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11/25/13 1 21 st Century American Foreign Policy Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson Unit 6 Africa: Persis0ng Old Issues, Pressing New Ones 6A: Historical Background 6B: Current Issues in US Africa Policy 6A: Historical Background I. Colonialism and Independence II. Africa in the Cold War III. US and South Africa IV. 1990s: Somalia, Rwanda, Other Major Conflicts V. 4 Ps Assessment I I. Colonialism and Independence Centuries of colonialism “Dawn of a new era” 1957, Ghana the first subSaharan African country to gain independence By 1960 another 17; by 1965 another 12; by 1976 no European colonies le] in Africa S^ll white minority regimes as in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and South Africa Forma^on of the Organiza^on of African Unity (OAU) , 1963 II. Africa in the Cold War As in other regions, US gives precedence to Containment, and opposes many na^onalist forces, “duck test,” “ABC” Example: The Congo/Zaire Various forces figh^ng for control as becomes independent from Belgium: Patrice Lumumba, (Joseph) Mobutu Sese Seko Decades of US support for Mobutu dictatorship and “kleptocracy” , Zaire the largest African recipient of US foreign aid Some human rights pressures during Carter administra^on (197781), but fade a]er that 1996: Mobutu overthrown, Democra^c Republic of Congo Almost two decades of civil war and mass killings (over 5 million killed), “rape capital of the world” (UN)

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Page 1: Lecture_slides-Week 6-6A Historical BackgroundFINAL

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21st  Century    American  Foreign  Policy  

Dr.  Bruce  W.  Jentleson  

Unit  6  Africa:  

Persis0ng  Old  Issues,  Pressing  New  Ones      6A:  Historical  Background  6B:  Current  Issues  in  US  Africa  Policy      

6A:  Historical  Background  

•  I.    Colonialism  and  Independence    •  II.  Africa  in  the  Cold  War    •  III.  US  and  South  Africa    •  IV.  1990s:  Somalia,  Rwanda,  Other  Major  Conflicts    •  V.  4  Ps  Assessment  

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I.  Colonialism  and  Independence  

•  Centuries  of  colonialism  •  “Dawn  of  a  new  era”  

–  1957,  Ghana  the  first  sub-­‐Saharan  African  country  to  gain  independence  

–  By  1960  another  17;  by  1965  another  12;  by  1976  no  European  colonies  le]  in  Africa  

–  S^ll  white  minority  regimes  as  in  Rhodesia  (Zimbabwe)  and  South  Africa  

–  Forma^on  of  the  Organiza^on  of  African  Unity  (OAU)  ,  1963  

II.  Africa  in  the  Cold  War  

•  As  in  other  regions,  US  gives  precedence  to  Containment,  and  opposes  many  na^onalist  forces,  “duck  test,”  “ABC”    

 •  Example:  The  Congo/Zaire    

•  Various  forces  figh^ng  for  control  as  becomes  independent  from  Belgium:  Patrice  Lumumba,  (Joseph)  Mobutu  Sese  Seko  

•  Decades  of  US  support  for  Mobutu  dictatorship  and  “kleptocracy”  ,  Zaire  the  largest  African  recipient  of  US  foreign  aid    

•  Some  human  rights  pressures  during  Carter  administra^on  (1977-­‐81),  but    fade  a]er  that  

•  1996:  Mobutu  overthrown,  Democra^c  Republic  of  Congo  •  Almost  two  decades  of  civil  war  and  mass  killings  (over  5  million  

killed),  “rape  capital  of  the  world”  (UN)  

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III.  US  and  South  Africa    

•  Support  for  Apartheid,  white  minority  rule  over  black  majority,  gross  discrimina^on  and  repression  in  all  walks  of  life    

•  Opposi^on  to  Nelson  Mandela  and  the  African  Na^onal  Congress  party  

•  US  South  Africa’s  leading  trade  partner,    foreign  investments,  bank  loans    

•  Mid-­‐1980s  strengthening  of  the  an^-­‐apartheid  movement  in  South  Africa,  US,  globally  

•  1985-­‐86  An^-­‐Apartheid  economic  sanc^ons  imposed  by  U.S.  Congress  –  Much  support  from  Democrats,  also  some  Republicans  including  then-­‐

Chairman  of  the  Senate  Foreign  Rela^ons  Commijee  Senator  Richard  Lugar  (our  interviewee  in  Lecture  1D)    

–  Vetoed  by  President  Reagan,  but  overriden  by  more  than  the  2/3  majority  required  (313-­‐83  House  of  Representa^ves,  78-­‐21  Senate)    

–  Case  of  successful  economic  sanc^ons    •  1990:  Nelson  Mandela  released  from  jail,  a]er  almost  30  years  as  poli^cal  

prisoner      

IV.  1990s:  Somalia,  Rwanda,  Other  Major  Conflicts    

•  End  of  the  Cold  War  did  not  mean  the  end  of  war  •  Somalia:  

–  1992:  US  and  UN  intervene  as  humanitarian  mission,  mass  starva^on  –  1993:  “Black  Hawk  down”  incident,  withdrawal  1994  

•  Humanitarian  missions,  “na^on-­‐building”?    –  Con^nued  efforts  by  UN  and  African  Union  (AU)  peace  opera^ons  

forces  –  S^ll  highly  unstable  onshore,  piracy  offshore,  2011  drought    –  Al-­‐Shabab  in  Somalia  and  terrorism,  e.g.,  Kenya  2013    

•  Rwanda  1994  –  Genocide  –  850,000  killed,  millions  displaced,  thousand  raped,  mostly  Tutsis  

•  “The  fastest,  most  ‘efficient’  killing  spree  of  the  20th  century,”  Yet  “the  United  States  did  almost  nothing  to  try  to  stop  it.”    

•  Nor  did  Europe,  the  UN,  China,  Russia,  other  African  na^ons:  “The  genocide  in  Rwanda  was  a  failure  of  humanity”  –  General  Romeo  Dallaire  

•  Historically  rooted  but  NOT  historically  determined:  while  all  the  killing  could  not  have  been  stopped,  mass  atroci^es  could  have.    

•  Plenty  (too  many)  other  cases  •  Darfur  •  Democra^c  Republic  of  Congo  (DRC)  •  Liberia  •  Sierra  Leone  •  Cote  d’Ivoire  •  Central  African  Republic  the  latest  warning  of  mass  atroci^es    

4  Ps  Assessment    

•  Power:  Cold  War  global  containment  

•  Peace:    Somalia  an  ajempt  but  failed  and  not  seen  through,  Rwanda  did  lijle  

•  Prosperity:  some  but  not  as  much  as  other  regions,  such  as  La^n  America  

•  Principles:  rhetoric  but  few  hard  choices  in  which  Principles  given  priority  

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Cita^ons  •  Map  of  Africa:  hjp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/txu-­‐pclmaps-­‐

oclc-­‐792930639-­‐africa-­‐2011.jpg.  Public  Domain,  via  US  government.  •  Map  of  Colonial  Africa:  B.W.  Jentleson.  American  Foreign  Policy:  The  

Dynamics  of  Choice  in  the  21st  Century.  New  York:  W.W.  Norton  and  Company,  5th  edi^on,  2013.  Pg.  570.  

•  Mandela  &  Joseph:  Used  by  permission,  personal  photograph  of  Ambassador  James  Joseph.  

•  Mandela:  hjp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela-­‐2008_(edit).jpg.  Ajribu^on  South  Africa  The  Good  News  /  www.sagoodnews.co.za,  via  Wikipedia  Crea^ve  Commons  2.0  Generic  license.