lecture overview studying development physical development cognitive development social-emotional...
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture Overview
• Studying Development
• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
• Social-Emotional Development
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Studying Development
• Developmental Psychology: studies age-related changes in behavior & mental processes from conception to death
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Studying Development– Key Theoretical Debates
• Nature vs. Nurture: heredity vs. environment• Continuity vs. Stages: continuous & gradual
vs. periods of abrupt change followed by periods of little change
• Stability vs. Change: characteristics maintained vs. characteristics vary over time
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Studying Development (Continued)
• What position on these three debates is most correct? Most psychologists support the interactionist perspective, which recently evolved into the biopsychosocial model.
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Social Psychological
Biological
Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking
Behaviorist John Watson said: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, & my own specified world to bring them up in, & I'll guarantee to take anyone at random & train them to become any type of specialist I might select-- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, &, yes, even beggar man & thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, & race of his ancestors." (Boakes, 1984, pp. 226) Do you agree? Why or why not?
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Cultural Guidelines for Developmental Research
• Culture is a very important determinant.• Development cannot be studied outside its
socio-cultural context.• Each culture’s ethno-theories are important
determinants.• Culture is largely invisible to participants.
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Physical Development—The Moment of Conception
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Physical Development—Three Stages of Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Period: conception to uterine implantation
2. Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the eighth week
3. Fetal Period: eighth week until birth
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Physical Development—Three Stages of Prenatal Development
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Physical Development—Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Teratogens: environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development
• Categories of teratogens:– Legal & illegal drugs– Diseases & malnutrition– Exposure to X-rays & stress
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Physical Development—Hazards to Prenatal Development
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Physical Development—Early Childhood
• Three key areas of early childhood development: –Brain –Motor–Sensory/perceptual
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Physical Development—Prenatal Brain Development
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Physical Development—Brain Development
• As a child develops, his or her neurons grow in size & the number of dendrites & axons increase.
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Lifespan Changes in Body Proportions
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Physical Development—Early Childhood
• Milestones in motor development
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Physical Development—Sensory & Perceptual Development
• Smell, taste, touch, & hearing are well developed at birth.
• Vision is poorly developed at birth.
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Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget believed infants begin at a cognitively “primitive” level & progress in distinct stages.
• Piaget’s schemas are the most basic unit of intellect, which act as patterns that organize interactions with the environment.
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Cognitive Development (Continued)
• Schemas grow & change due to:
– Assimilation: absorbing new information into existing schemas
– Accommodation: adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information
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Cognitive Development—
• Sensorimotor: birth-2 years• Preoperational: 2-7 years• Concrete Operational: 7-11 years• Formal Operational: 11 years & up
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Assessing Piaget’s Theory—Two Major Criticisms
1. Underestimated abilities (e.g., newborns can imitate facial expressions)
2. Underestimated genetic & cultural influences
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Social-Emotional Development
• Social Development• Attachment: strong
affectional bond with special others that endures over time – Harlow’s work with
monkeys--feeding or contact comfort?
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Social-Emotional Development—Three Levels of Attachment
• Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure identified three types of attachment in children:
1. Securely Attached Child stays close to mother, shows moderate distress when separated, & is happy when mother returns.
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Three Levels of Attachment (Continued)
2. Avoidant: Child treats mother & stranger the same & rarely cries when mother leaves.
3. Anxious/Ambivalent: Child is upset when mother leaves. When mother returns, child seeks closeness, but also squirms away.
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Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work
• Research suggests the attachment patterns we develop as infants may carry over into similar patterns in our adult romantic relationships.
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Social-Emotional Development—Baumrind’s Three Parenting Styles
1. Permissive (Permissive-Neglectful & Permissive-Indulgent)
2. Authoritarian3. Authoritative• Identified by degree of
control/demandingness (C) & warmth/ responsiveness (W)
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Social-Emotional Development—Baumrind’s Three Parenting Styles
1. Permissivea.Permissive-Neglectful Few limits or control (Lo C), little warmth or responsiveness (Lo W)
b.Permissive-Indulgent Few limits or control (Lo C), high warmth & responsiveness (Hi W)
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Baumrind’s Three Parenting Styles (Continued)
2. Authoritarian Highly controlling (Hi C), little warmth or responsiveness (Lo W)
3. Authoritative Set & enforce firm limits (Hi C), high warmth or responsiveness (Hi W)
Study Tip: • Two “Rs” in
AuthoRitaRian = “Rigid Ruler!”
• Two “Ts” in AuThoriTative = “Tender Teacher!”
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010