life and living things

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Unit one of Andries Oliviers' Natural Science Grade 8 Textbook Contains: Energy in an ecosystem Soil as the basis of life Plant adaptations Adaptations of animals Natural selection

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  • 1. Life andliving things

2. DependencyInEcosystems 3. The ecosystemAndries p 1 4. Demarcated and self-supporting stable area in which all living organisms (biotic) interact with their non-living, physical environments (abiotic). Ecosystem definitionAndries p 1 5. Andries p 1Ecosystem definition 6. The sun as asource of energyin an ecosystemEcosystem definitionAndries p 1 7. = main energy source on Andries p 1 8. energy Carbon dioxideWater To make food.useThis is known asAndries p 1Photosynthesis 9. Chemical reaction inside cells.Andries p 1Photosynthesis 10. Takes place in special structures of green cells, known as chloroplasts.Andries p 1 11. Chloroplasts containchlorophyll,which can trap energy. Andries p 1 Photosynthesis 12. Chloroplasts trap light energyLight energyWater enters leafSugar leaves leaf.Part of this is usedfor cell division, therest is stored asstarch.Carbon dioxide enters leaf through stomataAndries p 1 Photosynthesis 13. When and breathe,they release carbon dioxide, which is used by . release oxygen, which is used by . Andries p 1 14. purify the Andries p 2 15. Types ofAndries p 2eaters 16. 1 Producers2Consumers3Andries p 2 Decomposers 17. 1Only green plants arecalled producers becausethey photosynthesise.Andries p 2 18. 2 a Primaryb SecondarycAndries p 2 Tertiary 19. aFeed directlyoff plants.Called herbivores.Andries p 2 20. bFeed offFeed off plantsanimals.and animals.CalledCalledcarnivores. omnivores.Andries p 2 21. cScavengersFeed off secondaryconsumers.Andries p 2 Called carnivores. 22. Consumers use the potential for energy insugar in a process called respiration tounlock energy needed to live. Andries p 2 23. 3Bacteria and fungi breakdown the bodies of deadplants and animals.Called decomposers.Andries p 2 24. EnergyflowAndries p 3 25. to to When and die, their bodies arebroken up by decomposersAndries p 3 26. Food chains Food websPyramidsAndries p 3 27. Transfer of energy and substancesneeded for life, through a to a to a.Food chainsAndries p 3 28. Andries p 3 29. Where an organism feeds off morethan one organism.Multiple food chains Food websAndries p 3 30. Andries p 3 31. Individual feeding groups formfeeding levels. Ecological pyramidAndries p 3 32. Level 1 : Producers manufacture foodby photosynthesis Ecological pyramidAndries p 3 33. Level 2 : Herbivores eat Also omivores and decomposersEcological pyramidAndries p 3 34. Level 3 :predators, scavengers eat herbivoresAlso omivores and decomposersEcological pyramidAndries p 3 35. Level 4 : top carnivores/predators eat other carnivores Also omivores and decomposersEcological pyramidAndries p 3 36. Andries p 3 37. Soil is thebasis of lifeAndries p 13 38. Thin Superficial Covering Plants grow Animals liveSoilAndries p 13 39. Andries p. 13 40. and...Andries p. 13 41. Andries p. 13 42. Classificationof soil typesAndries p. 13 43. O fresh and/or partially decomposedmatter A provides plantswith nutrientsB denser layerC original parent rockbreaks up R - solid Andries p. 13 44. Characteristicsof the differentsoil typesAndries p. 13 45. Sand Large particles & spaces Low water retentionMinerals dissolve and leechDryPorous Light Not fertileFew plantsAndries p. 13 46. ClayVery small particles & spacesVery little airHigh water retentionNot fertile Dry: very hard anddoes not break easilyAndries p. 13 47. Loam Mix small & large particlesRetain water, air and minerals Fertile soil Humus The darker, the more fertileAndries p. 13 48. Soil fertilityAndries p. 13 49. Soil is in material needed to keep gro wing. Andries p. 13Soil fertility 50. Andries p. 13 Factors of Soil fertility 51. HumusAndries p. 13 52. Living thingsin the soilAndries p. 14 53. ...and soilAndries p. 13 54. grow.Protection HabitatAndries p. 14 55. Form soil - weathering Roots stabilise soil Makes soil fertile Roots let air inAndries p. 14 56. Andries p. 13...and soil 57. safetyfeedingAndries p. 14 58. Digging animals let air inMakes soil fertileAndries p. 14 59. Plant adaptationsIn order to surviveIn a habitatAndries p. 18 60. HabitatAndries p. 18 61. Natural environment where living organismsnormally occur.Andries p. 18Habitat definition 62. Adaptationsof plantsAndries p. 18 63. 12 3 XerophytesVery dry areas Hydrophytes Mesophytes Absorb quickly Store Reduce lossesToleratedehydrationAndries p. 18 64. Xerophytes:SucculentNon-succulentAndries p. 18 65. The aloe Aloe transvaalensisAndries p. 19 66. ROOTS Widely spreadAllow absorption ofwater over a large areaShallowAbsorb dew or light rainLayer of cork Prevents dehydrationThick and fleshyStored effectively Andries p. 19 67. STEMThick and fleshyStores waterOlder sections corkYouger sections waxLeaf basePrevents dehydration Grows verticallyMinimum exposure to sun, prevents dehydration ShortPrevents transpiration Andries p. 19 68. LEAVESLarge, thick and fleshyStore large amounts Wax cover cuticleLimits transpiration Rosette shapeShadows limit transpirationDirect water to stem and soil Stomata small, few and sunkenLimit transpiration Andries p. 19 69. Sunken stomataAndries p. 19 70. 1 2 3 HydrophytesXerophytes Very wet areasVery dry areas 5 types: Mesophytes Absorb quickly Marsh plants Store Swamp plants Reduce losses Anchored, Tolerate with floating leaves Free-floatingdehydration SubmergedAndries p. 20 71. The water-lilynympheaAndries p. 20 72. ROOTSSmall systemActs only as anchor, not for water absorptionPoorly developedOther plant parts in the water help to absorbsalt and water Andries p. 20 73. STEMSNo strengthening tissueWater supports the plant RhizomeFlat, horisontal little water resistance Water and food storagePoor conducting tissueNo need for watertransportationMucous layer Protective covering against bacteriaBuds occurAndries p. 20Make new plants 74. LEAVESLarge, flat, roundFloat, increaseabsorption surfaceStomata on surfaceencourage transpiration, gaseous exchangeWaxy cuticle on surface Water runs off easilyNo waxy cuticle belowNo need to reduce water loss Long, flexible petioleAllows leaf to foat above water Andries p. 21 75. LEAVES Air chambersRespiration,buoyant plants maximise photosynthesisPetiole and lower leaf mucous layer Protective layer, reduces frictionNo strengtheningtissue in petioles Water support leaf and petioleAndries p. 21 76. 123 HydrophytesXerophytes Very wet areas MesophytesVery dry areasAverage amount 5 types: Absorb quickly Marsh plants of water Store Swamp plantsRoots in the soil Reduce losses Anchored, absorb waterStems strengthening Toleratewith floating leaves tissue hold leaves up Free-floatingdehydration Leaves differing Submergedshapes and sizesAndries p. 20 for photosynthesis 77. Adaptations ofanimals withregard to feedingAndries p. 25 78. Need lots of energy for flight and body temperature maintenancedo de lo -brm maxilla wa mandibleBeak and feet indicate the dietAndries p. 25 79. Herbivorous birdsBeaks are short and strongMaxilla > mandibleSeeds are soaked in the croupSparrowFour toes, ending in sharp,slightly rounded clawsPigeonAndries p. 25Walking and gripping 80. EagleCarnivorous birdsOwlStrong, sharp, curvedbeaksMaxilla curves down sharp hookSides = sharpCut and tearSharp, curved, powerfulCatch & hold prey + defenseAndries p. 25 81. DuckOmnivorous birds What do you seewhen you lookat the beak/bill of theseHow do their feet differ?birds?Why?CrowAndries p. 26 82. Constant body temperature needs a lot of energy from food Permanent teethTeeth for chewingWarm bloodedBaby sealAndries p. 27 Milk teeth 83. Andries p. 27 84. Dentition of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3Andries p. 27 85. MOLARS: Often lackwell developed incisors grind in upper jawsDentition of Longdigestivesystems 2.0.3.3 1.0.2.3Andries p. 27 86. Dentition ofRuminators: Partially chew food and store in first twostomachs, tobe chewed again0.0.3.33.1.3.3Andries p. 28 87. h ette s ng one s tr o ff bDentition of nd at oa ee rg ip m La o rtCats: clawsSharp sense ofsmell, sight3.1.4.2 and hearing3.1.4.3Andries p. 28 88. Dentition of2.1.2.32.1.2.3Andries p. 28 89. Different insects havedifferent MOUTHPARTSbiting-chewingchewing-suckingpiercing-sucking suckinglicking-suckingAndries p. 29 90. Biting- chewingLabrumMandibleMaxillae insectsAndries p. 29Labium 91. Biting-chewingLabrum MandiblesMaxillae Andries p. 30Labium insects 92. Licking-suckingNo mandibles and maxillaeLabium forms proboscisinsectsAndries p. 30 93. Adaptationswith regard to predationand protectionAndries p. 37 94. Manner in which an s colour or blends with theenvironment, in order forShapeit to make itself as difficultas possible to see.MovementColourAndries p. 37Camouflage definition 95. Camouflage by imitation of , colour and behaviour of another type of .ShapeModel is usuallypoisonous,Behaviour aggressive andconspicuous incolourColourAndries p. 37 Mimicry definition 96. Natural selectionandadaptationAndries p. 40 97. A group of individuals with thesame characteristics.Andries p. 40 Population definition 98. Andries p. 40 Population definition 99. Individual organisms in a population are notidentical copies. Andries p. 40Variation definition 100. Andries p. 40 101. A population develops properties that willafford them abetter chance of survival.Andries p. 40Natural selection 102. Factors influencing naturalOver productionContinuous competition Variation between individuals Survival of the fittestselectionHereditaryAndries p. 40 103. When a habitat changes too fast, thespecies may not adjust and can die.Andries p. 41 Extinction 104. Andries p. 41 105. Textbook: Andries Olivier, Grade 8 workbook, 2012Images: attempt has been made to cknowledge all sources,it an images source could not be found, it wasacknowledged as such.Slide 1 cairoo softwareSlide 2 Encyclopedia BrittanicaSlide 3 Encyclopedia BrittanicaSlide 5 ericopincar.comSlide 6 cairoo software Slide 10 scientificamerican.comSlide 11 forestry-learning,blogspot.comSlide 12 courtneystanifer.edublogs.orgSlide 15 source unknown Slide 17 cairoo softwareSlide 19 true-wildlife.blogspot.com Slide 38 cairoo software 106. Slide 20 a unknown source Slide 20 b cairoo softwareSlide 21 a gardenofeden.blogspot.comSlide 21 b guardian.co.uk Slide 23 hopeful-ink.blogspot.comSlide 28 ejad.best.vwh.net Slide 30 ejad.best.vwh.netSlide 36 learner.orgSlide 38 cairoo software 107. Slide 40 a cairoo softwareSlide 40 b watersafe.co.zaSlide 40 c cairoo softwareSlide 40 d cairoo softwareSlide 40 e diylife.comSlide 41 a sciencephotolibrary Slide 41 b nunukphotos.comSlide 42 photos.igougo.com Slide 43 en.wikipedia.orgSlide 44 source unknown Slide 45 hdwallpapersdepot.comSlide 46 source unknownSlide 47 informedfarmers.comSlide 48 ehow.com Slide 50 a photographyblogger.net Slide 50 b gardenofeden.blogspot.comSlide 50 c carioo softwareSlide 50 d carioo software 108. Slide 51 cairoo software Slide 52 sciencephotolibrarySlide 53 nunukphotos.com Slide 56 - sciencephotolibrarySlide 57 cairoo software 109. Slide 59 talkrational.org Slide 60 wildernesscollege.comSlide 62 blog.lib.umn.edu Slide 64 a pricklypearjuice.org Slide 64 b nowaterriver.comm Slide 64 c aloegardenwilderness.blogspot.com Slide 64 d picasaweb.google.com Slide 64 e chellem.comSlide 64 f kapstadt.orgSlide 66 68 botany.uwc.ac.za Slide 69 sydney.edu.auSlide 72 75 evergreenofjohnsoncity.com Slide 77 fwallpapers.comSlide 78 birds.comSlide 79 a sno-kingracingpigeon.com Slide 79 b es.wikipedia.org 110. Slide 80 a amjunk.blogspot.comSlide 80 b- dreamstime.com Slide 81 a stanford.edu Slide 81 b thecomicscode.weebly.comSlide 82 ezwallpapers.com Slide 83 - yummybubby.comSlide 84 - labspace.net Slide 85 skullsunlimited.comSlide 86 qmuss.edu.hkSlide 87 rawdogfood.comSlide 88 theevolutionsotre.com Slide 89 nevercomeashore.blogspot.comSlide 90 mediastorehouse.com Slide 91 13060yurac.vacau.comSlide 92 biology.touchspin.com Slide 93 conservationreport.com 111. Slide 94 science.howstuffworks.com Slide 95 devpolicy.comSlide 96 123rf.com Slide 98 cffet.netSlide 100 a flickr.comSlide 100 b sciencedaily.com Slide 104 paleogenetics.com