learning and memory dr. kline fsu-pc. what is memory? what do you think??? what do you think???

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Learning and Memory Dr. Kline Dr. Kline FSU-PC FSU-PC

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Page 1: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Learning and Memory

Dr. KlineDr. Kline

FSU-PCFSU-PC

Page 2: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

What is memory?

What do you think???What do you think???

Page 3: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

I. STM vs. LTM

Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory (STM)-- also called working (STM)-- also called working memory is memory for events that have just occurred.memory is memory for events that have just occurred.

    -Capacity is 5 to 7 units of information -Capacity is 5 to 7 units of information ± ± 22

(e.g., a phone number)(e.g., a phone number)

Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory (LTM) --memory for events (LTM) --memory for events longer than can be held in STM & is relatively longer than can be held in STM & is relatively permanent.permanent.

(e.g., Who was your first grade teacher?)(e.g., Who was your first grade teacher?)

Page 4: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

What is the process by which STM is transferred to LTM?

What do you think???What do you think???

ConsolidationConsolidation

Page 5: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Neurological & behavioral evidence that STM & LTM exist independently of one another: 1. People with hippocampal damage can form STM 1. People with hippocampal damage can form STM

memories, but cannot form LTM memories.memories, but cannot form LTM memories.

2. Head trauma victims have difficulty remembering 2. Head trauma victims have difficulty remembering events just prior to the trauma, but not for memories events just prior to the trauma, but not for memories much earlier than the event.much earlier than the event.

3. Retrieval of information from STM is easier than for 3. Retrieval of information from STM is easier than for LTM.LTM.

Page 6: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

II. Explicit Vs. Implicit memory

Explicit memoryExplicit memory-- memory for facts or -- memory for facts or specific events; may be directly tested for by specific events; may be directly tested for by asking the subject questions.asking the subject questions.

“ “Who is the president of the United States?”Who is the president of the United States?”

Implicit memoryImplicit memory -- --memory that does not memory that does not require specific events or facts, is largely out of require specific events or facts, is largely out of awareness & cannot be awareness & cannot be directlydirectly assessed. assessed.

(riding a bike, shifting gears in car)(riding a bike, shifting gears in car)

Page 7: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

III. Declarative Vs. Procedural Memory

Declarative memoryDeclarative memory -- --memory that a memory that a person can state in words, is based on facts person can state in words, is based on facts & events.& events.

---synonymous to explicit memory---synonymous to explicit memory

Procedural memoryProcedural memory --consists of motor --consists of motor skills.skills.

---similar to implicit memory (not all ---similar to implicit memory (not all implicit memory is motor)implicit memory is motor)

Page 8: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

IV. Brain Damage: Explicit Memory impairments!

Comes from the case study of H.M (27 yrs) who Comes from the case study of H.M (27 yrs) who had severe epileptic seizures that were damaging had severe epileptic seizures that were damaging his brain. his brain.

He elected to have surgeons perform a  He elected to have surgeons perform a   bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to remove bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to remove

source of seizures.source of seizures.

Portions of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, & Portions of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, & and amygdala were removed. and amygdala were removed.

Page 9: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

H.M.—Post Operative

H.M.’s personality & intellect were intact. H.M.’s personality & intellect were intact.

His IQ went up a few points & seizures were His IQ went up a few points & seizures were dramatically reduced. dramatically reduced.

However, he had massive memory deficits that However, he had massive memory deficits that radically changed his life.radically changed his life.

Page 10: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Memory deficits in H.M.

1. H.M. had moderate 1. H.M. had moderate retrograde amnesiaretrograde amnesia which is which is loss of memory for events in the past for about a year or loss of memory for events in the past for about a year or two leading up to the surgery.two leading up to the surgery.

   2. H.M.’s memory for remote events (such as events of 2. H.M.’s memory for remote events (such as events of

his childhood) was intact.his childhood) was intact.

3. H.M. had profound 3. H.M. had profound anterograde amnesiaanterograde amnesia or memory or memory loss for events that occurred following surgery.loss for events that occurred following surgery.

    --He can’t form any new Long Term memories!!!!--He can’t form any new Long Term memories!!!!

Page 11: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: 1. 1. Digit Span +1 TestDigit Span +1 Test—5 digits were read to H.M. at 1 sec. —5 digits were read to H.M. at 1 sec.

intervals. If he got all 5 correct, on the next trial the same 5 intervals. If he got all 5 correct, on the next trial the same 5 digits were presented in the same sequence with 1 new digit digits were presented in the same sequence with 1 new digit added at the end & so forth for additional trials.added at the end & so forth for additional trials.

-After 25 trials of this task, H.M. still could not successfully -After 25 trials of this task, H.M. still could not successfully repeat more than 7 digits (beyond STM span).repeat more than 7 digits (beyond STM span).

-Most normal Ss can learn up to 18 digits!!!-Most normal Ss can learn up to 18 digits!!!

Page 12: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

2. Verbal and Nonverbal Matching to sample tests:

The S is presented with a sample item & then after a The S is presented with a sample item & then after a delay, an array of test items is presented from which the delay, an array of test items is presented from which the S must select the one that matches the sample.S must select the one that matches the sample.

With verbal stimuli, H.M. did very well & could match With verbal stimuli, H.M. did very well & could match the items! In contrast, H.M. performed very poorly with the items! In contrast, H.M. performed very poorly with non-verbal stimuli. non-verbal stimuli.

Why????Why???? He rehearsed the verbal material thereby keeping it in He rehearsed the verbal material thereby keeping it in

STM, but couldn’t do this with the non-verbal stimuli. STM, but couldn’t do this with the non-verbal stimuli. Thus, his STM appeared to be working.Thus, his STM appeared to be working.

Page 13: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

3. Mirror Drawing Test: H.M. was to draw a line within the boundariesH.M. was to draw a line within the boundariesof a star-shaped target by watching his hand in aof a star-shaped target by watching his hand in amirror (10 trials on 3mirror (10 trials on 3 consecutive days).consecutive days).

-Errors (marks out of boundary) were calculated to -Errors (marks out of boundary) were calculated to determine learning.determine learning.

   -H.M. did well, showing that his implicit motor skill -H.M. did well, showing that his implicit motor skill

learning ability was intact. learning ability was intact. However, he had no memory However, he had no memory for doing the taskfor doing the task..

  

Page 14: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

4. Rotary-Pursuit Test:

H.M. held a stylus in contact with a target rotating on a H.M. held a stylus in contact with a target rotating on a revolving turntable (record player).revolving turntable (record player).

He did well & improved his performance significantly He did well & improved his performance significantly over 9 daily sessions, over 9 daily sessions, despite not recalling doing the taskdespite not recalling doing the task. .

Again, motor skill learning had been spared or preserved.Again, motor skill learning had been spared or preserved.

But, explicit knowledge of having done the task was not.But, explicit knowledge of having done the task was not.

Page 15: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

The influence of H.M.’s case on search for Neural basis of memory: 1. Was the first case to strongly implicate the medial 1. Was the first case to strongly implicate the medial

temporal lobes in memory (hippocampus).temporal lobes in memory (hippocampus).

2. H.M.’s case challenged the view that memorial 2. H.M.’s case challenged the view that memorial functions are diffusely & equivalently distributed functions are diffusely & equivalently distributed through the brain.through the brain.

   3. The case provided 3. The case provided support support for the view of two distinct for the view of two distinct

modes of storage for STM & modes of storage for STM & LTM.LTM.

4.4. The medial temporal lobes play an important role The medial temporal lobes play an important role in memory in memory consolidation.consolidation.

Page 16: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

V. Korsakoffs Syndrome:

A A disease disease that develops in individuals who chronically that develops in individuals who chronically consume alcohol.consume alcohol.

--caused by a thiamine (vitamin B 1) deficiency that caused by a thiamine (vitamin B 1) deficiency that occurs occurs almost exclusively in severe alcoholics.almost exclusively in severe alcoholics.

   -memory loss—severe retrograde & anterograde amnesia. -memory loss—severe retrograde & anterograde amnesia.

neurological damage is diffuse, striking damage in neurological damage is diffuse, striking damage in dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus, frontal cortex.dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus, frontal cortex.

 

Page 17: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

VI. The case of N.A. (1960)

N.A. was accidentally stabbed through the right nostril N.A. was accidentally stabbed through the right nostril with a fencing foil, that penetrated his skull & went with a fencing foil, that penetrated his skull & went upwards in the forebrain.upwards in the forebrain.

   Since the injury he had been unable to retain any new Since the injury he had been unable to retain any new

permanent memories & has had great difficulty finding permanent memories & has had great difficulty finding employment.employment.

CAT scans reveal a small lesion in the left dorsomedial CAT scans reveal a small lesion in the left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus. nucleus of the thalamus.

Page 18: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

VII. Alzheimer’s Disease:

Is a progressive degenerative disease that Is a progressive degenerative disease that ultimately results in deathultimately results in death, marked by severe , marked by severe retrograde & anterograde amnesia.retrograde & anterograde amnesia.

Early onsetEarly onset: late 40’s early 50’s prior to 60’s, is : late 40’s early 50’s prior to 60’s, is more severe that late onset!more severe that late onset!

--Late onsetLate onset: after : after 65, we have 50% chance of 65, we have 50% chance of developing this by age 85.developing this by age 85.

Page 19: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms

starts with minor forgetfulness (where’s starts with minor forgetfulness (where’s checkbook, etc.)checkbook, etc.)

Steadily progresses to serious memory lossSteadily progresses to serious memory loss DepressionDepression RestlessnessRestlessness Hallucinations & delusions (seeing dead Hallucinations & delusions (seeing dead

relatives)relatives) Anterograde & retrograde amnesiaAnterograde & retrograde amnesia

Page 20: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic basis???

-does seem to run in families, especially in -does seem to run in families, especially in families with early onset.families with early onset.

-Best evidence--nearly all Down’s Syndrome -Best evidence--nearly all Down’s Syndrome patients will eventually develop the disease if patients will eventually develop the disease if they survive to middle age.they survive to middle age.

-It may depend on at least 2 or 3 different genes-It may depend on at least 2 or 3 different genes  

Page 21: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Alzheimer’s Disease: Neurological damage 1. There is widespread atrophy of the cortex with 1. There is widespread atrophy of the cortex with

plaques & tangles in the hippocampus.plaques & tangles in the hippocampus.

2. Entorhinal cortex is also destroyed, acetylcholine 2. Entorhinal cortex is also destroyed, acetylcholine neurons are diseased.neurons are diseased.

3. The plaques contain deposits of a protein known as 3. The plaques contain deposits of a protein known as Beta-amyloid. An injection of this protein into a rat’s Beta-amyloid. An injection of this protein into a rat’s brain can damage neurons & produce symptoms brain can damage neurons & produce symptoms resembling those of Alzheimer’s disease.resembling those of Alzheimer’s disease.

Page 22: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Role of hippocampus in memory

1. 1. HippocampusHippocampus--It is known that the hippocampus is --It is known that the hippocampus is critical in the consolidation of LTM. critical in the consolidation of LTM.

It is thought that infants & young toddlers have early It is thought that infants & young toddlers have early memory problems due to an immature hippocampus.memory problems due to an immature hippocampus.

Older people with difficulty in explicit memory may Older people with difficulty in explicit memory may show dying or diseased neurons in the hippocampus. show dying or diseased neurons in the hippocampus.

Page 23: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Evidence for hippocampus in memory:

1. Case study of H.M.1. Case study of H.M.

2. Alzheimer’s patients (often severe 2. Alzheimer’s patients (often severe hippocampal damage preceeds most other hippocampal damage preceeds most other damage.)damage.)

3. Animal models of hippocampal damage—3. Animal models of hippocampal damage—rats with hippocampal lesions can’t perform 8-rats with hippocampal lesions can’t perform 8-arm radial maze task.arm radial maze task.

Page 24: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

What is 8-arm radial maze task? A rat is placed in the center of 8 arms of a maze in A rat is placed in the center of 8 arms of a maze in

which food is placed in the end of the arms.which food is placed in the end of the arms.

Rats have to learn which arms have a unique cue (e.g., Rats have to learn which arms have a unique cue (e.g., rough surface) that signals they have food. rough surface) that signals they have food.

Normal rats learn this very fast, don’t revisit arms Normal rats learn this very fast, don’t revisit arms they’ve been to before. Rats with hippocampal they’ve been to before. Rats with hippocampal damage will reenter correct arms while failing to try damage will reenter correct arms while failing to try others. others.

In other words, they can’t remember they were In other words, they can’t remember they were there before.there before.

Page 25: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???
Page 26: Learning and Memory Dr. Kline FSU-PC. What is memory? What do you think??? What do you think???

Role of the frontal cortex in memory

The prefrontal cortex plays a large role in memory. The prefrontal cortex plays a large role in memory.

Evidence for this comes from N.A., Korsakoff’s Evidence for this comes from N.A., Korsakoff’s patients, & animal models.patients, & animal models.

Prefrontal cortex deteriorates in older age. Aged Prefrontal cortex deteriorates in older age. Aged monkeys perform more poorly on many of the monkeys perform more poorly on many of the same same tasks as do monkeys with prefrontal cortex damage.tasks as do monkeys with prefrontal cortex damage.