 80> 15 ° 00



38

Ew: 50 c

m

45°

connecting branch of round gutter connecting branch of rectangular gutter

Drain

Ew: 67 cm

25°

Ew: 80 cm 20°

Ew: 100 cm 15°

0°

Calculation of the dimension of round eaves gutters, as a function of the roof pitch

Diameter A HD/d (mm) (mm)

100/75 151 56100/87 151 48125/75 174 67125/87 174 59

125/100 174 50150/87 207 82

150/100 207 73150/111 207 66150/120 207 60190/100 180 62190/120 206 62

Diameter A HD/d (mm) (mm)

136/87 165 95136/100 165 85136/111 165 75

Diameter d87

100111120


PLX roofing

high point

smallest inclination 1:75

low point

4

2

8

3

5 6

7

9

11

10

Min. 100

Min. 450

movement cl

earance

Roof pitch > 30 °Details regarding application of rectangular eaves gutters

1. – baseboard2. – separation layer3. – retention flange4. – wood screw5. – PLX sheet metal6. – sealing strip7. – gutter holder/bracket8. – clamping screw9. – PLX drain

10. – clip11. – PLX cover, with

upright folds

150 Eaves gutters are connected to the lower edge line of thePLX sheet strip cover via a dilatation flat fold whichgives the sheet strips unobstructed thermal movement.

20°

4434

24

30°

45°

0°

1212

12

Ew. 60 cmEw. 50 cm

Ew. 40 cm

Calculation of the dimension of rectangular eaves gutters, as a function of the roof pitch

Extended width Cross-section(cm) (cm2) 40 5650 8660 142

Rectangular eaves gutters

3


39



low point

high point

see below

Min. 450

min. 100

min. 1000

smallest inclination 1:16

Min. 150

dilatation step

A staggered dilatation model should be used in this range of roof pitch, following the rulesthat specify the difference between the level of the gutter flange, the barge board facing andthe lower flange plane of the PLX roof.Eaves gutters connect to the downpipes directly via a connecting branch or a catch-water drain.In the first case, the respective prevailing stormwater load values must be increased by 30%.The angle of the gutter is determined by the spacing of the downpipes but it should be at least3%. The spacing of gutter brackets is determined by the spacing of the folds of the barge boardfacing (60 cm). Gutter bracket alignment must be adjusted before installing the eaves gutters.– The external edge of the channel should lie 5-6 cm below the plane of the rear fold-back

(measured in vertical direction).– The gutter brackets need not be countersunk, but the level difference of the gaps must be

offset, using e.g. aeration pad.– The eaves gutter must be protected by snow-trap systems from any potential damage

caused by snow or ice.– Eaves gutters should not be used for shallow pitched roofs, below 15°.

15 ° < pitch < 30 °

eaves gutter bracket

1

80˚

65,5195,5

Ø 6

124

4

25

spout

Details regarding application of rectangular eaves gutters

3

PLX roofing

40

PLX roofing

3

3.3.4.3. Parapet gutter The choice of parapet gutters is based on the downpipes. If the gutter sizes are properlymatched with the downpipe sizes in the table, no dimensioning is required since theirangle and the rules of installation are standardized.

Rules governing the installation of rectangular PLX parapet gutters:– Dilatation spacing: < 8 meters.– If possible, funnel type connection branches should be installed upstream of

the downpipes; otherwise the prevailing stormwater load values shown inthe dimensioning table must be increased by 30%.The inclination of the channel is determined by the spacing of the down-pipes, but should be at least 5%.

– The external seam of the parapet gutter should be bent outwards to preventany subsequent (highly probable) penetration of rainwater.If the external seam of the parapet gutter is bent inwards, a spillway must beinserted in each space between two downpipes.The external seam of the parapet gutter should lie 5-6 cm (measured in ver-tical plane) below the level of the internal seam.

– For inner parapets, shed and valley gutters, the number of downpipes mustbe doubled, and a double wall safety channel must be provided.



41

outside parapet gutter

3

PLX roofing

The outer shell of the safety channel should be located at least 2 cm above the upper edgeof the inner channel. The horizontal size should be at least 15 cm. If possible, the innerchannel should always be drained inside the building and provided with heating.Each gutter section should be provided with a gulley protected by two leaf baskets.The inner element of the safetychannels can be mounted on tothe (semicircular) gutter bracketsor on the (rectangular) base-board or on the carpet backinglaid on the bottom element.The minimum gutter bracketspacing is 60 cm (for base-boards min. 80 cm).Parapet gutters must be pro-tected from sliding snow andice by a properly designedsnow catching system.



42

Inside parapet gutter with safety channel

Design of the end-sheet of the parapet gutter



43

PLX roofing

Ventilation of the roof structure should be designed to let the air layer pass through thelower half of the parapet gutter.

Ventilation of roof structure with parapet gutter

3



44

3

PLX roofing

I. cut-pattern and operation steps of installation of a parapet gutter corner (Finnish fold)

1

H

22 30

cca 10°

B

clip

H

≥10

0

F

FB

H

H FB

sheet metal

sheet metal

R = 25

≥ 375

parapet gutter

drain pipe

2

3 4 5



45

PLX roofing

3

II. cut-pattern and operational steps of installation of a parapet gutter corner (curved fold)



46

3

PLX roofing

Steps of installation of a funneled drain pipe branch

Folded drain pipe connection

6

D

d

H50

6 65

PLX roofing

3

3.3.4.4. Eaves sheet

The height (h1) of the upturned section of PLX sheet strips joining to eaves sheets shouldbe determined with due regard to the roof pitch, the building height and other local cir-cumstances. If a retention flange or lath is used, the upturn need not be higher than 40to 60 mm.

The eaves sheets should be designed to allow for longitudinal thermal movement of theconnecting sheet strips but provide the strength needed to resist increased wind loadalong the edge of the roof.



47

Building height Dimension of eaves sheet Distance between the water drip and the

(m) h1 h2 facade (mm)

< 8 40- 60 min. 50 20-308-20 40- 60 min. 80 30-40>20 60-100 min.100 40-50

h1

h2

> 25° (47%)

3

PLX roofing

The eaves sheet elements can be lengthened by using simple upright or flat folds, maxi-mum 2 meters apart. Eaves sheet profiles may offer opportunities for a wide variety ofroof contour designs.



48

types of eaves sheet designs for PLX sheet metal roofing

PLX roofing

3

Arch gable

Arch gables can be covered with PLXsheet strips by using segments of foldspacing perpendicular to the tangentof the arch. The size of the segmentsdepends on the radius of the arch, thebuilding height and the thickness ofthe sheet used for this purpose.The elements should be prefabricatedin a workshop, in accordance with thearchitect’s spacing plan. The elementsshould be mounted according to thepattern previously plotted onto thebaseboard. After fastening the centralpiece at the apex of the arch, the otherelements to be fixed by hidden retain-ing should be mounted on both sidesalternately.

3.3.4.5. Ridge fold

The height of the ridge fold (H = 40 x √∆) should be determined using the formula or thetable below, in accordance with the extent of movement experienced with sheet strips ofdifferent length.



49

1 – baseboard2 – separation layer (see Item 3 of Section 3.1)3 – PLX folded sheet metal roofing

3

1

∆ Min. 5

H

Ridge fold

2

hiddenextension

∆ Hextent of movement height

(mm) (mm)5 898 113 11 13214 150

3

PLX roofing

3.3.4.6. Roof edge

Along the lines of roofs with upstands covered by PLX sheet strips, any solutions mustprovide appropriate weather protection, yet allow unobstructed thermal movement of thesheet material. The minimum height of the edge joints can be determined using the for-mula applicable to the ridge fold.

After the folds are bent down, we can choose from three methods:



Ridge with upright folding

Beaded edge-arresting element

Ridge with lath insert covered with

double waterdrip cladding

50

PLX roofing

3

Mansard roofs represent a special category since the roof edge must be closed and kept wa-tertight along the intersection line created by a low-pitched roof plane and a steep section ofthe roof. In addition, the seam connection must ensure proper ventilation of the roof section.



51

intersection line of a steep and ashallow-pitched section of the roof

intersection line of a steep and a shallow-pitched section (loft) of the roof

3

PLX roofing



52

3.3.4.7. Ventilating ridge

A ventilating ridge is an indispensable component of roofs covered with PLX sheet strips.The ventilating ridge permits linear ventilation of the roof structure through properlysized vent holes. A protective net prevents insects and snow from entering.

There are three methods for finishing the footing:– the upright folds for connecting the sheet strips can be bent down and then

turned up to the footing,– the upright folds for connecting the sheet strips can be bent down and then

connected to the footing collar, using a double sealed flat fold,– by taking up the upright fold cover, using the so called “crease” or “boot-

crease”.

The height of the footing shall be equal to:= 10 cm, if the roof pitch is > 25°= 6 cm, if the roof pitch is > 25° (only in case of broad ridge cover!)= 15 cm, if the roof pitch is < 25°.

1

2

Key components: 1 – Skeleton2 – Footing3 – Cover4 – Insect net

3

4

Schematic drawing of the ventilating ridge design



53

PLX roofing

3

Steps for mounting a ventilating ridge

1. Bottom boarding (a gap for the upper vent is left open)

2. Right side cover(extended according to the lengthneeded for turning up and folding back)

3. Left side cover (right side bent down cover is folded back)

4. Support structure of the vent hole(cover folded up and fixed at both sides, uprightboarding fixed; insect net put in place and fixed)

5. Upper boarding (the boarding slopes to one or two directions; fasteners placed below the bent up cover, by 5 cm, at the least)

6. Covered ventilating ridge

3

PLX roofing



54

Options for closing the ridge vent at the ends

PLX roofing

3



55

One sided ridge vent

Flat ridge vent

Special ridge vents

3

PLX roofing



56

3.3.4.8. Pent roof

In general, the design details of a pent roof covered by PLX sheet strips are identical withthose of joint connections employed in case of the pitched roofs. The upper roof edge canbe shaped using techniques mentioned in the case of eaves sheets, but care should betaken to ensure proper venting of the roof structure and dilatation of the sheet strips.

venting of the high point section of a pent roof

PLX roofing

3



3.3.4.9. Valley

The valley gutters of roofs covered with PLX sheet strips can be shaped using the following methods:

– fold spacing made of sheet strips,– valley gutter or valley sheet (using single or double folding),– lath inserts with covered edges.

Valley gutter

Valley with drawn fold spacing

Lath inserts with covered edges

48

80

57

3

PLX roofing



58

Countersunk design: Pitch of the valley:

Single flat fold, with riveted retainer 10°<α <25°

The connection that joins the sheet strips sideways to the valley sheet enable longitudinalthermal movement of the roof components. Double flat folds may be used to connectpieces of sheet metal up to a maximum length of 5 meters.

Connection by double fold 7° <α < 10°

Simple flat fold α > 25°

Recess 5° <α < 7°

movement clearance movement clearance

min. 200.

Min

. 100

Min. 375

1 2 34

567

1 – Baseboards2 – Separation layer3 – Valley4 – Retention flange5 – Wood screw6 – PLX sheet metal

PLX roofing

3



59

High pitched (> 25°) valley, mounted on vented roof structure

Low pitched (> 10°) valley, with single flat fold

snow guard snow guard

Shaping of valleys determine theirinclination, length and the length ofjoining sheets. Valleys have to beprepared from sheet strips evenwhere inclination is < 10°. The lon-gitudinal thermal movement of thevalley should be done with decentcrosswise connection. ridge

ridg

e

ridg

e

ridge valley

guttergutter

3

PLX roofing



60

Design of a curved valley

PLX roofing

3



61

3.3.4.10 Recess gutter

1 – baseboard2 – lining3 – gutter4 – cladding5 – riveting, by 200 mm spacing6 – retention flange7 – nailed joint8 – separation layer (see Item 3 of Section 3.3)9 – PLX folded sheet strip cover

8 9

7 6

3

3

4

5

1

minimalinclination1:75

high point

low point

A-A View

Min. 375

movement clearance min. 20 mmmovement clearance min. 20 mm

max. 12000 mm

overflow

1-1 Section

end of downpipe

end of downpipe

A-A

90

movement clearancemovement clearance

The recess gutter of folded roof covers may be of double folded or welded design. In thelatter case, the gutter is fabricated of 2 mm thick stainless steel sheet. The gutters aredivided into 12 meter long sections. Each section is provided with a downpipe and anoverflow pipe. The overflow can be designed as shown on the drawing, connected to thenearest downpipe. In this case, the connection to the gutter should not impede the move-ment of the sheet.

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62

3.3.4.11. Upstands

The location and dimensions of upstands must be taken into consideration when thecover design (incl. sheet strips, strip length, dilatation, etc.) is drafted.The longitudinal joint connections of the PLX roof should be at least 200 mm from the edgeof any upstand. The design of transversal sheet connections is based on the roof pitch:

Simple hook-on flat fold α > 25 °Simple flat fold, with riveted fastener α > 10 °Double flat fold α > 7 °Wedged slope step α > 7 °Slope step α > 5 °

The water impermeability of the folded connections between collars around upstands (e.g.chimneys, dormer windows, air vent pipes, manholes, etc.) and the PLX roof cover is of ut-most importance. The collars surrounding such upstands should allow for min. 1 cm dilata-tion. The collars should reach up and be fastened to the wall of the upstand at a height ofmin. 150 mm where the sheet metal is fixed by clips and covered by cross laths. If the sizeof the upstand exceeds 60 cm when measured against a plane perpendicular to the slope, an

“ice wedge” should beplaced behind it. The sheetstrips can be set in a verticalposition by bending up thebentdown double uprightfold or by integrating a con-voluting creased fold ornotching, i.e. shaping a socalled “boot-crease”.

AB

B A

minimum slope 1:10

depe

ndin

g on

the

pitc

h(m

in. 1

20 m

m)

depe

ndin

g on

the

pitc

h(m

in. 1

50 m

m)

movement clearancemovement clearance

A-A Section

B-B Section

PLX roofing

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63

The windows and other roof openings should be inserted in accordance with the spacing ofthe sheet strips. A window flush with the plane of the roof may be built in folded roofs and inroofs reinforced with lath inserts if the sheet metal can be bent down on the collar of the win-dow in the direction of the slope and the design of the window frame guarantees perfect di-version of any water from above. Otherwise, the window must be mounted at least 20 cmabove the plane of the roof.

Rectangular upstands (eg. chimneys)

Width of upstand < 1000 mm In this case, no water baffle need be usedand the top of the upstand may slope ineither direction.

Width of upstand > 1000 mm

In this case, a water baffle should beintegrated and the water is divertedin two directions.

3

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64

Circular upstands

When upstand collars are folded, the collar of the coni-cal frustum fastened to the cover sheet should notimpede the thermal movement of the cover strip.

Chimney collars

The following technologies can be applied to fold up the collar:

1. convolutional creased fold

2. “boot-crease”

3. double upright fold

12 3

PLX roofing

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65

1

1

cutting pattern of the sheetpanels around chimneys

2

2

3

3

Phases of chimney bordering I.


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66

Phases of chimney bordering II.

A

Ale

ngth

heig

ht

width

length

x

width

height

length

+ x

width

height

20

21

1

3 3

32

1

2

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67

3.3.4.12. Wall cladding

Double drip wall cladding fastened to the baseboard is the most frequently used type ofPLX wall cladding, which must normally be mounted at a min. 5° inward pitch. The simp-lest way is by integration of the baseboards mounted on wedging of proper pitch.

Standard prefabricated lengths of the com-ponents: 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 meters.Up to 670 mm extended width, the elementsare extended by using planar extensions,completed with hooked flat fold, topped withupright folding. The min. 5 cm vertical size ofthe cover flange shall increase in proportionwith the building height, in accordance withthe rules applicable to the design of eavessheets. The retaining collars are made of0,7 mm thick galvanized steel sheets, pre-cut to max. 4 meters by the manufacturer.

A

A

A – A

Details of the wall cladding process

extension methods

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68

parapet wall cladding, incl.

two drip noses

Firewall cladding

min. 300

minimal inclination 1:10

PLX roofing

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69

wall flashings parallel with the eaves

3.3.4.13. Wall flashings

According to their position on the roof, the PLXwall flashings can be:

– parallel to or at an angle with the eaves,– perpendicular to the eaves or angled.

If the roof pitch is less than 25°, the flashingshould extend and be fastened at least 150 mmup the wall of any higher structure behind it. Ifthe pitch exceeds 25° and local circumstancespermit, 100 mm flashings will suffice.To ensure unobstructed thermal movement ofthe folded sheet strips, the bent-up flashingsshould not be pressed close against the wall buta min. 1 cm dilatation gap must be left.The upper brim of the folding should be awater impervious fold, fastened with clips andclosed by cross laths. The cross laths may not belonger than 4 meters and shall be fastened 25cm apart.

wall flashing with lath insert

movement clearance

depending on the slope angle m

in. 100 mm

depending on the slope angle (m

in. 120 mm

)

wall flashings perpendicular to the eaves

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70

Bending up of the upper edge of a PLX sheet metal cover completed with upright folding

Vented folded intersections of roof / wall joint connections

creased fold curved fold

PLX roofing

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71

upturning with flat fold design principle of upturning with curved fold

10 10

10

45

20

35

1

2

3

design principle and installation phases of upturning with creased fold

cut-pattern of upturning with creased fold

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72

3.3.4.14. Bordering of dormer and transom windows

The arrengement of dormer and transom windows is suitable to plan in accordance with thelocation of sheet strips. Folded and lath insert roofs are possible to install only such dormerwindows of which back edge is practicable to band the sheet in slope and the shaping of theframe of dormer window render the perfect drain off of moisture. If the dormer window wasnot able for that it has to be taken out above the cover level with minimum 20 cm.

Dormer installation

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73

The structure of dormer windows covered by PLX roofing should be properly ventilated. Ingeneral, the cladding superstructure is connected with the air vent of the adjacent roof surfaceand vented through the gap below the eaves flashing. Transversal air circulation can also beprovided below the upper roof section. By opening the structure of the board frame of the win-dow ledge, the transom and the gable, further air intake and outlet holes can be created. Onepossibility is to insert below the sheet cover an aeration pad that provides venting through itsfull cross-section.

corner of window ledge

transversal cross sectionof the roof structure

longitudinal cross sectionof the roof structure

3

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74

Footing of transom window

3.5. Joint connections of PLX folded roofing applied to Lindab hall structures

The roof structure, which is open and ventedalong the line of the eaves and the slope step, isalso vented on both sides of the transom win-dow. The basic design can be installed in twoways:– turned up and bent back– creased folding.

Rectangular eaves gutter, concealed design

Cladding of back folded footing

7

8

1

23

45

1. Light beam2. Wooden rib, 48 x 75 mm3. Boarding4. Separation layer5. PLX folded sheet-metal roof6. Wooden rib, 48 x 100 mm7. Perforated sheet8. Rafting9. OSB hardboard

3



75

Eaves

closed joint connection of wall / roof interface

∆

1. Light beam2. Wooden rib, 48 x 75 mm3. Boarding4. Separation layer5. PLX folded sheet-metal roof6. Wooden rib, 48 x 100 mm7. Perforated sheet8. Rafting9. Hardboard

54

32

56

9

1

8

high profiledceiling floor

tread-resistantthermal insulation

1

8

venting comb

PLX roofing

3

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76

Design of roof edge

Vented connection ofroof / wall / window-sill

1 8

2

5

8

4

3

7

1. Light beam2. Wooden rib, 48 x 75 mm3. Boarding4. Separation layer5. PLX folded sheet metal roof6. Wooden rib, 48 x 100 mm7. Perforated sheet8. Rafting

1

3

800

4 5

648

PLX roofing

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77

3.6. Arched folded roofing

The arch-bending machine is an idealtool for shaping curved roof segments,vaulted and barrel vaulted roof elements.The machine bends prefolded PLX sheetsof predetermined length according to apreset radius, without damaging theexisting coatings. The minimum bendingradius is 1500 mm. The permissible foldspacing varies between 300 and 800 mm.The machine can easily be switched fromfolding a straight section to folding anarch and vice versa.

3.7. Roof safety system

The Lindab roof safety system isa complete system that includesprotection against falling snow,as well as the possibility to walkand work safely on the roof evenafter completion of the roof. When components of the roofsafety system are mounted onor attached to folded joints, thedistance between the clipsshould be reduced and thefolds must be sealed perfectly.

Ice-flow Snow-pocket

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78

Main product categories

Snow guards, snow boards

To protect passers by from chunks of thawing ice and snow falling down from the roof,various snow guards and snow retaining systems are installed. Hungarian regulationsrequire public institutions and other frequented buildings to be provided with such safe-ty measures.At present, Lindab markets two types of snow guards:

- tube snow guard (single, dual, or triple tube),- snow boards.

Both of the two systems are capable of preventing blocks of packed snow that pile up on the rooffrom slipping and falling down, thus enhancing the safety of people below. In most cases, thesedevices can be used in combination without compromising the roofing structure. The compo-nents of these systems are made of zinc-coated steel sheets; painted products are also available.The maximum spacing between the snow guards or snow-fences is specified in the fol-lowing table (in meters):

Tube snow system

Fixing is without perforation the sheet. In optimal case on each seam has to have a pair ofclamps which has to be fixed with screws. In these clamps are the pipes drafted (direct) orthe fastening of pipeholder consoles (indirect).

The direct fastened snow guard is available with one pipe while the indirect one is reachablewith one, two or three pipes after demands. It is frequent to use dual snow guard system in aroof while above entrance is built with triple pipes system.

Roof angle 6° 10° 14° 18° 23° 27° 33° 38° 42° 45° 50° 55°

1 60 36 27 19 14 11 10 12 14 17 25 53Snowzone kN/m2 1,5 40 24 18 13 9 7 7 8 9 11 17 36

2 30 18 13 9 7 5 5 6 7 8 13 27

rubber supportFST LSB clamp

Direct

HNT 5 console

Indirect

PLX roofing

3



79

Arranging snow guard pipes in HNT console system. The one pipe variety is generallyused as safety railing.

Snow boards

Comparing snow boards to cube snow systems applied higher safety. Perforated snowboards catch efficient the falling snow from the roof. Installing in folded roof is possibleonly with the indirect system. Design of the system is according to the principle in tube sys-tems.

HNT 5 console

Roof gangways

Roof gangways are installed to ensure safe access to any part of the roof after the buildingis commissioned. In addition to being used by chimney sweeps, gangways can be vitalemergency routes in case of fire. The gangways can be ordered with or without handrailsand are fastened by FST clamping shoes and FSTB brackets.

Lenght size of boards: 2070 and 3060 mm. Height of boards 190 mm

1 FST

FSTB

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80

Railings

Safety railing

Buildings often receive natural indoor lighting via flush-mounted dome-lights or transomwindows. Snowfall, however, may cover the entire roof, hiding the transom-windows andposing a risk to anyone walking on the roof under such conditions. By installing safety rail-ings around the transom windows, added safety is provided even in periods of heavy snow-fall. To further enhance the safety of roof maintenance workers, the gangways can also beequipped with hand-rails.

Safety ridge rail

Clamping rings and ridge rails are mounted on low- andhigh-pitch roofs, respectively. Both provide enhancedsafety to people working on the roof, by offering anchor-ing shackles to which safety ropes can be attached. Theclamping rings and ridge rails must be subjected to adynamic load test.

Roof and wall ladders

Safe roof work also includes safeaccess to the roof. The Lindab roofsafety system includes ladders of alltypes to be affixed to the walls androof, and meeting the most strin-gent requirements. The roof battensare mounted on FSTS middlebrackets. eaves gutter

bracket

FSTS

FST

PLX roofing

3



81

3.8. Roof cover with insert laths

Since PLX roof covers with insert laths make an optically robust impression, this approachis often used to achieve a more attractive architectural effect for both roofs and facades.The main difference from the folded roofing system is that the sheet strips are connectedindirectly, by inserting laths which allow freer thermal movement of the sheet strips. Thisadditional freedom of movement may, however, slightly compromise the perfect imper-viousness of the standard structure. The minimum pitch of lath insert type PLX roofingmade of continuous sheet strips is therefore 7°.

The lath size is at least 40 x 40 mm, larger as needed. Laths must be properly fastened tothe baseboards, in order to withstand the stress caused by suction force of the wind.

A min. 3 mm wide transversal dilatation gap must be left between the bent-up edge of thesheet strips and the lath insert. The transversal connections must be made and the clipsmust be spaced in accordance with the guidelines for double upright folding. The platesused to cover the lath inserts can be fixed by:

- simple folding of the sheet strip edges

3 3

50550

80

Ew.: 180 mm

Ew.: 150 mm10

75

600

2450

4038

50

- fastening collar

3

PLX roofing



82

Gable

>3° (5%) >25° (47%)

Eaves with wedge-type insert

design of eaves completed withcovered lath inserts

Connection of roof/wall surfaces

Nodal connection of roofs with lath insert

PLX roofing

3


83

3.9. Roof covers made of small elements and fish-scale components

PLX sheet metal roofing made of small elements(Dutch-bonding, fish-scale arrangement).

This method offers special advantages over con-ventional clay tile and slate roofs in terms of lightweight, durability and aesthetic appearance.Field of application: work requiring special skillsand expertise and to be done on roofs having apitch of 25° or more.Dutch-bonded roofing is generally made of PLXplates of the following dimensions (mm): 333 x 333,400 x 333, 500 x 333, 500 x 670 or 670 x 1000. Theshape and size of plates needed to cover spherical,conical or toroidal roof surfaces must be determinedby geometrical construction. In general, simple flat-folded connections are made by folding back a 25 to

40 mm wide section of the sheet metal.Fish-scale-patterned roofing is made ofplates whose extended size varies in therange of 250 to 400 mm, folding back a 25 to40 mm wide section of the sheet metal andcutting the individual elements to a rectan-gular or rhombic form. In contrast to thevertical and horizontal hooking pattern ofDutch-bonded roofing, the elements of fish-scale patterned roofing are fixed by hooksarranged at angles.

Dutch-bonded roofing pattern fish-scale roofing pattern

connection of upright folding andcovering made of small elements


3

PLX roofing



84

Large PLX sheet panels

Field of application: covering of low-pitched (min.10°) roofs and canopies.In general, large sheet roofing consists of PLXsheets cut to 1000 x 670 mm. Each is placed indi-vidually or in strips preassembled by the manufac-turer. The elements are connected lengthwise byupright folding, while a suitable connectingmethod (e.g. simple flat fold, simple flat fold withfastener, or double flat fold) is used transversally.

Fish-scale roofing pattern

Installation of a dormer window in a roof of fish-scale pattern

Connection of a folded and a fish-scaled section of the roof

PLX roofing

3



85

3.10. Edging of composition roofing

Composition type roofs are edged using FOP-FA grade hard sheet metal elements. Theirlength varies between 1000 and 4000 mm, while their thickness is 0,5 or 0,6 mm. The ele-ments can be extended using connecting beads.

Cornice cover Extension of elements

footing of transom light Parapet cover

Nodal connection options for edging composite roofs

transom light

mechanical fastener

thermal insulation

fixed cover strip

mineral wool

wedge for thermal insulation wedge for thermalinsulation

closing of the edge of thezinc-coated sheet

cover strip

Lindab sheet

steel plate footing

folded Lindab sheet

impregnatedwood frame

3

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86

3.11. Edging of hard roof covers

Hard roofs are edged using FOP-FA grade hard sheet metal elements. Their length variesbetween 1000 and 4000 mm, while their thickness is 0,5 or 0,6 mm. The elements can be ex-tended using connecting beads or overlapped and riveted connections sealed with gel rubber.

Ventilated eaves

Installation of eaves flashing in tiled roofing Design of eaves sheets in tiled roofing

Nodal connection of slate roof andPLX upright folded sheet metal roofing

PLX roofing

3



87

Wall flashings used to complete chimney covering

Identification of chimney collar size, as a function of the roof pitch

60° 50

° 45° 40°

30°

25°

20°

10°

1515

16

1516

141215

15

10

1620Size

of c

olla

r (c

m)

Pitch

10 10

12

15

3

PLX roofing



88

Eaves sheet designs of chimney covering

Bending methods applied to chimney covering

PLX roofing

3



89

Collar adjusted to wave-form tiles

Bordering of dormer window integrated in tile roofing

3

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90

3.12. Lightning protection

The purpose of lightning protection is to protect buildings/structures and human lifeagainst lightning. In most cases, the lightning hits the uppermost part of any building, i.e.the roof. Ideally, a sheet metal roof acts as a natural lightning collector, making the instal-lation of separate lightning rods unnecessary. Of course, one should not neglect to installdischarge rods or grounding/earthing wires.The structural design and production technology of the Lindab’s PLX sheet metal pro-ducts permits their being used as a natural “lightning rod”. Lightning will vaporize theplastic coating of the sheet material, but not (with more than 99% probability) melt thesteel sheet. To prevent any potential damage caused by lightning to the protective coatingof the sheet metal, separate lightning rods must be installed.Any metallic object protruding from the roof behaves as a natural lightning rod and mustbe connected to the sheet metal roofing. Since the flow of electricity is concentrated at thepoints where the lightning dischargers are connected, these spots should be supplied witha connecting bus fixed by 4 or 5 screws. The fittings used to connect the PLX sheet stripsused as natural lightning rods should be made of 3 mm thick hot-dip-galvanized steelwire. The fittings of the lightning protection system should obviously be fixed in a waythat does not prevent the thermal movement of the sheets.

Installation of a lightning rod

Design of a lightning discharge rod

3

PLX roofing

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91

Fittings of the lightning protection system

Discharging and connectingmastCode Nr: P1 (long)

Discharging and connectingmastCode Nr: P1 (long)

Discharging junction pieceCode Nr: L1

Mast of lightning rod peak, fixedby three screwsCode Nr: F1

Universal connecting partCode Nr: K1

Parallel junction pieceCode Nr: K2 (öntött)

Longitudinal/transversal fasten-ing component to be fixed on theupright foldCode Nr: K3 (cast)

Longitudinal/transversal fasten-ing component to be fixed on theupright foldCode Nr: K3 (cast)

Universal junction pieceCode Nr: B1(cast)

Fastening component for the light-ning rod peak to be fixed on theupright folded sheet-metal roofCode Nr: B1(cast)

Fastening component for the light-ning rod peak to be fixed on theupright folded sheet-metal roofCode Nr: B1(cast)

3

PLX facadecladding


4

4


93


4. PLX facade cladding

PLX sheet strips can be used to create attractive, durable and maintenance-free facadecladding. Rectangular upright folding is the most preferred installation system.

Other installation alternatives include:- system of double upright folding- folding system with insert laths- system of combined roofing techniques.

Essentially, the application technology is identical with the principles described in respect tothe roofing methods, but special care should be taken during the design and installationphases due to:

- the properties of the materials used- the regulations described in the respective standards- the aesthetic requirements of the facade.

– The base boarding and the supporting structures of the sheet cladding should be dimensionedwith due regard to the respective standards: load (wind pressure, dead-weight: MSZ 15021),fire protection (MSZ 595) and lightning protection.

– The fastening/clamping components should bedimensioned to withstand the possible suctionforce of the wind, as shown below:

Only fastening components made of stainlesssteel may be used.

– Adequate ventilation between the baseboardingand the thermal insulation layer must be en-sured, as specified below:

air gap clearance: 2.5 cmgap for inward ventilation F / 1000 but at least 2.0 cmgap for outward ventilation F / 800 but at least 2.0 cm

– The longitudinal folding of PLX sheets can be done using pre-profiling or edge-bend-ing equipment. The use of the latter prevents any bending deformation. The use ofplate-size sheets or max. 3-5 meter long sheet strips is recommended.

Height of eaves Suction force of wind N/m2

(meters) at the at the above inter- corners edges nal surfaces

0 – 8 1250 750 5008 - 20 2000 1200 800

20 - 100 2750 1650 1100

PLX facade cladding


4


94

– The sheet strips can be simply overlapped transversally, according to the followingtable:

– The free thermal movement of the sheet strips should never be hindered. Only elementsshorter than 1 meter may be fixed permanently; in other cases, clips should be used. Thesheet strips can be secured by upright clips at their upper edge or along their transversalconnection joints. The rectangular upright folds should be tightened using less force thanusual, in order to facilitate the thermally induced movement of the plates.

Facade height Overlapping (m) mm

<8 >508-20 >80

20-50 >100

using dividing stripusing flat folding

special sheet connections

Overlapping

4


95


PLX facade cladding

– The sheet surfaces can be protected from undesirable corru-gation or buckling by adequate selection of the productiontechnology, strip width, fold spacing and nodal connectiondesign.

– The spacing of the rectangular folds or insert laths should bechosen in accordance with the framing pattern of upstandsand windows.

The design drawings of the roof cover should also illustrate thelocations of any ladders, shielding or other objects to be mount-ed on the facade.

details of facade cladding made of PLX sheets


4


96

Closing of the upper section of facade cladding

Drip edges contribute to the artistic architectural contour and appearance to the building.This type of cover should ensure adequate ventilation through the wall structure, com-bined with proper protection against penetration of precipitation and snow.

shaping of the lower end of upright folds

PLX facade cladding

4


97


connection of PLX strip facade and roofcladding along the gable line

vented nodal connection of roof/wall

ventilation should be provided at spots other than usualin case of connections closed by folded roofing

Ew.: 30 cm

20,5

3

5

1,5

PLX facade cladding


4


98

Design of footing

Correctly designed nodal connections at footings ensure unobstructed thermal movement ofthe PLX facade cladding and leave a sufficient gap to vent the inner air space. If the plane ofthe footing is located in front of the PLX facade cladding, then the upper plane of the footingshould be weather-proofed (FOP-FA edge, covering by natural or artificial stone).

Design of corners and wall interfaces

- outer corner

Single-faced right-angle fold Double-faced right-angle fold

optional designs for the lower nodal connection ofPLX strip facade cladding

PLX facade cladding


99


- With cover strip - Inner corner

Design of lateral connections of facade cladding, applied to traditional building structures.

≥ 20 cm rendering

rendering

wall

flexible putty

wall

≥ 20 cm

≥ 20 cm

≥ 20 cm

rabbet molding

4

PLX facade cladding

Maintenance,repair and

refurbish of PLX


5

Maintenance, repair and refurbish of PLX

5


101


5. Maintenance, repair and refurbishing of PLX

The local climate largely determines the progress of ageing of the paint coating of anysheet-metal. Solar radiation, weather effects, distance from the sea and the degree of envi-ronment pollution are the factors with the greatest impact. Damage to the paint coatingduring or subsequent to installation does not necessarily seriously impair the corrosionprotection, provided that such damage is repaired or eliminated immediately. Thus, theexpected useful life of the sheet shall not be reduced. Solar radiation affects the quality of the paint coating in two ways:– UV radiation accelerates the ageing process,– paint coatings of different colors warm up at different rates and degrees. Light colors

fade slowly, while darker colors tend to fade faster. This should be taken into considera-tion when selecting colors.

5.1 Cleaning

Although pelting rain keeps roofs reasonably neat and tidy, stubborn residues should be removedat least once a year by spray-gun or a soft wet brush.Special attention should be paid to areas where rain-water never gets at. Detergents are probably needed forparticularly soiled areas. Household detergents areperfectly suitable for this purpose. Washing should befollowed by thorough rinsing to remove any residualdetergent, if necessary, by spray-gun.The more drastic cleaning methods can damage thepaint coating. The use of organic solvents should beavoided. Proceed with the cleaning from the bottom totop. Caution is justified because excessive washing andcleaning can do more harm than good.Scratches can be mended by repainting, using a thinpaintbrush. The original paint should always be used,otherwise the hue of the repainted surface will differfrom the rest.

5.2 Corrosion

When any imperfection appears on a painted surface, clean the peeling, blistering or dis-colored surface by scraping or grinding.Remove every particle of rust from the damaged surface by sand blasting or filing untilthe steel core of the sheet becomes visible. Wash the surface with alkaline, greasy cleaningagent. Rinse the surface with clean water and let it dry. Apply a zinc-based primer and thetouch-up paint provided by the manufacturer.



5


102

Corrosion of the edge of the sheet:

No corrosion is expected to develop along the edges of the sheet-metal under normalweather conditions. This phenomenon may, however, occur under aggressive weather cir-cumstances, so special attention should be paid to the finishing of any sheet-metal to beinstalled in such places. If the sheet is damaged, proceed as follows:File, scrape or grind the surface where the paint erod-ed or where rust is visible. Also remove the paint froman area of reasonable width surrounding the surfacedirectly attacked by rust. Wash the surface with alka-line, greasy cleaning agent. Rinse the surface with cleanwater and let it dry. Apply zinc-based, corrosion-proofprimer and the touch-up paint provided by the manu-facturer.It may be difficult to repair corroded surfaces along the edges of overlapping sheets usingthe above described method since the lower surface of the sheet can be accessed andcleaned only after having dismounted that section of the roof cover. This problem can beavoided by proper insulation of the folds and overlapping surfaces.Accordingly, always apply Runotex or Abratex 80 sealing paste to the folded surfaces toensure appropriate insulation.

5.3 Repainting

Repainting of the sheet-metal may be necessitated by discoloration, peeling or corrosionof the sheet or, simply, if the user wants to change the color of the roof.Outdoor steel surfaces should always be repainted using quality methods and equipmentand a proven paint system. When the time for repainting large roof surfaces comes, con-sult Lindab’s experts to select the appropriate materials and technology.

5.4 Annual inspection

Inspection and maintenance of roofs twice a year can savemuch money and time. The following potential sources oftrouble should be focused on during each inspection:


5


103


SOURCE OF TROUBLE

Inspection of the integrity of the paint coating.Check any apparent discoloration or surfacedamage. Check carefully all surfaces notcleaned by rain.Clogged gutters, piping.Clogging facilitates the development of cor-rosion and penetration of condensate intothe building.Dirt adheres to the sheet panels.By creating a permanently damp and wetenvironment, dirt is the “hot-bed” of corro-sion.Damaged paint coat.Check the integrity of the paint coating atleast once a year.Foreign material found on the roof.Check for metal objects (screws, nuts, wash-ers etc.) on the sheet-metal roof.Workmanship deficiencies.Poorly or inadequately fixed fasteners facili-tate water infiltration or rusting.Edge corrosion may appear along the cutedges of overlapping sheets or at the end ofthe sheet-metal. In the absence of propercountermeasures, rusting can spread quickly.

TASKS TO BE DONE

Assess the roof’s condition and opt for thebest maintenance measures: washing, clean-ing, stopping of edge corrosion. If needed,consult our staff experts.Remove all dirt and litter from the guttersand downpipes.

Remove all dirt as described formerly, to letthe sheet-metal dry.

Identify the tasks to be done (e.g. cleaning,re-painting, replacement of corroded sheets),depending on the severity of the corrosion.Remove any foreign material, in order tostop or prevent corrosion.

Replace any poorly fixed fasteners. If thethread is worn, install screws/nuts of a big-ger size.Clean carefully the corroded surface and re-paint it as described above.

Literature

Lindab Kft. Prelaq PLX Application Guide 1996

László Szántó Design and installation of sheet metals Notes, 2002

György Szederkényi Installation of PLX sheet metal Notes, 2002

Dr. Fodor István (BME) Lighting Protection Notes, 2002

Hungarian Federation ofRoofing Contractors (ÉMSZ) Tetôfedések tervezési és kivitelezési irányelvei Notes, 2002

SSAB Tunnplåt Produktinformation 1996

SSAB Tunnplåt Prelaq Academy 1. 1998

Plåtslageriernas Riksförbund Byggnadsplåt 1-14 1996

Lindab Profil AB Tak-väggkatalogen (Brochure) 1998

DIN German Industrial Norms


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lindab plx sheet line

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