leaching from maize in denmark. high level of animal manure

Leaching from Maize in Denmark

I b Sillebak Kristensen Senior scientist

Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50 DK-8830 Tjele

Tel.: +45 8999 1205 Mobile: +45 3028 8665 Email: [email protected]

Web: www.agrsci.au.dk

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stnr 604 Yield-N

Anim-N

Artifi-N

Leach-N

kg N

/ha

High level of animal manure

Hoestaar=2009 Fsg_Navn=JyMa29

A3= Maize,220 N/ha

A1= Maize,100 N/ha

C1= Maize + Ryegrass,220 N/ha

C1= Maize + ryegrass, 100 N/ha

Nitrate conc. in cont. maizecoarse sand, 540 mm drain, 2009

Weak Perennial Ryegrass sown 20. June, photo late autumn

To strong Red Fescue, sown with maize, photo late autumn.

Leaching [kg N/ha] in maize after G/C

27/04/09 27/06/09 28/08/09 28/10/09 29/12/09 28/02/100

50

100

150

200

250 Leaching in maize after grass/clover

on cource sand, 534 mm drain

Kg N/ha

A3= Maize, 220 N/ha

A1= Maize,100 N/ha

C3= Maize + Ryegrass, 220 N/ha

C1= Maize + Ryegrass, 100 N/ha

Standard error

Prev. crop1) grown primari ly for 20 years .

Maize RF2) wi th undersown Red Fescue at maize sowing time.

Maize Rye3) wi th undersown Perrennia l ryegrass sown at 20 cm high maize (BBCH=31)

Tabel. Nitrate leaching from silage maize undersown with grasses. Preliminary results 2009. Kg NO3-N /ha

Soil-typeCoarse sand Fine sand

Prev. crop1) Grass/clover

CV Maize CV Grass/clover

CV Maize CV Grain CV

Maize ½N 103 20% 65 0% 78 0% 19 (4% 63 45%Maize 1½N 199 65% 101 14% 89 25% 44 (0%

Maize RF ½N 63 28% 34 8% 54 4% 9 (1% 23 10%

Maize RF 1½N 38 9% 43 0% 104 13% 23 (1% 68 39%

Maize Rye ½N 37 18% 20 12%

Maize Rye 1½N 69 5% 42 8%

When excess of nitrogen after grass/clover the leaching is increaseed considerably when applying extra nitrogen. Undersown grasses reduces the leaching considerably


Soil-type Coarse sand Fine sand


Maize Grass/clover

Maize Grain

Maize ½N 103 65 78 19 63 66Maize 1N 157 62 51 79Maize 1½N 199 101 89 44 108Extra leaching by 1 & 1½N

Maize 1N + 55 -3 -12 + 13

Maize 1½N + 85 + 36 + 13 + 36 + 43

Maize Rye 1N + 11 + 15 + 13

Maize Rye 1½N + 32 + 22 + 27

Average

Undersown grasses reduces the leaching considerably




Maize Grain Grass/clover

Maize Grain

Maize ½N 103 65 78 19 63 66Maize 1N 157 62 51 79Maize 1½N 199 101 89 44 108Reduced leaching by undersown grasses

Maize RF ½N -40 -31 -24 -10 -40 -29

Maize RF 1N -41 -4 -16

Maize RF 1½N -161 -58 -15 -21 -59

Maize Rye ½N -66 -45 -56

Maize Rye 1N -109 -27 -68

Maize Rye 1½N -130 -59 -95

Average

56%reduction

28%

reduction



Prev. crop Grass/clover

Maize Grass/clover

Maize Grain

Reduced leaching from previus crop maize and grain

compared with previus crop grass/clover, different trials.

Red Red RedMaize ½N 103 -38 78 -59 -15 -37Maize 1½N 199 -98 89 -45 -60

Maize RF ½N 63 -29 54 -45 -31 -35Maize RF 1½N 38 5 104 -81 -36 -37

Maize Rye ½N 37 -17 -17

Maize Rye 1½N 69 -27 -27

Average

Typically maize silage remove more N then applied totaly

Soil-type Coarse sand Fine sandPrev. crop1) Grass/

cloverMaize Grain Grass/

cloverMaize

N-balance [kg N/ha]Maize ½N -61 -65 -76 -59Maize 1½N 34 15 43 61

Maize RF ½N -60 -30 -79 -37Maize RF 1½N 35 48 40 76

Maize Rye ½N -71 -64 -68 -56Maize Rye 1½N 40 49 42 71




Maize Grain

Yield loss when undersown grass 2009-2010, [100 SFU/ha]Maize RF ½N 2 -21 -19 0 -3 -4Maize RF 1N 10 -10 -4 3 1 3Maize RF 1½N 12 6 -2 0 5 9

Maize Rye ½N 5 0 -1 -1

Maize Rye 1N 7 12 -2 7

Maize Rye 1½N 0 14 -4 4

- Maize grown after grass/clover is not influensed by undersown grasses.- Up to 1/3 yield loss in silage maize grown after maize or grain (low mineralizatiion), when ½ N-fertilization and undersown with a well developed red fescue

Low yield reponse in maize grown after grass/clover

Soil-type Coarse sand Fine sandPrev. crop Grass/

cloverMaize Grain Grass/

cloverMaize Grain

Yield responce per kg "fert-N" applied 2009-2010, [SFU/N]

Maize 1N 9 22 11 4 1 28Maize 1½N 13 4 -18 -3 19 1

Maize RF 1N 13 18 25 6 6 5Maize RF 1½N 3 26 3 -6 8 9

Maize Rye 1N 4 21 -2 14Maize Rye 1½N -4 6 -2 -6

Conclusion

• Grasses undersown in maize reduces leaching.• It is difficult to get the optimal balance between maize

and grasses. • Grasses wanted

-with high N-uptake capacity-no depression on maize yield

Maize after grass/clover is not affected by N or undersown grassesMaize after maize(grain) can be strong reduced be competion from undersown grasses

Extras




Maize Grain

Feed "energy" yield, [100 SFU/ha], 2009-2010Maize ½N 118 133 129 101 114 114Maize 1N 123 148 135 104 115 131Maize 1½N 131 150 124 102 126 101

Maize RF ½N 119 112 110 101 111 109Maize RF 1N 127 124 125 105 115 103Maize RF 1½N 129 139 127 101 119 124

Maize Rye ½N 123 133 100 113Maize Rye 1N 125 145 99 121Maize Rye 1½N 110 137 98 118

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25-06-09 25-07-09 25-08-09 25-09-09 25-10-09

Majsfraktioner, 1½N, JB=3

Colb Leaf Stem

Hkg DM/ha

Herbiside affects Braccica, photo 23. June

Vinterrape

Foto: ISKFormyre d. 1/11-2009

Chicory

Foto: ISKFormyre d 1/11-2009

Poa annua makes problemsISK, Foulumgaard d. 19/6 2009

21

ISK, Foulumgaard d. 28/7-09

leaching from maize in denmark. high level of animal manure

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