Lessons 3 - 4

Objective Pronouns

Singular plural

1 Me Us

2 You You

3Him Them

Her

It

Demonstrative Pronouns

Singular plural

1 This These

2 That Those

Singular plural

1 This These

2 That Those

Demonstrative Adjectives

I saw him yesterday.She asks me about them every day.

This book is mine.Those shoes are too big for me.

What is that?I have already been watching this.

Past Simple Tense

Formation (1)

Statement clause: a) Regular verbs: verb + -edHe played the piano yesterday.b) Irregular verbs: verb form from 2nd column

of the List of Irregular Verbs.We went to the seaside last year.

Past Simple Tense - Irregular Verbs

Past Simple Tense

Formation (2)

Interrogative clause:

Did + statement clause (main verb in infinitive!)

They played football.

Did they play football?

I saw Jim.

Did I see Jim?

Past Simple Tense

Formation (3)

Negative clause:Subject - did not (didn’t) - predicate (infinitive)

They did not play football.

He did not play the piano.

Past Simple Tense

Usage

Actions that are completed in past, before the moment of speaking

I passed the exam yesterday. Facts about the past

The Second World War ended in 1945. Habitual actions in past

She smoked 10 cigarettes a day last year.

Past Simple Tense

Auxilliary verb “to be”

Interrogative clause: WasI.../Were you.../Was she...

Negative clause: I was not.../You were not...

Singular plural

1 I was We were

2 You were You were

3He was They were

She was

It was

NounsTypes:

Common and proper Countable and uncountable Concrete, abstract, building Collective

Gender: Masculinum (he, Jim, dog) Feminum (she, Jane, bitch) Neutrum (table, book, car)

Countable Nouns (1)

Singular - Plural

boy - boys

Difference - differences

Plural = singular noun + s/es

Countable Nouns (2)

When the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, it is us usually added -es to form the plural.

beach - beaches

boss - bosses

box - boxes

Countable Nouns (3)

When the noun ends in -y preceded by a consonant, -y changes to -i and -es is added to form the plural. lady - ladies

strawberry - strawberries

If -y is preceded by a vowel, the noun plural is made in regular way, by adding -s

boy - boys

monkey - monkeys

Countable Nouns (4)

If a noun ends in -f, -f often changes to -v, and -es is added to form the plural.

leaf - leaves

thief - thieves

It is similar with some words that end in -fe, -f is changed to -v and -s is added.

knife - knives

wife - wives

Countable Nouns (5)

If a noun ends in -o, in some situations it makes plural by adding -es, while in other only -s should be added. Sometimes, both solutions are possible.

hippo - hippos hero - heroesvideo - videos potato - potatoes

but

zero - zeroes/zerosmosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes

Countable Nouns (6)

Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in-s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form.

mouse - mice child - children

goose - geese tooth - teeth

foot - feet ox - oxen

man - men woman- women

Countable Nouns (7)

Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun.

sheep, deer, fish, bison...

Some nouns are always plural.

binoculars, scissors, pliers, trousers, slippers...

Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things.

band, choir, group, team, herd, class, cattle, bunch

Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb.

My family was happy to see me.

My family were happy to see me.

Nouns cattle, people and police always take the plural verb.