LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

CHILEPART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND

TSUNAMISB: Other Notable Earthquakes

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS

VOLCANOES

WILDFIRES

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES

CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES

CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: CONEPCION)

LOCATION OF M9.5 MAY 22, 1960 EARTHQUAKE

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATERM7.5 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES

CHILE MARCH 3, 1985

THE SECOND LARGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD

AFTER MEXICO IN 1985

LOCATION OF MARCH 3, 1985 EARTHQUAKE

IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

• Damage from strong ground shaking occurred throughout central Chile.

• At least 177 people were killed, and 2,575 injured.

• A tsunami was also generated, and its waves traversed the Pacific, striking Valparaíso, Hawaii, Alaska, Tahiti, and Japan

FIFTY YEARS LATERM8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES

CENTRAL CHILE:3:34 am on February 27, 2010

Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than the M7.0 March 12,

2010 Haiti Quake800+ Deaths; 500+ Injured

Tsunami Waves Travel Across PacificEstimated Loss: $30 Billion

LOCATION: 100 KM FROM CONCEPCION; 330 KM FROM SANTIAGO

The Chilean people had to cope with the demands associated with: 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous aftershock sequence with large events, 3) local tsunami wave run up, 4) looting in the affluent sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15 percent of the GDP.

LOCATION: 330 KM (200 MI) FROM SANTIAGO (THE CAPITAL)

The quake’s hypocenter was at a depth of 37 km (22 miles)

DAMAGE IN HAITI (LEFT) MUCH WORSE THAN IN CHILE (RIGHT)

Even though Chile has experienced many past earthquakes, had been implementing a modern building code since the 1960-85 events, and was well prepared to respond to all aspects of the emergency, it was still a disaster.

Newly built apartment buildings were severely damaged or collapsed. Flames consumed buildings and a prison. Millions of people fled into streets darkened by the failure of power lines. Roads were damaged and bridges collapsed, causing cars and trucks to crash.

An estimated 1 ½ million buildings were damaged, with about 1/3 of them collapsing, along with extensive and wide spread damage to the infrastructure.

The damage, an estimated $30 billion, was equivalent to 15 percent of Chile’s gross domestic product.

Swiss Re, the world's second-largest reinsurer, said the impact on the financial/insurance sector would be between $4 and $7 billion.

CONCEPCION: INT’L SPACE STATION PHOTO:

PRESIDENT BACHELET VIEWING DAMAGE IN CONCEPCION

DAMAGED BUILDING IN CONCEPCION

FIRE AT CONCEPCION: 90 KM FROM EPICENTER

CONCEPCION: DAMAGED BUILDING

DAMAGED BUILDING DETAIL: CONCEPCION

CONCEPCION: URGENT MASS CARE NEEDS

CONCEPCION: LOOTERS

SEARCH AND RESCUE: CONCEPCION

TALCA: DAMAGE TO HOUSES

TALCA: DAMAGE TO HOUSES

TALCA: DAMAGED HOTEL

INTERIOR DAMAGE

SANTIAGO: DAMAGED BUILDINGS

SANTIAGO: DAMAGE TO CHURCH

DAMAGE TO BUREO BRIDGE—HIGHWAY 5

TALCA: DAMAGE TO BRIDGE (300 KM S OF SANTIAGO)

CONCEPCION: ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSED

ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL

ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL

ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL

MOTOR WAY IN SANTIAGO

The aftershocks of the mega-earthquake provided an opportunity for measuring ground and building response for a range of excitation levels and site conditions.

Damage from tsunami wave run up was worse locally along the coast of Chile than at distant locations along the Pacific rim.

LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE

TALCAHUANO PORT: LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE

TALCAHUANO PORT: LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE

PELLEHUE, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

DICHATO, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

TSUNAMI WAVES MOVE ACROSS THE PACIFIC

TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ALERTS HAWAII; OTHER LOCATIONS

HAWAII: 15 HOUR ADVANCE WARNING

FORTUNATELY, THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, HAWAII, AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, JAPAN, AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE TSUNAMI WAVES TRAVERSING THE PACIFIC WAS LESS THAN FORECAST.

HAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK AND TSUNAMI RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISK

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH

CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER

PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI

DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

DISASTER RESILIENCE

CHILE’S CHILE’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• WINDSTORM HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EQ-TS RISK EQ-TS RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

EQ-TS DISASTER EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS