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Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins

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Page 1: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins

Page 2: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Oceans of the World

Page 3: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Southern - 81% OceanNorthern - 61% Ocean

Earth – 71% ocean

LAND

OCEANLAND

OCEAN

Page 4: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

The World’s Water

98%

3%

Saline Water Freshwater

Page 5: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Volumes of the Ocean Basins

Volume (km2 x 106)

Pacific

Atlantic

Indian

Southern

Arctic

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Page 6: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Single Ocean Concept - Antarctic circulation

Page 7: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Single Ocean Concept - Antarctic circulation

Page 8: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

1 - Mediterranean

Page 9: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

2 - North Sea

Page 10: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

3 - Caribbean

Page 11: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

4 - China

Page 12: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

5 - Sea of Okhotsk

Page 13: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Seas of the World

6 - Bering Sea

Page 14: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Other named seas

Arabian

Coral

Tasman

Greenland

Norwegian

Barents

KaraLaptev

East Siberian

Chukchi

Japan

Yellow

East China

LaboradorBeaufort

Red Arafura

Andaman

Java

Celebes BandaTimorSulu

Black Caspian

Celtic

White

Aegean

Adriatic

Sea of Cortez

Phillipine

Aral

Page 15: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Topographical Features of Ocean Basins

Page 16: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Topographical Features of Ocean Basins

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

Abyssalpelagic

Neritic Oceanic

Photic(200 m)

Disphotic(1000 m)

Aphotic(1000 m)

Pelagic

Benthic

Littoral(intertidal)

Sublittoral

Bathyl

Abyssal

Hadal

Page 17: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Topographical Features of Ocean Basins

continental shelf

shelf break

continental slope

abyssal plain

Page 18: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Topographical Features of Ocean Basins

continental shelf

shelf break

continental slope

abyssal plain

Page 19: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Hadal Zone

Mariana Trench

Page 20: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Hadal Zone

Mariana Trench

Page 21: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Hadal Zone

Mariana Trench

Xenophyophore (protist)

Page 22: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Abyssal Plain

Page 23: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World
Page 24: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Other features of the abyssal plainRidge

Rift

Seamount

Guyot

Abyssal hillsTectonic/volcanic

SedimentarySeamount - mountain in the sea, > 100 m high and not based on a continental shelf.

Guyot – isolated seamount with a flat top over 200 m below the surface

Page 25: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Submarine rift on land

Page 26: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Components

Clay Quartz

Page 27: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Sediment Transport

• •

Page 28: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Wind Erosion

•

Page 29: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Volcanic Activity

••

Page 30: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Page 31: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Page 32: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Fans can be extensive

•

Page 33: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

1. Terrigenous - Methods of Deposition

Page 34: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

2. Biogenous

CaCO3 from Corals and Molluscs Silica (Si) from Diatoms

Page 35: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Depositional Material in the Oceans

3. Hydrogenous- Precipitated directly from seawater

4. Cosmogenous

Page 36: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Continental Slope

Continental Slope

Page 37: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Continental Shelf

Continental Shelf

Page 38: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Continental Shelf

Page 39: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Intertidal/Littoral Zone

Page 40: Lecture 2 – Ocean Zones and Basins. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Oceans of the World

Next time

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