LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.

THE PHILIPPINES. PART 2: TYPHOONS, FLOODS,

AND LANDSLIDES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK

EARTHQUAKES

TYPHOONS

FLOODS

LANDSLIDES

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

THE PHILIPPINES

TYPHOONS

THE PHILIPPINES IS AT RISK EVERY YEAR FROM TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS FORMING IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN, ESPECIALLY IF THEY CAUSE DEVASTATING FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES AFTER LANDFALL

THE THE PHILPPINES’PHILPPINES’

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

THE THE PHILPPINES’PHILPPINES’

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•TYPHOON HAZARDS•BLDG. INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

TYPHOON RISK TYPHOON RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

GOAL: TYPHOON GOAL: TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE

• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

Physics Of A Typhoon

HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• WIND FIELD [CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5+ (155 mph or greater)]

• DEBRIS

• STORM SURGE/FLOODS

• HEAVY PRECIPITATION/FLOODS

• LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)

• COSTAL EROSION

WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE

TYPHOONSTYPHOONS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS

STORM SURGE

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

SITING PROBLEMS

FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL TYPHOONS • WITHOUT

ADEQUATE PROTECTION, HIGH VELOCITY WIND WILL LIFT THE ROOF OFF OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS.

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL TYPHOONS.

• DISASTER-INTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORM-ATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL TYPHOONS• CAPACITY FOR

INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

NOTABLE PAST TYPHOONS THAT HAVE IMPACTED THE

PHILIPPINES

“THE WORST” (in terms of deaths)

Tropical storm Uring, November 2- 7, 1991, killed 3,000 – 8,000,

mainly in Ormoc City.

“THE MOST COSTLY”

Super Typhoon Reming, November 10- 14, 1990, caused

economic losses of 10, 840 billion pesos

TYPHOON YUNYA: JUNE 1991

TYPHOON YUNYA

• Yunya would normally have been uneventful, but the day it hit Luzon, was the same day the eruption of Mount Pinatubo took place.

• Pinatubo’s ash cloud, that normally would have been dispersed across the ocean, was redistributed over Luzon by Yunya’s winds, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption.

TYPHOON YUNYA

• The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Force Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings.

• In some areas, it was practically raining mud.

2011THE PHILIPPINES WAS HIT BY

19 TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS

TRACKS OF 2011’S TYPHOONS

FLASH FLOODS SPAWNED BY TROPICAL STORM WASHI KILLED OVER 652 IN THE

PHILIPPINES

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2011

WASHI, THE 19th STORM ARRIVED ON FRIDAY; DEPARTED ON SUNDAY

AFTER MAKING LANDFALL ON FRIDAY, TROPICAL STORM WASHI DUMPED MORE THAN A MONTH’S

RAIN (200 MM) IN 10 HOURS ON MINDANAO, WHICH WAS NOT

(AND USUALLY IS NOT) IN THE PATH OF THE PREVIOUS TROPICAL STORMS AND

TYPHOONS OF 2011

THE FLASH FLOODING AND MUDFLOWS, WHICH WERE TRIGGERED BY TROPICAL

STORM WASHI, HAPPENED AT 2:30 AM WHILE THE VICTIMS,

MOSTLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, WERE ASLEEP

ONE-FOURTH OF THE CITY OF ILIGAN WAS INUNDATED IN ITS WORST FLOOD EVER

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

OTHERS ATTENDING EARLY MORNING

CHRISTMAS MASSES WERE SURPRISED BY THE

FLASH FLOODING

THE CITY OF CAGAYAN DE ORO IN THE NORTHERN

ISLAND OF MINDANAO WAS INUNDATED BY THE FLASH

FLOODS

SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING

GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

LANDSLIDE: TROPICAL STORM WASHI

MUDFLOW: TROPICAL STORM WASHI

THE PHILIPPINE RED CROSS LED THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE EFFORTS

PROVIDING FOOD, WATER, AND RELIEF SUPPLIES

20,000 SOLDIERS DEPLOYED TO HELP IN SEARCH AND RESCUE EFFORTS FOUND BODIES EVERYWHERE: IN

HOMES, IN THE STREETS, IN RIVERS, AND OFFSHORE

PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

WERE OVERWHELMED WITH THE NUMBER OF THE DEAD—ESTIMATED AT NEARLY 1,000

RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES

RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES

RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES

LLIGAN: RESIDENTS RETURN TO START THE RECOVERY PROCESS

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS

• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE FACILITATES RECOVERY

• THE USA, A LONG-TERM ALLY, PLEDGED IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE OF ALL KINDS

• THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT PLEDGED FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

2012TYPHOON BOPHA STRIKES

THE PHILIPPINES

THE FORECAST FOR THE 2012 PACIFIC TYPHOON SEASON

An above average season was forecast in expectation of El Nino’s impacts in the Pacific with significant impacts, as usual, in the Philippines, China, and Japan.

24 STORM TRACKS AS OF

DECEMBER 17, 2012

TROPICAL STORM MAWAR: PHILIPPINES.; MAY 31-JUNE 6

TROPICAL STORM DOKSURI: JUNE 25-30

DOKSURI IMPACTED THE PHILIPPINES, TAIWAN, AND CHINA

• Over $54 million in wind and water damage.

TYPHOON BOPHA: NOV. 29 - DEC. 5

TYPHOON BOPHA

• Bopha, the most powerful typhoon to hit Mindanao in decades, had top winds of 175 kph (110 mph) as it came ashore over the city of Baganga.

• Bopha destroyed buildings, triggered flooding and landslides, and killed at least 95 people.

TYPHOON BOPHA

• Millions of people living in remote and unprepared communities, were in Bopha’s path.

A landslide in eastern Mindanao blocked a national highway, leaving hundreds of

people in buses, vans and cars stuck on the road.

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

RISK ASSESSMENT

• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

• EVENTEVENT

POLICY ASSESSMENT

• COSTCOST

• BENEFITBENEFIT

•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

TYPHOONSTYPHOONSTYPHOONSTYPHOONS EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS

EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS