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Architecture and Cities in History Architecture and Cities in History 1

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the world's first city

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Page 1: Lecture 01a CITIES

Architecture and Cities in History

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Architecture and Cities in History

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Architecture and Cities in History

Defining a City

(1)A city is an urban area with a large population and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.

Introduction

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Architecture and Cities in History

Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation and more. This close proximity greatly facilitates interaction between people and firms, benefiting both parties in the process.

Defining a CityIntroduction

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Architecture and Cities in History

Theories/Explanations why Cities originated

(1) 1. Agricultural Surplus(2) 2. Hydrological factors(3) 3. Population pressures(4) 4. trading requirements(5) 5. Defense needs(6) 6. Religious causes(7) None of all 6 offers sufficient explanation, but a combination of

these factors

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Architecture and Cities in History

1. Agricultural Surplus(1)Production of more food than was needed,

created necessity for centralized structures to administer•New social institutions needed to assign

rights over resources•Created greater degree of occupational

specialization in non-agricultural activities•Organization needed an urban setting

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Architecture and Cities in History

1. Agricultural Surplus

However: (1)Too simplistic – agr. Surplus not

enough to trigger off all these societal changes

(2)Cause-and-effect – not straight forward – which preceded the other surplus or social org.

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Architecture and Cities in History

2. Hydrological factors(1) Elaborate irrigation practices required new

divisions of labor, large scale cooperation, and more cultivation

(2) Led to occupational specialization, then centralized social organization

However:• Critique: A complex social organization structure not

necessary for irrigation• Not all early cities depended on massive irrigation

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Architecture and Cities in History

3. Population Pressures

(1) transition to agricultural production, and urban life

However: (2) Relationship unclear: Did food production and urban life cause or

were a result of increased population densities?

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Architecture and Cities in History

4. Trading Requirements(1) Need for a system to administer large-scale exchange of

goods – promoted development of centralized structures

(2) Increasing occupational specialization would encourage urban development

(3) Theory supported by the many urban centers around marketplaces

However: • Again, cause-and-effect issue: between trade and urban

development!

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Architecture and Cities in History

5. Defense needs(1) Cities a function of need for people to gather

together for protection(2) Cities located on strategic places (hills) where

could spot enemy at distance(3) valuable irrigation systems need protection from

attack(4) Evidence: Most cities had walls (fortified)

However: (5) Not all early cities had defenses

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Architecture and Cities in History

6. Religious Causes

(1) Control of Alter offerings by the religious elite – gave them economic and political power

(2) Power was used to influence social organization – initiated urban development.

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Architecture and Cities in History

Can the origin of cities be attributed solely to any one of the above 6 factors?

NO!(1) No single autonomous causative factor has been (or will be)

identified.(2) None of all 6 offers sufficient explanation, but a combination of

these factors(3) Has seen a gradual transformation involving caused incremental

change over time rather than an abrupt urban evolution

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS Cities emerged 5,500 years ago through the Industrial revolution

5 Regions credited with the earliest development of cities: 1. Mesopotamia, 2. Egypt, 3. The Indus Valley,4. Northern China,5. Mesoamerica

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Architecture and Cities in History

(1)From here – spread to other areas(2)Early cities developed

independently in regions where the transition to agricultural food production had taken place

Origins and Growth of Cities

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Architecture and Cities in History

REGIONS OF URBAN ORIGIN

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Architecture and Cities in History

REGIONS OF URBAN ORIGIN

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Architecture and Cities in History

(1) Land between the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates – area of modern day Iraq!

(2) Earliest evidence for urbanization – approx. 3500BC

(3) The Fertile Crescent (4) City States

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS

1. Mesopotamia

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS

2. Egypt(1) Along Nile valley(2) Around 3100 BC(3) Agriculture - Irrigation(4) Short lifespan for cities(5) Cities usually abandoned

after the death of a Pharaoh – leader

(6) 2000-1400BC – founding of Capital Cities – Thebes, Tanis, etc

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS3. Indus Valley

(1) 2500BC(2) Modern day Pakistan(3) Agriculture and trade

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS

(1) Along the fertile plains of R. Huang He – 1800BC

(2) Supported by irrigated agriculture

4. Northern China

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN ORIGINS: REGIONS

5. Mesoamerica (1) 500BC(2) Based on agriculture(3) Mayan civilization(4) Modern day Mexico

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Architecture and Cities in History

Internal Structure of Early Cities(1) Internal Structure=Lay out within the city – land use, streets,

transportation, etc(2) Two ways to examine internal lay out:• 1. Organic growth –cities that evolved in an

unplanned process, Eg. Mesopotamia• 2. Planned – cities that were laid out in a

predetermined way based on some planned approach, eg – gridiron street pattern, eg London

(3) Planned lay out of streets could signify the presence of central control

(4) Internal structure – never static – evolves – some cities – changed from organic to planned and vice versa eg. London - planned to organic

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN EXPANSION FROM THE REGIONS OF ORIGIN

(1) Spread of urbanization from areas of origin-involved uneven development

(2) Some urbanized civilizations became rural in the process, were later revived, and recolonized

(3) Spread associated with long-distance trade, Ex. the silk road – an ancient trade network that extended across central Asia. Produced an extensive system of cities

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Architecture and Cities in History

URBAN EXPANSION FROM THE REGIONS OF ORIGIN

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Architecture and Cities in History

THE SILK ROAD: LONG DISTANCE TRADE AND URBAN EXPANSION

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Architecture and Cities in History

REGIONS OF URBAN ORIGIN

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Architecture and Cities in History

Urban Site Issues

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Architecture and Cities in History

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City Plan

FACTORS Affecting City Plan1. Geographical and natural2. Religion, Social and Political life3. Economic conditions

City Characters