LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

ITALYPART 3A: EARTHQUAKES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES

VOLCANOES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.

LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

TECTONIC PLATES

ITALY: INTERACTION OF AFRICA---EURASIAN---ANATOLIAN PLATES

ITALY, THE PLATES, AND THE 2009 L’AQUILA QUAKE

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

ITALY: RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR EXP.T. )

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL

EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL

SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

ITALY: SEISMICITY

ITALY

PGA MAP: 10 % EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME

ITALY: EARTHQUAKE ZONES

EXPOSUREMODEL

EXPOSUREMODEL

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

UNREINFO

RCED MASO

NRY, BRIC

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REINFORCED C

ONCRETE WIT

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FORCED WALLS

INTENSITYINTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

STEEL FRAME

ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME

VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX

3535

3030

2525

2020

1515

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

VULNERABILITYMODEL

VULNERABILITYMODEL

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE

A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES

M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980

M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009

IRPINIAEARTHQUAKE

M6.9SUNDAY MORNING

NOVEMBER 23, 1980

EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE

THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE

• Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the M6.9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November 23, 1980.

• The quake, centered near the village of Conza, killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless.

Building damage was distributed over more than

26,000 km², including Naples and Salerno

DAMAGE

OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO STRONG GROUND

SHAKING

PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• The towns of Lioni, Conza Di Campania (near the epicenter), and Teora were destroyed.

PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• Eighty percent of Sant’Angelo Dei Lombardi was destroyed.

• 300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.

FAR TOO MANY GRAVES

DAMAGE

DAMAGE: A GHOST TOWN

DAMAGE

DAMAGE

DAMAGE

DAMAGE

DAMAGE TO ROAD

PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• In Balvano, 100 were killed when a medieval church collapsed during Sunday services.

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS IN NAPLES

• Dozens of structures in Naples were levelled, including a 10-story apartment building.

THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS

• UN—PROTECTED

• UN—PREPARED

• UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED,

INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES

The 5 pm occurrence (instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the

number of deaths.

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE DURING RECONSTRUCTION

• The Italian government spent 59,000 billion lire on reconstruction.

• Other nations sent contributions: West Germany contributed 32 million USD and the USA 70 million USD.

2013

ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

• BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!