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Page 1: LIGHTING YOUR WAY TO BETTER VISION - Center of Design · LIGHTING YOUR WAY TO BETTER VISION 6 Take a moment to look around each room. If you have heavy draperies or valances on the

LIGHTING YOUR WAY TO BETTER VISION

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The American Optometric Association, representing morethan 34,000 doctors of optometry, optometry students,paraoptometric assistants and technicians, is pleased tosupport the information contained in Lighting Your WayTo Better Vision. As the aging adult population continuesto increase in North America, quality lighting’s role inmeeting the needs of an aging visual system becomesever more important.

As we age, even healthy eyes become more sensitive toglare—they require higher contrasts to see than they didwhen we were younger. The need for higher light levelsalso means that control of sources of light is especiallyimportant. The recommendations included in thisbrochure are critically important if ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration or diabeticretinopathy, affect one’s vision, or low vision aids are prescribed by an optometrist to maximize one’s remainingvision.

The combination of regular, comprehensive eye examinations and quality environmental lighting canenhance the visual experience and maintain productivityfor a lifetime.

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As we get older, nothing is more frustrating than not being able to see as well as weused to. An eye examination and new glasses can be a big help, but proper lightingis just as critical.

No matter whether you’re going to continue living in your home, or you’re movingto an apartment or retirement community, lighting is going to become an ever moreimportant part of your everyday life. It will add to your comfort and enjoyment. And,it will help to keep you safe.

This brochure describes some of the changes that can be made to your home’s existing lighting to make your home more comfortable and secure. Some solutionsare easily accomplished by plugging in a new fixture to an electric outlet. Othersrequire changing fixtures or providing additional electrical boxes for new fixtures.If you are not a skilled handyman, it is recommended that you hire qualified peopleto do the work for you.

Understanding the basics of lighting

■ Ambient light is the general lighting of theroom for walking around, conversation andidentifying objects.

■ Task lighting provides higher light levels in aspecific area for performing visual tasks, i.e.reading, sewing, cutting, etc.

■ Accent light is used to highlight artwork orspecial architectural features.

■ Daylight from windows and skylights canprovide ambient lighting. Due to the highlight levels, some people also use daylight ordirect sunlight for visual tasks such as mend-ing or working on puzzles.

■ Interior surfaces contribute to good lighting.Lighter colors on ceilings and walls will reflectmore light within a space. Dark colors absorbthe light and should only be used on moldingsor small areas. Ceilings and walls should also

have a flat finish for general areas and a satinfinish (which is washable) for kitchens andbathrooms.

■ Many successful lighting solutions use a combination of all the above.

What constitutes good lighting for us as we age?

■ Ambient lighting that is uniform within aroom and from one room to another. Why?Because older eyes take longer to adjust tochanges in light levels.

■ Higher levels of light. Why? Because normalage-related changes within the eye restrict thelight coming in and absorb the light – somore light is needed to compensate.

■ Glare-Free light. Why? Light scatters withinthe eye causing an increased sensitivity toglare and the loss of the ability to see subtledetails at lower light levels.

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■ Light that helps you distinguish colors. Thelens of the eye yellows with age, so properlighting can help compensate.

■ Light fixtures that do not flicker or hum, suchas the problems caused by older fluorescentlights that use magnetic ballasts. Fluorescentfixtures using new technology with high-frequency electronic ballasts do not havethese problems.

Simple modifications toyour home can make a bigdifference

Let’s start outside

Lighting your pathwayTypical porch lights with clear glass and smallbright light bulbs can cause glare and make itimpossible to see steps or level changes. Pathwaylights should be provided between parking

Ambient light is provided for this front porch by surface mounted porch ceiling fixtures with diffusinglenses. These fixtures provide light for the walkway,the house numbers and on the face of a visitor at thedoor, leaving no dark corners for an intruder to hide.

This back porch utilizes two light sources. Therecessed down light provides light onto the door andlanding area. A rope-light mounted under the lowerrail provides light onto the stair tread, while concealingthe light from the eyes. This is also an excellent wayto provide lighting for interior stairs.

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areas, or the garage, and the entry to your home.And the general entry area should be lighted toeliminate dark corners and shadows fromshrubbery. Energy-efficient long-life bulbs anddiffusing lenses are most effective. Automaticcontrols utilizing photocells and/or motionsensors to turn lights on at the onset of darknesswill guarantee the light will always be on whenneeded.

Paying special attentionto exterior stairs

A single light source mounted at the head of thestairs may not be adequate to light the entireflight. Concealed rope-lights attached to theunderside of the stair rail, or solar powered orelectrically powered step lights will provideadditional light on stair treads.

Making house numbers easy to read

How many times have you tried to find afriend’s home and found it nearly impossible to read the numbers on the front of the houses?Large and lighted house numbers that are whiteagainst a dark background will easily solve thisproblem.

Inside, you want to bring the outside light in

If you’ve lived in your home for a number ofyears, chances are good that the lighting hasn’tchanged much since the home was built. Youprobably have incandescent fixtures…the onesthat take the standard light bulbs we’re all usedto. Do you know that most of the energy fromthose bulbs goes into heat while only approxi-mately 10% goes to light, which results in higheroperating costs and adds undesired heat to aroom? Some simple modifications, such asswitching to fluorescent bulbs or tubes, will notonly provide better light, but will also help toreduce your utility bills. Today’s fluorescent lighttechnology is far superior to earlier versions –no flicker, no hum, and good color.

These steps are clearly marked with a white line,providing an excellent visual cue that will help toprevent falls. By providing edges with a contrastingstrip, everyone can see better, especially at night.

These numbers are easy tofind and read during the

day. The same numbers are illuminated from theback for ease of seeing

at night.

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Take a moment to look around each room. Ifyou have heavy draperies or valances on thewindows blocking the daylight, you can imme-diately improve the lighting in your home byremoving them, and replacing them with wovenshades or sheer curtains, which will reduce glare,diffuse daylight and allow light into the room.You can add a separate window covering forprivacy in bedrooms and bathrooms. If budgetallows, you may also want to consider addingskylights to the living room, kitchen or hobbyarea. This is a very effective and efficient way tobalance the daylight from your windows.

Making living rooms and familyrooms more livable

Typically, you use these rooms for visiting withyour family and friends, watching television andreading. A good balance of daylight and ambientlight, with the addition of some well-placed floorlamps and table lamps will make this space muchmore comfortable. Special attention should bepaid to where the television set is placed, so thatthere is no reflected light from either the windowsor light fixtures. If you use a computer in thisroom, the same guidelines apply.

Daylight in this condominium has beenbalanced with ambientlight from dimmablehanging fluorescentceiling fixtures. Thesefixtures bounce lightoff the ceiling and provide light down-ward. This type of fixture is referred to asa direct/indirect fixture.

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Skylights were added to the living room ofthis 1920’s style bungalow to help balancethe daylight coming from the windows andprovide high light levels during the day.Recessed fluorescent fixtures direct theirlight to the walls and artwork, providingambient light.

In addition to the ambient light, task readinglights provide higher levels

of illumination needed for reading.

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Brightening up the kitchen

Good task lighting is needed for food preparation,cooking and working at the sink. Since manypeople must take medication with their meals,appropriate light for reading the labels is alsovery important.

Adding under-cabinet fluorescent fixtures (withshields to block direct view of the light source)will distribute a glare-free, shadowless lightevenly on your work surfaces. An over-the-sinkfluorescent light may be recessed, concealedwith a valance, or ceiling mounted above thesink. If there is room, you can also place stripfluorescent fixtures on top of the cabinets toreflect light off the ceiling and create an inexpensive, indirect, ambient lighting scheme,which is diffused and glare-free. If there aresoffits above your upper cabinets, a light valancemay be added to the front surface to provideboth indirect ambient light and task lighting forthe counter top.

Placing contrasting light or dark placemats orcutting boards on counter tops can make it easier to pour liquids and accomplish other foodpreparation tasks. Adding a contrasting edge tothe counter will also help to define the surfacearea, and cut down on breakage or spills from“missing the counter.” Cabinet interiors shouldbe white or light in value to aid in viewing thecontents.

This computer monitor has been positioned to avoiddirect daylight upon the screen. An adjustable tasklight directs light upon the desk, and not on thescreen. A perimeter light valance provides the roomwith ambient light by bouncing light off the upperwall and ceiling.

Another example of using skylights to balance thedaylight coming from the windows. A task light ispositioned for reading. Light fixtures placed above thecabinets provide indirect ambient light at night.

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This kitchen uses a combination ofambient light from fixtures mountedabove the upper cabinets, task lightingfrom fluorescent fixtures mountedunder the upper cabinets and halogentask lights focused at an angle acrossthe sink. A rope light mounted on top ofthe upper cabinets provides low levelsof light at night. The two amber hangingfixtures provide light for the bar andadd visual interest.

Strip fluorescent lights located above the upper cabinets provide an inexpensive indirect lighting solution. Task lights placed under these same cabinetsdeliver brighter light to the stove and work counters.The light valance provides a high level of light to thesink and counter.

This typical ranch-style home built in the 60's originallyprovided only one recessed incandescent down lightto light the sink area. Nothing was provided for thecounter. A light valance was installed on the existingsoffit and the power was re-routed from the singledown light to the valance, giving light to the wholelength of the counter in addition to the sink.

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Shedding better light on the diningroom table

Just think of all that you do sitting at your table.You eat your meals there, of course, but youprobably also use it to do paperwork, work onhobbies, or read the newspaper. Dining areas areoften part of a living room or kitchen, and sharethe available ambient room light. When they arein a separate area, ambient light can beimproved with carefully selected fixtures, i.e. alight valance or wall-wash fixtures, or floorlamps placed in room corners.

Task lighting may be located above the diningtable, but the light level should be adjustable,since dining does not demand the same level of

Multiple levels of light areprovided by the pendantfixture over the table andfluorescent valance lighting.Each is on a separate dim-ming control, allowing forsofter light for dining andbrighter light for readingat the table. The design ofthe fixture shields thebrightness of the bulbfrom the eyes.

A large hanging fixture,with a dimmer to controlthe level of light providessoft light for dining, andcan also provide additionallighting for reading or tobalance the daylight whenthe window shades areopen.

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light required for reading tasks. Care should betaken to avoid glare, and light sources above eyelevel should be shielded by the fixture or withfrosted glass, fabric shades or materials that soften and diffuse the light.

Preventing accidents in the bathroom

A combination of ambient and task lighting willprovide you with the best illumination here. Thelight needs to be bright enough to allow you toread labels on medication bottles, but specialcare also needs to be given to wall and countersurfaces, which should be of light to mediumcolor value, with matte finishes to reduce glare.

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This mirror has been installed with no counter infront. Light coming from each side provides equalillumination to all parts of the face for shaving andapplying make-up.

Mirrors are a special challenge. Light sources needto illuminate the individual using the mirrorwithout being reflected in the mirror. If the mirror is wide, a double row of fluorescent tubesin a soffit or valance above the mirror will providelight downward, but will create shadows. The bestoption is to place lights on both sides, centered atyour eye level. This will give you the most complete view of your entire face. An even bettersolution, if space allows, is to install a separatelighted mirror without a counter in front, whichwill allow you to stand closer. For those with badbacks or difficulties with balance, having a counterin front becomes an obstacle. A grab bar may beprovided for stability.

Lighting installed at each side of this mirror providesa good balance for general grooming. Additional ambient light is provided by the fluorescent fixturesplaced out-of-sight behind the top of the curved wall.Design: Derek Porter StudioPhoto: ©michael spillers 2004

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Bathing areas require extra attention

Sufficient lighting is even more important heresince most people remove their glasses whileshowering and bathing. Lighting must be provided which will not be blocked by theshower curtain or obscured by mist and fog.

Lighting the night time path

For those who get up at night to use the bathroom, an illuminated light switch near thebed and nightlights should be provided for theirsafety. Warm-colored night-lights should belocated low on the wall to light the way. Lightlevels in the bathroom should be low at night sothat your eyes do not have to adjust to brightlight and then adjust again to the dark bedroom.Existing incandescent fixtures should be put ondimmers, or additional fixtures added, to provide low light levels at night.

Controls for general lighting in the bathroommay be located outside the door to make it easyto enter an otherwise dark space. Actually, this isa good idea for any room in your home.

A skylight placed over the tub provides an excellentlighting solution during the day, with additional electric lighting provided at night

An example of how to place a“wet-location” light over ashower.

Rope lighting controlled by aswitch or motion sensor

provides appropriate warm,low-level night lighting for

bathrooms. Typical rope lightsare sold with a cord and plug

for ease of installation.

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Making the bedroom more comfortable

Because many people have trouble sleeping dur-ing the night, they tend to nap more during theday. Consequently, they spend more time inbed. Therefore, more activity takes place here,including talking on the phone, watching television, listening to the radio, taking medication, and reading. Moving safely about inthe bedroom requires ambient lighting. It isimportant to balance the daylight and ambientlight in the space. This will alleviate eye fatigue,making it easier to stay awake while reading orwatching television.

A skylight brings in abundant daylight above the fieldof view to balance the brightness of the window, thuspreventing glare. Light from the bedside table lampsprovides both diffused ambient and direct task light.

Bedside task lighting should be adjustable. It shouldbe easy to reach while in bed, with controls that areeasily accessible (a touch-activated sensor base oreasy-to feel-button placed on the bedside table.)Warm-colored fluorescent bulbs are recommended dueto the heat produced by incandescent bulbs.

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Don’t overlook the closets

It’s very difficult to select what you’re going towear when you’re looking into a dark closet. Afluorescent fixture should be placed so that lightwill fall on the front of hanging items and onareas between shelves. Only fluorescent fixturesare recommended, due to potential heat build-upand fire hazards posed by incandescent fixtures.

Making a special place for hobbies

One of the things people look forward to whenthey retire is being able to spend more timepursuing their hobbies, whether it’s somethingas simple as sitting in a chair reading or knitting,setting up an easel to paint, or putting together acomplete woodworking shop. No matter wherethe interest lies, it will be much more enjoyablein a safe, well-lit environment. An adjustablefluorescent task reading light may be sufficientfor a small area, but wood shops present a biggerchallenge. General shop lighting with additionaltask lighting may be required in these areas,depending upon the tools being used. And it’svery important that fluorescent fixtures in theseenvironments have electronic ballasts to preventthe strobe effect. The old-fashioned magneticballast might make a moving blade appear to bestationary.

Mounting a fluorescent fixture in the center of thiswalk-in closet provides lighting for hanging items, aswell as those stored on shelves. The fluorescent tubeshave a high color rendering index (CRI) of 82, which isgood for matching colors.

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This sunroom provides abundant natural light for having breakfast, reading the paper and sewing.Additional task light is provided at the sewing machinefor evening use or on dark days. A fluorescent torchiereand light valance provide ambient light at night. Theshades on the curved sunroom windows adjust to control the daylight.

This is an excellent setting for a painting studio, withplenty of natural daylight coming from the skylightand windows.

Fluorescent shop fixtures provide the ambient lightwhile track lighting provides flexibility for aiminglight directly onto the task in this woodworking shop.Design and Photography: Jeanne Halloin

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How to get whatyou want

We’ve deliberately tried to stay away from usingtechnical terms in this brochure. But when yougo to the store, or talk with a handyman or con-tractor, this additional information will helpthem guide you in your purchases.

■ Ambient lighting: Look for fixtures that aredesigned to conceal the light bulb/tube fromview or have a diffuser to diminish thebrightness of the bulb/tube to control glare.

■ Indirect lighting: Light that is directed to theceiling and walls to provide ambient light.Options include fluorescent fixtures installedout of sight, a light valance, wall-wash fixtures or a torchiere.

■ Task Lighting: Installed fixtures or portabletable/floor lamps with adjustable lighting lev-els to provide higher light levels in a specificarea. Halogen and incandescent task lightsare not usually recommended due to the highheat they produce.

■ Specifics about fluorescent lighting: Whenpossible, use fixtures with long (48”) T-5 orT-8 fluorescent tubes. (T-5 tubes are 5/8” indiameter. T-8 are 1”in diameter) They producemore light for the energy used. Always usehigh-frequency electronic ballasts in fluo-rescent fixtures. These ballasts do not

hum or flicker like the older and less efficient magnetic ballasts. You should alsoselect the color you prefer: Fluorescentlights are available in a range of color temperatures from warm to cool. A warmcolor similar to an incandescent bulb is 3000degrees Kelvin, whereas, a cool color similarto daylight is 5000 degrees Kelvin. 3500degrees Kelvin offers a good blend betweenwarm and cool. The color rendering index(how true colors will appear) should be 80,or above.

■ Paint the walls and ceiling with a lightercolor, using a flat finish in general areas, or asatin finish in kitchens and bathrooms. Mostpaint companies list the light reflective value(LRV) of each paint color either in the indexor on the paint chip. Suggested range for theceiling is an LRV of 80 – 90 and the range forthe walls is an LRV of 60 – 80. The higher thenumber the more light will be reflected.

■ Windows and skylights: Daylight within aspace should be balanced, either by providingit from more than one direction (fromopposing walls or skylights) or by increasingthe electric lighting. Windows must havewoven shades or sheer draperies to filter thedaylight and control glare. Skylights shouldbe made with diffused glass or plastic. Clearglass allows direct sunlight, which can causeglare and create strong shadows.

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Planning todownsize?

So far we’ve talked about making adjustmentswithin your existing home. But if you’re plan-ning to move to an apartment or condominium,many of these same suggestions will still apply.You may need to ask your landlord or builder tomake some modifications for you. Or, if you’removing into a retirement community, you’llneed to talk to the management. Don’t assumethat the lighting in a retirement community willmeet your needs. Be certain to visit both duringthe daylight hours and in the evening beforemaking a decision. This will tell you how muchdaylight comes in and also how much lighting isbuilt-in. It is not safe to totally light a livingroom, family room or bedroom with onlyportable table and floor lamps since they cannot be readily turned on and off with a switchwhen entering the room. It is also difficult toachieve an even and consistent light level usingonly table and floor lamps without the spacelooking like a lighting showroom.

Here are some questions you’ll want to ask about your new home’s lighting.

1. Is there adequate lighting in the parkingarea, and from there to the entry? Are stepsand curbs marked with white or yellowstrips to indicate a change of level?

2. Are all steps properly lighted to help preventfalls? Both inside and out?

3. Is the lighting in the corridors even andconsistent with adequate light to read theapartment number and get the key in thekeyhole? Is there an excessively bright window at the end of the corridor that caus-es glare? Are corridors carpeted? If the floorsare wood or vinyl, has lighting been placedto reduce reflection?

4. How many windows will there be in eachroom?

5. Is the light pleasant, or does it produce glare?Does the lighting create strong shadows? Isthe lighting indirect, filling the space withlight, or are the fixtures recessed making theceiling dark and cave-like. Do they providebalanced light that is even and consistent?

6. Are the light controls for the bedroom andbathroom illuminated with a glowingswitch?

7. Where are lights placed relative to mirrors?8. Is there lighting in the closets?9. Are fluorescent task lights installed

underneath the cabinets in the kitchen?10. What types of hobby areas are available?

What type of lighting is provided?

With just a little planning, some labor,and not a whole lot of expense, youcan continue to live in your home, ormove to a new place and live in awell-lit, comfortable, supportive, andsafe environment that will keep youactive and involved in all yourfavorite activities.

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The Center of Design for an Aging Society is a not-for-profitorganization dedicated to improving the built environment

to maximize the abilities of older adults.

More information about lighting solutions can be found on our website:

www.centerofdesign.org

Or contact Eunice Noell-Waggoner, LCTel: 503-292-2912.

Additional Lighting and Vision Resources:Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

(www.iesna.org )American Optometric Association

(www.aoa.org)Lighthouse International

(www.lighthouse.org)

Copyright 2006, The Center of Design for an Aging Society

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Supported by:

The Leupold and Stevens Family Foundation

Acknowledgements:Alan L. Lewis, O.D, Ph.D.

Devers Eye Institute, Merrill Reeh Ophthalmology LibraryThe Late J. C. Garber

Jeanne HalloinNaomi Miller Lighting Design

Shared Solutions America

Brochure design: Kim McLaughlin DesignsBrochure text: Gilchrist & Associates, LLC

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