lighting 101cltc.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/publication/...what other lighting...

LIGHTING 101

1. Common terminology

2. Sources and luminaires

3. Controls

SECTION 2

DISCUSSION: COMMON LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

1. What are the definitions of the following lighting terms?

2. Do you use these terms in professional practice?

3. What other lighting terminology do you use on the job?

SLIDE 14

LUMINOUS FLUX • EFFICACY • FLUX • ILLUMINANCE • CCT

FOOTCANDLE • EFFICIENCY • LUMINOUS INTENSITY • CRI

3/13/2014 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

SECTION 2

CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY

Luminous flux: rate of flow of visible light

emitted from a light source over time,

measured in lumens (lm).

Lux: equal to one lumen per square meter.

SLIDE 15

Footcandle: equal to one lumen per

square foot (1 footcandle = 10 lux).

Illuminance: the amount of luminous

flux that covers a surface (measured in

lux or footcandles).

Luminous flux is analogous to the flow rate

of water, represented by gallons per hour.


SECTION 2


SLIDE 16 3/13/2014 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

SECTION 2


Luminous Intensity: the concentration of light emitted

from a given source in a particular direction, measured

in candela (cd) (1 cd = 1 lm per steradian).

SLIDE 17

*Note: color represents intensity not CCT or CRI


SECTION 2

EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY

Efficiency: the ratio between the useful output

of energy and the input of energy.

Luminous Efficacy compares the amount of light

produced by a lamp (lumens), to the amount of power

consumed to produce it (watts).

SLIDE 18

A high-efficacy luminaire

provides more light

for less energy.


SECTION 2

EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY

SLIDE 19

Efficiency is usually dimensionless—

we compare the lumens exiting a fixture to

the lumens produced by the light source.

Efficacy is normally used where input and

output units differ. We compare the lumens

produced to the number of watts consumed.

Which is more efficient?

Efficiency = miles/gallon (energy out, energy in)

Which has a higher efficacy?

Efficacy = fun/gallon


SECTION 2

CCT

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

A specification of the color appearance

of light emitted by a lamp, relating its

color to the color of light from a source

when heated to a particular temperature.

SLIDE 20

A light source’s CCT rating

indicates the general warmth or

coolness of the light it emits, in

terms of color quality & appearance.


SECTION 2

CCT EXAMPLES

SLIDE 21

CO

OL

W

AR

M

Photo: Soraa

Photo: Steelcase Photo: Acuity Photo: Acuity


SECTION 2

DYNAMIC SPD LUMINAIRES

SLIDE 22

12000K, 65fc average 6000K, 100fc average 3500K, 50fc average 2900K, 50fc average


SECTION 2

TUNABLE LUMINAIRES


SECTION 2

CRI

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Measures the color fidelity of a light

source to render the colors of various

objects as compared with an ideal light

source.

A lamp’s CRI measurement (up to 100)

indicates how accurately its light renders

a given set of color samples.

SLIDE 25

Photo: Soraa

95 CRI 80 CRI


SECTION 2

LIGHTING FACTS LABEL


SECTION 2

DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI

1. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT

in an office lighting design?

2. What factors are there to consider for

workplace applications to balance energy

use and occupant needs?

3. How has the perception of the quality of

light in workplaces changed over time?


Photo Credit: Focal Point

Photo Credit: Acuity Brands

Photo Credit: Acuity Brands

SECTION 2

TWO MAIN STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING

Efficacious luminaires

Lighting fixtures that are designed to

operate only energy-efficient light sources,

such as fluorescent lamps, compact

fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs and high

intensity discharge (HID) lamps.

SLIDE 30

Controls

Occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors,

motion sensors, and daylight sensors

are all devices that automatically turn

lights off (or dim them) in response to

conditions that they “sense” or “see.”

Photo: GE Photo: Cooper Photo: Lutron Photo: WattStopper


SECTION 2

LED chip:

Determines raw brightness and efficacy

Phosphor system:

Determines color point and color point stability

Package / lens:

• Protects the chip and phosphor

• Helps with light and heat extraction

• Primary in determining LED lifetime

SLIDE 31

Phosphor LED Chip

Lens


SECTION 2

LEDS ARE A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE

LED lighting is directional.

Thermal management is achieved by conduction.

No IR or UV in the light beam.

SLIDE 32

Reflecto

r


SECTION 2

SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE

SLIDE 33

LED array

Optical components

Driver

Heat sink

Photo: Cree


SECTION 2

SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE

SLIDE 34

LED array

Optical components

Heat sink

Product: Acuity Brands


SECTION 2

LED LUMINAIRES

SLIDE 35

Photo Credit: Philips

Photo: Philips

Photo: Finelite Photo: Finelite

Photo: Finelite


SECTION 2

OCCUPANCY CONTROLS

Occupancy controls frequently use passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic

sensors – or a combination of both.

PIR sensors detect occupants’ presence by sensing changes in heat levels.

They require a direct line of sight between the sensor and the occupant.


SECTION 2

OCCUPANCY CONTROLS

Ultrasonic sensors do not need a line of sight and can detect movement

behind obstacles. They are also more sensitive to small movements.

Ultrasonic sensors excel in:

• Spaces where a line of sight is not possible, such as open offices,

enclosed hallways, stairwells, and restrooms

• Spaces requiring a higher level of sensitivity


SECTION 2

OCCUPANCY CONTROLS

SLIDE 38

Photo: WattStopper

Photo: WattStopper


SECTION 2

OCCUPANCY CONTROLS

Microphonic sensors use a microphone placed inside the occupancy sensor

to detect sounds that indicate occupancy. They are designed for use in

conjunction with PIR sensors as well.

Microwave sensors can detect the movements of a room’s occupants by the

Doppler Effect, comparing changes in frequency between the transmitted

electromagnetic wave and the return wave.

SLIDE 39

Photo: WattStopper Photo: Acuity

Microphonic Sensor Microwave Sensor


SECTION 2

ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT

Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the

available daylight in the area. These are typically seen in spaces with

skylights or large sidelit areas.

Closed-loop photosensors are limited in terms of how well they can

respond to some changes within a space.

SLIDE 40

Photo: WattStopper


SECTION 2

ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT

Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the

available daylight in a space. These are typically seen in spaces with

skylights or large sidelit areas.

Open-loop photosensors are less affected by interior changes in

reflectance, but they face limitation in adapting to changing exterior light

levels, as occurs on partly cloudy days.

SLIDE 41

Photo: WattStopper


SECTION 2

DUAL-LOOP SENSORS

Dual-loop photosensors are a new

solution. They combine the advantages of

open- and closed-loop photosensors. By

integrating the both sensor types, the dual-

loop photosensor adapts to interior space

changes, lumen depreciation, and changes

in daylight contribution.

The first commercially available dual-loop

photosensor also features daily automatic

recalibration to maintain functional

accuracy.

SLIDE 42

Photo: WattStopper


SECTION 2

CONTROLS

Individual controls

Individual controls that are connected

only to the luminaires they control can

satisfy T-24 requirements.

Luminaire-integrated controls

Fluorescent and LED-based luminaires

can be controlled with on-board sensors

that are either integrated into a larger

system or function alone.

Networked lighting

The lighting market has seen a

significant increase in systems that

control groups of luminaires.


SECTION 2

INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS


SECTION 2

INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS

SLIDE 45

Photo: Lutron


SECTION 2

INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS

TECHNOLOGY


SECTION 2

LUMINAIRES WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS


SECTION 2

LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS


SECTION 2

NETWORKED CONTROLS

3/13/2014 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW SLIDE 50

Image: enlighted

SECTION 2

NETWORKED SYSTEMS


SECTION 2

NETWORKED SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGY

SLIDE 52

SEC. 3


SECTION 2

LED TROFFER RETROFITS

The TLED (Tubular LED) is a newer replacement

for traditional linear fluorescent lamps. There are

four types of LED replacement options for recessed

troffers:

1. Luminaire replacements: The entire luminaire is

replaced with a new LED luminaire

2. LED retrofit kits: The fluorescent troffer’s housing is

retained and the ballast is replaced with a driver that

powers linear LED boards.

3. TLEDs with external drivers: The power supply is

outside the tube

4. TLEDs with integral drivers: The power supply is

inside the tube

SLIDE 53

Photo: CALiPER


SECTION 2

CONCERNS WITH TLEDs

• Potential safety concerns being investigated by manufacturers focus on

heat and electric shock. The installer must modify the fixture by bypassing

or removing the existing ballast so that the LED can run directly off the line

voltage. In some cases, the UL safety rating becomes invalid when the

ballast is removed or bypassed.

• TLEDs with integral drivers suffer from high heat, decreasing the

expected lifetime of the LEDs.

• Dimming compatibility is inconsistent with currently available

technologies.

• LEDs are a directional light source. Most linear fluorescent fixtures

were not designed with a linear source in mind. Light output and

distribution vary between fluorescent and LED lamps, and among TLED

products

• TLEDs are more expensive: $30-$75 for LEDs vs. $3 for fluorescents

SLIDE 54

“LEDs have not improved recessed troffers. But they have

made them more efficient.” –DOE, CALiPER


SECTION 2

RETROFIT KITS

Retrofit kits typically replace the entire fixture housing, and sometimes the

optics and lenses as well.

These upgrades are more costly than TLED lamp replacement, but they

often perform better than TLEDs.


SECTION 2

RETROFIT KITS

SLIDE 56

Photo: CALiPER


SECTION 2

TROFFER REPLACEMENTS

While replacing an entire luminaire can be expensive, it is typically the safest

and best-performing solution. Most existing troffers using linear fluorescent

lamps are not designed to use directional light sources like LEDs.

Replacement troffers range in price and specifications, with some as low as

about $100 each after utility rebates and incentives.

A list of industry-accepted products can be found at the Design Lights

Consortium website: http://www.designlights.org/QPL


http://www.designlights.org/QPL

http://www.designlights.org/QPL

SECTION 2

TROFFER REPLACEMENTS

SLIDE 58

Photo: CALiPER


SECTION 2 SLIDE 59 3/13/2014 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

SECTION 2

TASK LIGHTING


SECTION 2

TASK LIGHTING

Photo: LittleFootprint Photo: Finelite

Photo: Herman Miller

SLIDE 61

Finelite Curve

Lumens: 362

Watts: 7.4

Efficacy: 49

CRI: 82

CCT: 3500K

Cost: $220

LittleFootprint Task Lamp

Lumens: 220

Watts: 4

Efficacy: 55

CRI: 82

CCT: 3000K

Cost: $199

Herman Miller Flute

Lumens: Unavailable

Watts: 5.2

Efficacy: Unavailable

CRI: Unavailable

CCT: Unavailable

Cost: $250


SECTION 2

STAIRWELL/CORRIDOR LUMINAIRE WITH CONTROLS

SLIDE 62

Acuity WL Series (LED)

Lumens: 1200-4100

Watts: 13-43

Efficacy: 100

CRI: 82

CCT: 3000K-5000K

On-Q Aura (LED)

Lumens: 480

Watts: 5

Efficacy: 96

CRI: 80

CCT: 5000K

Acuity FXSW (LED)

Lumens: 1500-3600

Watts: 17-44

Efficacy: 81

CRI: 85

CCT: 4000K


SECTION 2

OUTDOOR LUMINAIRES



TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3

SECTION 2

OCCUPANCY AT NIGHT IN OUTDOOR SPACES

SLIDE 65

UC Davis, April 24, 2012:

Preliminary data gathered from the pathway leading to the university’s

Aggie Stadium indicates an average energy savings of 60%,

compared to a static installation of the same fixture.



SLIDE 67

Photo: Lutron

BREAK

beverage refill and stretch

lighting 101cltc.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/publication/...what other lighting...

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