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LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN For a Stronger, Cleaner, Fairer World Economy

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Page 1: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN - OECD.orgThe Latin America and Caribbean region is undergoing a remarkable structural transformation and showing increasing economic strength. Several

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANFor a Stronger, Cleaner, Fairer World Economy

Page 2: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN - OECD.orgThe Latin America and Caribbean region is undergoing a remarkable structural transformation and showing increasing economic strength. Several

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Angel Gurría,

OECD Secretary General

A MUTUALLY-ENRICHING

PARTNERsHIP

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The Latin America and Caribbean region is undergoing a remarkable structural transformation and showing increasing

economic strength. Several million people have moved out of extreme poverty and more will do so in the coming decades.

These changes are in large part the result of policy reforms throughout the region which promote macroeconomic stability,

flexibility and economic dynamism.

Our Organisation is working more closely with Latin American and Caribbean countries. In spite of recent successes, many

challenges remain, including persistent social and economic inequality and environmental degradation. For many years,

the OECD has been working hand in hand with governments around the world to support the development of effective

economic, social and environmental policies. Sharing policy experiences and setting new international standards through

peer learning, benchmarking and monitoring is a vital part of the OECD mission.

Many of the most pressing problems facing us today are global, and we will only address them successfully if we work together.

The crisis brought to the fore that, in a globalised economy, no single country has all the answers. The OECD will continue to

pave the way to build a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy through the implementation of better policies for better

lives. This is a task where we all have to join forces, and where Latin America and the Caribbean have an important role to play.

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STRONGER

Latin American Economic Outlook 6

Rigorous Economic Surveys 8

The International Economic Forum of Latin Americaand the Caribbean 10

Measuring Progress 11

Latin American Regional Investment Initiative 12

Trade 13

Agriculture 14

Innovation 15

SMEs and Tourism 17

Corporate Governance 18

Regulation 20

Regional, Urban and Rural Development 22

Competition 24

CLEANER

Fighting Corruption 25

Ending Bank Secrecy 26

Energy 27

Climate Change and the Environment 28

Chemical Safety 29

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FAIRER

Making Government Work 30

Better Schools 32

Improving Financial Education and Social Inclusion 34

Improving Health 35

Bridging the Social Welfare Gap 36

People on the move 38

Development Co-operation 39

ACTIVE PARTICIPATION

Latin America and Caribbean countries’ participation in OECD bodies 41

Recent OECD publications on Latin America 43

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Latin American Economic Outlook 2009

ISBN 9789264051683

Latin American Economic Outlook 2010

ISBN 9789264075214Latin American Economic Outlook 2011

ISBN 9789264094642

Latin American Economic Outlook

The Latin American Economic Outlook (LEO) is an annual flagship publication. It is a vehicle for dialogue with Latin America and has the goal of putting international expertise at the service of the region while enriching knowledge of the region. Previous editions focused on topics ranging from fiscal reform to increasing trade with Asia to the consequences of the global economic crisis and its particular effect on migration and remittances trends

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Spanish versions of these

publications

can be found at

www.oecdbookshop.org

under the link “Multilingual

Summaries”

Î www.oecd.org/dev/publications

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For this fifth edition of the Latin American Economic Outlook, the OECD Development Centre has teamed up with the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to tackle in this report the new challenges posed by long-term development goals in key areas such as education, infrastructure and productive development and innovation. LEO 2012 examines the reform of the state for development, identifying current challenges and ways forward for the consolidation of the region’s democracies into “delivering States”.

Latin American Economic Outlook 2012

ISBN 9789264125438

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Î www.latameconomy.org

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Rigorous Economic Surveys

The Economic Outlook analyses the major trends and examines the economic policies required to foster high and sustainable growth. However, some governments asses their key macroeconomic challenges through Economic Surveys.

The latest Survey on Mexico, released in May 2011, focused on macroeconomic and structural policies to stabilise the country after the financial crisis, as well as on competition and education policies.

Chile’s 2010 Survey highlights the strong macroeconomic management the country had to face the financial crisis. It also provides recommendations to increase quality of primary and secondary education and to foster competition, entrepreneurship and innovation in

the light of increasing its productivity.

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Economic Surveys: Chile 2010

ISBN 9789264075757

Economic Surveys: Brazil 2011

ISBN 9789264093584

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In 2010 Colombia participated in an Economic Assessment that showed its accomplishments in macroeconomic policies in the past few years, but it also made recommendations to tackle structural challenges to boost output growth, reduce the incidence of poverty and equalise income

distribution.

www.oecd.org/americalatina

“The Economic Assessment of Colombia provided by the OECD in 2010 gave an accurate diagnosis of the country’s strengths, such as the crucial role played by sound financial regulation during the

last economic crisis. More importantly, it provided policy recommendations in areas such as education and infrastructure, where the Government of Colombia and the OECD are now working together, in order to set the proper conditions for Colombia to become a member of the Organization in the future”

Gustavo Adolfo Carvajal. Colombia’s Ambassador to France

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Economic Surveys: Mexico 2011

ISBN 9789264093089

Î www.oecd.org/eco/surveys Î www.oecd.org/OECDEconomicOutlook

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The International Economic Forum of Latin America and the Caribbean brings together leaders from public and private sectors to discuss the region’s economic performance and share solutions to its development challenges.

The 2011 Forum focused on new factors of growth in a world of shifting wealth, and included panels on the role of Latin America and the Caribbean within the G20 process, the opportunities and challenges of commodity trade and the role of middle income sectors in development.

More than 300 working papers have been developed on specific topics relevant for development in the region (www.oecd.org/dev/wp).

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Working Paper 300. “Stay with us”

The Impact of Emigration on Wages

in Honduras

Working Paper 301. Public Infrastructure

Investment and Fiscal Sustainability in Latin

America: Incompatible Goals?

President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos during the 2011

International Economic Forum.

Î www.oecd.org/dev Î www.latameconomicforum.org

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Measuring progress

Your Better Life Index is a tool that aims to measure well-being and progress. It allows citizens to compare lives across 34 countries, based on 11 dimensions: housing, income, jobs, community, education, environment, governance, health, life satisfaction, safety and work-life balance.

Country specific information includes Mexico and Chile. Over time, the Index will expand to include Brazil.

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Your Better Life Index Country note:

Mexico

Your Better Life Index Country note:

Chile

Î www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org Î www.oecd.org/statsportal

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A recently launched Latin American Regional Investment Initiative, in Santiago, Chile in September 2010 focused on key investment policy issues for Latin America: investment policy and promotion, SMEs, public-private partnerships in infrastructure, responsible business conduct and the region’s leading role in ‘green investment’.

Following on from the Initiative’s launch in Santiago, the Colombian Government hosted the second meeting which focused on investing in infrastructure for jobs and development.

(left to right) H.E. Germán Cardona, Colombian Minister of Transport; Mr. Mario

Pezzini, Director of the OECD Development Centre; Mr. Luis Liberman, Vice President

of Costa Rica; Mr. Roberto Zurli Machado, Infrastructure Director and Board Member

of BNDES, and Mr. Eduardo Bitrán, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez (former Minister of

Public Works, Chile).

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Î www.oecd.org/investment/pfitoolkit Î www.oecd.org/investment Î www.oecd.org/daf/investment/lac

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Trade

Increasingly integrated into the world economy, Latin America has experienced a substantial boost in trade levels during the last decade and important changes in its trade patterns. The 2011 monitoring report Aid for Trade at a Glance: Showing Results analyses a vast amount of unique information from a wide range of sources about what works in aid for trade, what does not work and where improvements are needed. The information gathered for this report covered over 25 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean.

“The OECD allows policymakers to come together to identify best practices that shape our public

policies. It allows us to compare and benchmark our performance, and learn from top performers”.

Judith A. Larocque, Canadian Ambassador to the OECD

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Aid for Trade at a Glance: Showing Results

ISBN 9789264114234

Î www.oecd.org/dac/aft/casestories Î www.oecd.org/trade

Î www.oecd.org/trade/workingpapers

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Governments have an interest in learning more about each others’ policies, to benefit from best practice experience and minimize negative spillover effects of policies both domestically and internationally. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay have joined this effort and contribute statistics on agricultural production, consumption and trade to OECD databases. In addition, Brazil, Chile and Mexico participate in regular agricultural policy monitoring for OECD and emerging economies, which includes the calculation of the level of support provided by government to agricultural producers.

The 2011, OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, assesses agricultural market trends and prospects for production, consumption, trade, stocks, and prices of featured commodities, including biofuels where Latin American countries play a key role as producers.

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OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020

ISBN 9789264106758

Agricultural Policy Monitoring and

Evaluation 2011: OECD Countries and

Emerging Economies

ISBN 9789264106178 Î www.oecd.org/agriculture Î www.oecd.org/agriculture/workingpapers

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Innovation

The OECD Innovation Strategy provides policy guidance on a broad range of issues from creating a conducive business environment and infrastructure for innovation, to fostering the creation and diffusion of knowledge. At the country level, reviews of innovation policy in Chile, Mexico and Peru have been undertaken.

OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Chile

ISBN 9789264037519

Measuring Innovation a New Perspective

ISBN 9789264059467

OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation Regions

and Innovation Policy

ISBN: 9789264097384

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The second edition of the Space Economy at a Glance, a result of several years of co-operative efforts with the space community is a compilation of statistics on the space sector and its contributions to economic activity. It features a spotlight section on Brazil’s space programme as well as emerging Latin American programmes.

In addition, the Development Centre, in co-operation with civil society and academia has been part of INNOValatino. This initiative assesses Latin America’s capacity to innovate for economic development and the well-being of its citizens. This year’s edition is based on a comprehensive survey applied to over 1500 private companies from the region that highlights new evidence, information and analyses about innovation.

InnovaLatino: Fostering Information in

Latin America

ISBN 9789264121706

The Space Economy at a Glance 2011

ISBN 9789264111790

Î www.innovalatino.org Î www.oecd.org/sti/innovation

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SMEs and Tourism

The SMEs and Entrepreneurship and Innovation report was developed to explore how government policy can boost innovation by improving the environment for entrepreneurship and small firm development, as well as increasing the innovative capacities of enterprises.

Tourism Trends and Policies has contributed to define the major trends and challenges facing tourism in the next decade – from globalisation to environmental issues. Tourism data from 42 countries, including Mexico, Chile and Brazil, are presented and analysed to provide up-to-date policy and statistical profiles. The 2012 edition will also include Argentina.

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OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2010

ISBN: 9789264077416

OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship

SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation

ISBN: 9789264080317

Î www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism Î www.oecd.org/cfe/sme

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Corporate Governance

The integrity of corporations, financial institutions and markets is central to the health and stability of economies around the world. Latin America and the OECD have worked closely with the public and private sectors for more than a decade to improve the legal, institutional and regulatory framework for governance of companies. In particular, the Principles of Corporate Governance set out specific rules of business conduct for companies listed in stock exchanges.

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The 2009 Meeting of the Latin American Corporate Governance Roundtable

1-2 December, 2009

Santiago, Chile

White Paper on Strengthening the Role of Institutional Investors in Latin American Corporate Governance

This revised White Paper has been provided for consideration by participants to the Latin American Roundtable on Corporate Governance meeting in Santiago, Chile. It was prepared on the basis of information gathered for the 2007 and 2008 Roundtable meetings in Medellín, Colombia and Mexico City, Mexico and more recent developments. It is provided to Roundtable participants under the responsibility of the OECD and IFC Secretariat. Written comments or questions may be addressed to [email protected] or [email protected] by no later than 16 December 2009 prior to the issuance of a final version.

Corporate Governance Strengthening Latin

American Corporate Governance: The Role of

Institutional Investors

ISBN: 9789264116047

White Paper on Strengthening the Role of

Institutional Investors in Latin American

Corporate Governance (2009)

Î www.oecd.org/daf/corporateaffairs/roundtables/latinamerica Î www.oecd.org/daf/corporateaffairs/principles

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The Latin American Corporate Governance Roundtable and its Companies Circle promote good policies and practices in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru and Uruguay.

The Roundtable has issued recommendations building on the OECD Principles, setting out reform priorities that have led to substantial progress in the region in promoting good governance practices.

“The OECD’s fact based analysis and policy prescriptions help create the positive economic environment necessary for

businesses to compete, innovate, grow and prosper – in Latin America and across the globe. It’s an indispensible institution”

Charles P.Heeter, Chairman of the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC)

Î www.oecd.org/daf/companiescircle

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Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Brazil 2008:

Strengthening Governance for Growth

ISBN 9789264042933

OECD Public Governance Reviews Towards More

Effective and Dynamic Public Management in Mexico

ISBN 9789264116221

Regulation

Regulatory Reform Reviews assist governments to reform their regulations in order to foster economic growth and attain particular social objectives. The report Brazil - Strengthening Governance for Growth found that regulatory frameworks and regulatory agencies in core sectors have helped Brazil’s economic performance by providing, for example, greater access to basic services such as mobile phones, further investment in energy and stronger protection by private health insurers.

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The OECD and the Mexican Ministry of Economy have been co-operating since 2008 to improve competitiveness in Mexico through regulatory reform. The OECD supported the development of a one-stop-shop, which helped to lift Mexico’s rankings in the 2011 World Bank Doing Business Indicators from 41st to 35th place. The OECD has analysed where regulatory improvements in states could have the greatest impact, and has developed a toolkit to help states implement reforms.

“The OECD Regulatory Reform Review was one of the most relevant contributions to government proposals as well as academic discussions in the field over the last decade. This was true both for the result, as well as

the process of elaborating the review. The review contributed to a decisive change in paradigm, limiting the scope of preconceived ideas and reinforcing the need for a pragmatic approach towards the development of the country”

Profesor Alexandre Santos de Aragão, Professor in Public Law at the State University of Rio de Janeiro Dr. State Law of the University of São Paulo and State Attorney for the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Î www.oecd.org/gov Î www.oecd.org/gov/regref

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Regional, Urban and Rural Development

The OECD and Latin American governments are working on new approaches to regional development based on endogenous strengths and assets. This approach favours measures to increase the competitiveness of all regions rather than simply promoting inward investment and large-scale infrastructure projects in lagging regions. Mexico and Chile have been the subject of multiple studies in the Territorial Review Yucatán and the Territorial Review of Chile.

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Territorial Reviews Chile

ISBN 9789264060746

Territorial Reviews Yucatán, México

ISBN 9789264037021

Î www.oecd.org/gov/regional Î www.oecd.org/gov/regional/statisticsindicators

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The LEED Programme, in co-operation with the Inter-American Development Bank and the Andean Development Corporation, contributes to the creation of more and better jobs by encouraging effective policy implementation, innovative practices, stronger capacities and integrated strategies at the local level.

A conference, held in Bogota, on “Efficient Local Development Strategies: Exchange of Experiences between the OECD and Latin America" brought together over 500 participants from various Latin American and OECD countries to exchange experiences and identify good practices to define and implement efficient local development strategies.

“Since Mexico joined in 1994 as the first Latin American member, the OECD has transferred its policy

tools for achieving sustainable economic growth and better living standards to our societies. The OECD also benefits from a better understanding of the reality of Latin America to hone their analytical tools and to expand its global influence.”

Agustín García-López, Ambassador of Mexico to the OECD.

Local Economic and Employment Development

(LEED) Investment Strategies and Financial Tools

for Local Development

ISBN: 9789264039858

International Conference Report. Efficient Local

Development Strategies: Exchange of Experienices

between Latin America and the OECD.

Î www.oecd.org/regional Î www.oecd.org/cfe/leed

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Competition

The Competition Committee, comprising the leaders of the world’s major competition authorities, is a source of policy analysis and advice on competition law, effective law enforcement, and competition-friendly regulation. The Committee began in-depth reviews of national competition laws and policies in 1998 and has published reports for 32 countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama and Peru.

In addition, the annual Latin American Competition Forum (the 9th session of the Forum took place in Colombia in September 2011), co-sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank, allows Latin American officials and competition experts to share best practices and identify potential policy reforms.

Peer Reviews of Competition

Law and Policy in Latin America:

A Follow-up: Argentina, Brazil,

Mexico and Peru

ISBN 9789264042001

Competition Law and Policy in

Panama 2010: A peer review

“We have witnessed how the OECD contribution to the policy debate in Latin

American countries has led to economic reforms and legislative changes which have been key to building stronger and more transparent economies.”

Luis Alberto Moreno, President of the Inter-American Development Bank.

Î www.oecd.org/competition/latinamerica Î www.oecd.org/competition/cartels Î www.oecd.org/corruption

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Fighting Corruption

Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico are all Parties to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. The Convention itself establishes an open-ended, peer-driven monitoring mechanism to ensure the thorough implementation of the international obligations that countries have taken on under the Convention. Furthermore, the OECD-Latin America Anti-Corruption Programme builds on a longstanding collaboration with the Organisation of American States (OAS), home to the Inter-American Convention against Corruption.

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“We propose to adhere to the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions of the

OECD – an organization of countries devoted to sound economics and best practices to which we hope to join – an essential step in our commitment to fight bribery”.

Juan Manuel Santos, Colombia’s President, during his Inaugural Speech, August 8, 2010

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in

International Business Transactions and Related Documents

Î www.oecd.org/corruption/latinamerica Î www.oecd.org/corruption/regions

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Ending Bank Secrecy

Several LAC governments are participating in an international effort to tackle tax evasion, restore taxpayer’s trust and give them confidence that tax burdens are being shared fairly. The ultimate goal of this process is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.

The Exchange of Tax Information Portal (EOI Portal) has been created to track the development of the peer reviews, including changes that jurisdiction’s make in response to the Global Forum’s recommendations. www.eoi-tax.org

Tax Co-operation 2009:

Towards a Level Playing Field

ISBN: 9789264040632

Tax Co-operation 2010:

Towards a Level Playing Field

ISBN: 9789264086562

“These times call for a tougher attitude from employers, workers and governments. We cannot go on living

with tax havens…”

Luiz Inacio ‘Lula’ da Silva, former President of Brazil at the ILO Jobs Summitt in June, 2009, Geneva

Î www.oecd.org/tax/transparency Î www.eoi-tax.org

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Energy

Energy statistics, performance and trends in most Latin American countries are monitored, allowing the International Energy Agency of the OECD to provide analysis and counsel on topics such as market reform and energy technology.

The IEA’s annual World Energy Outlook incorporates the latest data and projections of energy demand, production, trade and investment until 2035. In addition, the 2010 Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, features detailed data of over 100 countries outside the OECD on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances.

Energy Balances of non-OECD

Countries 2011

ISBN: 9789264103368

World Energy Outlook 2011

ISBN: 9789264124141

“The OECD has played a pivotal role in developing a consensus on international economic rules to create a more efficient,

more broadly prosperous world economy both among member countries and in other parts of the world, and can do the same with a strengthened relationship with the countries of Latin America.”

Karen Kornbluh, US Ambassador to the OECD

www.oecd.org/americalatina

Î www.oecd-nea.org Î www.iea.org

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Climate Change and the Environment

Extreme droughts and constant floods have been a common denominator for the region in the past few years. The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Options for Global Action beyond 2012 aims to support countries in developing and implementing an ambitious, cost-effective, equitable, and comprehensive approach to global climate change mitigation. In addition, the OECD Green Growth Strategy provides a practical framework for governments to seize opportunities that arise when the economy and the environment work together.

The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation:

Policies and Options for Global Action beyond 2012

ISBN 9789264056060

Towards Green Growth

ISBN 9789264111318OECD Environmental Outlook 2030

ISBN 9789264040489

Î www.oecd.org/environment Î www.oecd.org/env/cc

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Chemical Safety

Several Latin American countries, participate in a rigorous and comprehensive system for assessing and managing chemicals – a system that saves governments and industry about EUR 150 million and is examined in Cutting Costs in Chemicals Management: How OECD Helps Governments and Industry. At the country level, Environmental Performance Reviews are conducted for each OECD country. They scrutinize efforts to meet domestic objectives and international commitments and provide policy recommendations.

www.oecd.org/americalatina

“The fact that the OECD is more and more active vis-à-vis Latin America is a

welcome development and represents a positive contribution to the regional as well as global economic environment.”

Carlo Oliva, Ambassador of Italy to the OECD.

Cutting Costs in Chemicals Management: How

OECD Helps Governments and Industry

ISBN 9789264085930

Î www.oecd.org/ehs Î www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews

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Making Government Work Better

Focused on public management policies and practices, the 2011 edition of Government at a Glance presents more than 50 indicators that compare the political and institutional frameworks of governments as well as government revenues and expenditures, employment, and compensation.

Government at a Glance 2011.

Country Note: BrazilGovernment at a Glance 2011.

ISBN: 9789264096615

Government at a Glance 2011.

Country Note: Mexico

Government at a Glance 2011.

Country Note: Chile

Î www.oecd.org/gov

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Brazil has shown its commitment to improving its human resource management system by undertaking an OECD Review of HRM in the Federal Government of Brazil. The publication contributes to the design of the future workforce management reforms by the federal government by strengthening the management of senior management.

OECD Reviews of Human Resource

Management in Government: Brazil 2010:

Federal Government

ISBN: 9789264082212

www.oecd.org/americalatina

“OECD instruments that promote integrity and transparency, such as the antibribery convention and the Guidelines on Multinational

Enterprises, are important tools of accountability used by labour organizations. We look forward to sharing experiences with our Latin American colleagues on these and wider issues.”

John Evans, General Secretary, Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD

Î www.tuac.org

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Better Schools

Are students well prepared for future challenges? Can they analyse, reason and communicate effectively? Do they have the capacity to continue learning throughout life? The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) answers these questions and more by assessing and comparing the performance of 15-year-olds in over 50 countries in reading, mathematics and science competencies. Several Latin American and the Caribbean countries have participated in this three-year assessment.

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Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators

ISBN: 9789264117051

Reviews of National Policies for Education

Reviews of National Policies for Education:

Dominican Republic 2008

ISBN: 9789264040816

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" While the PISA results show an improvement in the quality of education in Mexico’s classrooms, it is also true that these results are both

a reminder of the challenge that remains considerable and an invitation to redouble our efforts."

Alonso Lujambo, Mexican Secretary of Education

Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education

Lessons from PISA for Mexico

ISBN: 9789264107243

www.oecd.org/americalatina

The annual Education at a Glance provides a rich, up-to-date array of comparable indicators on the performance of education systems, including those of Brazil, Chile and Mexico, together with practical recommendations on how to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of education policy.

OECD Reviews of National Policies for Education give a brief overview of education in some countries in Latin America such as Brazil, Chile and the Dominican Republic. These reviews have provided useful recommendations that have been translated into sound education policy reforms.

Î www.oecd.org/pisa Î www.pisa.oecd.org

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Improving Financial Education and Social Inclusion

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, El Salvador and Trinidad and Tobago are part of the International Gateway for Financial Education (IGFE), an OECD tool that serves as a global clearinghouse on financial education. It provides access to a comprehensive range of information, data, resources, research and news between governmental representatives and key stakeholders from OECD and non-OECD countries.

Improving Financial Literacy

ISBN: 9789264012561

Improving Financial Education and Awareness

on Insurance and Private Pensions

ISBN 9789264046382

Î www.oecd.org/daf/financialeducation Î www.financial-education.org

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Improving Health

Country notes on Mexico and Chile have been prepared to illustrate the main characteristics of their health systems. These analyses, which are included in the OECD Health Data 2011, offer the most comprehensive source of comparable statistics on health systems.

As part of its project on the Economics of Prevention, the OECD recently published a report entitled Obesity and the Economics of Prevention – Fit Not Fat. This work focuses on a range of OECD countries and emerging economies, including Mexico and Brazil.

Health systems are now more effective and of higher quality than ever before, according to Value for Money in Health Spending. Access to care, too, has continued to improve. However, the economic crisis has led to increased pressure on public finance and therefore fiscal constraints will heighten the need for governments to control costs and improve value for money for health spending.

1

OECD Health Data 2011 How Does Mexico Compare

Total health spending accounted for 6.4% of GDP in Mexico in 2009, the second lowest share among OECD countries (after Turkey) and almost three percentage points lower than the average of 9.5% in OECD countries. Health spending as a share of GDP was highest in the United States (which spent 17.4% of its GDP on health in 2009). Health spending tends to rise with income and generally OECD countries with higher GDP per capita tend to spend more on health. It is not surprising, therefore, that Mexico also ranks well below the OECD average in terms of health spending per capita, with spending of 918 USD in 2009 (adjusted for purchasing power parity), compared with an OECD average of 3,223 USD.

17.4

12.0 11.8 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.0 10.910.3 10.1 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.1 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.9

7.4 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Health expenditure as a share of GDP, OECD countries, 2009

Public Private

% GDP

7960

53525144

4914

4451 4363 4348 4289 42183978 3946 3781 3722 3538 3487 3445

3226 3223 3137 3067 2983 2878 2724 2579 25082164 2108 2084

18791511 1394 1393

1186918 902

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Health expenditure per capita, public and private expenditure, OECD countries, 2009

Public Private

1. In the Netherlands, it is not possible to distinguish clearly the public and private share for the part of health expenditures related to investments. 2. Total expenditure excluding investments. Source: OECD Health Data 2011, June 2011.

US$ PPP per capita

Data are expressed in US dollars adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPPs), which provide a means of comparing spending between countries on a common base. PPPs are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the cost of a given ‘basket’ of goods and services in different countries.

Obesity and the Economics of

Prevention: Fit not Fat

ISBN: 9789264063679

OECD Health Data 2011:

How does Chile Compare

OECD Health Data 2011:

How does Mexico Compare

www.oecd.org/americalatina

Î www.oecd.org/health/healthdata Î www.oecd.org/els/health/policy

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Bridging the Social Welfare Gap

The OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies: Chile 2009 analyses in detail the implications of Chile's labour market and social policy developments and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries’ experience.

The next edition of Pensions at a Glance, which includes Argentina, Chile and Brazil, provides valuable insight into the challenges posed by pension levels and life expectancy in OECD and G20 countries.

OECD Reviews of Labour Market and

Social Policies: Chile 2009

ISBN 9789264060609

Pensions at a Glance 2011: Retirement-

income systems in the OECD and

G20 countries Î www.oecd.org/els/social/pensions

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Is Informal Normal?: Towards

More and Better Jobs in

Developing Countries

ISBN 9789264059238

Society at a Glance 2011:

OECD Social Indicators

ISBN: 9789264098527

Effective policies in promoting social progress has always been an issue across Latin American societies. Society at a Glance 2011 offers a concise overview of quantitative social trends and policies across the OECD. Mexico, Chile (as OECD members) and Brazil, are part of these publications that have a dedicated chapter on unpaid work.

Î www.oecd.org/els

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People on the Move

The flows of immigrants in member countries are regularly monitored and have resulted in an array of statistics and information crucial to understanding migration patterns in Latin America. The OAS, with assistance from the OECD, launched a network of correspondents on international migration in the Americas (SICREMI), inspired by the OECD’s Continuous Reporting System on International Migration (SOPEMI). The objective is to produce an annual International Migration in the Americas publication, modelled on the International Migration Outlook.

International Migration

Outlook 2011

ISBN 9789264112612

International Migration in the

Americas

ISBN 9780827056527

“The OAS values its collaboration with OECD because by pooling our strengths we are able to improve

the depth and breadth of policy advice leading to better governance and regulation in Latin America.”

José Miguel Insulza, Secretary General of the Organization of American States

Î www.oecd.org/migration

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Development Cooperation

The Paris Declaration, which established five core principles to improve development aid effectiveness and better policy coordination, has been endorsed by more than 130 countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and Peru.

The monitoring of the implementation of the principles of ownership, alignment, harmonization, results and mutual accountability, conceived to make aid more effective, is the main duty of the OECD based Working Party on Aid Effectiveness, where Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua participate actively.

2008 Survey on Monitoring the

Paris Declaration

Î www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness Î www.oecd.org/dac

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In March 2009, Colombia presented a proposal to the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness for the creation of a Southern-led platform to map the synergies between South-South cooperation and aid effectiveness and to identify good practices. Resulting from the strong support received by many partners, especially middle-income countries, the Task Team on South-South Cooperation was endorsed.

Boosting South-South Cooperation

in the Context of Aid Effectiveness

Conflict and Fragility Investing in

Security: A Global Assessment of

Armed Violence Reduction Initiatives

ISBN: 9789264124530

Conflict and Fragility Do No

Harm: International Support for

Statebuilding

ISBN: 9789264077386

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41Active participation

Governing Board of the Development CentreArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Peru, Mexico

Economic Policy Committee Argentinaa, Brazila, Colombiaab

Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) (country reviews) Brazila

Environment Policy Committee and all its subsidiary bodies Argentinaa, Brazila

Working Party on Aid Effectiveness [a subordinate body of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)]

Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua

Public Governance Committee and all its subsidiary bodies Brazil

Working Party of Senior Budget Officials [a subsidiary body of the Public Governance Committee]

Senior Budget Officials network for Latin America in cooperation with ECLAC

Territorial Development Policy Committee Brazil, Colombiaab

Regulatory Policy Committee Brazila

Trade Committee Argentina, Brazil

Committee for Agriculture Argentina, Boliviab, Brazil, Uruguayb

Fisheries Committee Argentina

Investment Committee Argentina, Brazil, Colombiaa, Perua

Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions [a subsidiary body of the Investment Committee]

OECD-Latin America Anti-Corruption Programme in cooperation with OAS

Insurance and Private Pensions CommitteeBrazil, Boliviaa, Cayman Islandsa, Colombiaa, Costa Ricaa, Dominican Republica, El Salvadora, Jamaicaa, Perua, Uruguaya

Committee on Financial Markets (CMF) Argentinaa, Brazila

Competition Committee Latin American Competition Forum with the IDB

Chile and Mexico are OECD Members and participate in all bodies included in this table.

Current Non-member Committee Activity in LAC

www.oecd.org/americalatina

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Corporate Governance CommitteeArgentinaa, Brazila and Colombiaa - Latin American Corporate Governance Roundtable, Companies Circle and Network on State-Owned Enterprises.

Committee on Fiscal Affairs Argentina, Colombiaa

Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Dominica, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands, Uruguay

Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE) Brazilab

Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy Argentina, Brazil, Panamaab

Committee for Information, Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP) Brazilab, Colombiaa, Perua

Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) Brazila

Steel Committee Argentina, Brazil

Health Committee Brazila

Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee (ELSAC) Brazila

Tourism Committee Argentinaa, Brazila

Education Policy Committee Brazilb, Colombiaa

Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Governing Board (CERI) Brazila

Institutional Management in Higher Education Governing Board (IMHE) Brazil, Colombiaab

Committee on Statistics Brazil

Chemicals Committee Argentina, Brazil

Council Working Party on Shipbuilding Argentinaa, Brazila

42 a: Ad hoc observer. - b: Participation in some of the Committee’s subordinate bodies.

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OECD iLibrary provides access to publications from the OECD, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Transport Forum (ITF), OECD Development Centre and PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment). OECD iLibrary is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and provides unlimited multi-user access to 1 000 journal issues, 2 900 working papers, 2 500 multi-lingual summaries, 6 200 e-book titles, 14 000 tables and graphs, 21 000 chapters and articles, and 390 complete databases with more than 4 billion data points.

Î www.oecdilibrary.org

OECD Publications in Spanish

Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2012: Transformación del Estado para el Desarrollo ISBN: 9789264125438

Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2011: En qué medida es clase media América Latina ISBN: 9789264094680

Hacia una gestión pública más efectiva y dinámica en MéxicoISBN: 9789264116252

OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2011-2020 ISBN: 9789264118652

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Establecimiento de un marco para la evaluación e incentivos docentes: Consideraciones para México ISBN: 9789264059986

Estudios económicos de la OCDE : México 2011 ISBN: 9789264115927

Prevención y reducción de la violencia armada en las zonas urbanas: Notas de programación ISBN: 9789264119994

Preparándose para trabajar ISBN: 9789264118478

La Medición del Aprendizaje de los Alumnos: Mejores Prácticas para Evaluar el Valor Agregado de las Escuelas ISBN: 9789264090163

Mejores políticas para el desarrollo: Perspectivas OCDE sobre Chile ISBN: 9789264095748

Sistemas fuertes y reformadores exitosos en la educación: Lecciones de PISA para México ISBN: 9789264097391

Revisión de Políticas Nacionales de Educación Programa Becas Chile ISBN 9789264097780

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Panorama de las Administraciones Públicas 2009 ISBN: 9789264091412

Mejorar el liderazgo escolar: Herramientas de trabajo ISBN: 9789264097797

La integridad en la contratación pública: Buenas prácticas de la A a la Z ISBN: 9789264085084

Panorama de la educación 2010: Indicadores de la OCDE ISBN: 9789264116085

Mejorar las escuelas: Estrategias para la acción en México ISBN: 9789264087675

Estándares de Calidad para la Evaluación del Desarrollo ISBN: 9789264094949

OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2010 ISBN: 9789264087804

Educación Hoy - La perspectiva de la OCDE OECD Code: 962009024E1

Reducir el papeleo. Comparación internacional de las cargas administrativas. ISBN: 9788473512848

La competición global por el talento: Movilidad de los trabajadores altamente cualificados. ISBN:9788473512909

Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE. ISBN:9788496113176

La comprensión del cerebro: El nacimiento de una ciencia del aprendizaje. ISBN: 9789264087088

Evaluación y reconocimiento de la calidad de los docentes: Prácticas internacionales. ISBN: 9789264079717

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Política de educación y formación: Los docentes son importantes: Atraer, formar y conservar a los docentes eficientes. ISBN: 9789264046276

Revisión de Políticas Nacionales de Educación Chile. ISBN: 9789264021013

Panorama de la salud 2007: Los indicadores de la OCDE. ISBN:9789264083875

La OCDE en cifras 2009. ISBN: 9789264074040

Estudio de la OCDE sobre el proceso presupuestario en México. ISBN: 9789264073425

Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2010. ISBN : 9789264076396

Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile: Informe de base. ISBN: 9789264077195

Mejorar el liderazgo escolar: Volumen 1: política y práctica. ISBN:9789264074019

Panorama de la educación 2009: Indicadores de la OCDE. ISBN: 9789264079533

Comprendiendo las cuentas nacionales. ISBN: 9789264063730

Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009: Segunda edición. ISBN: 9789264043664

Revisión de Políticas Nacionales de Educación La Educación Superior en Chile. ISBN: 9789264054189

OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2009. ISBN: 9789264069008

Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE: Chile 2009. ISBN: 9789568468187

La mano visible de China en América Latina. ISBN: 9789264067677

Estudios de la OCDE de Innovación Regional: 15 estados mexicanos. ISBN: 9789264061491La comprensión del cerebro: hacia una nueva ciencia del aprendizaje. ISBN: 9789264079816

Gestión de velocidad. ISBN: 9789282102374

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Jóvenes conductores: El camino hacia la seguridad. ISBN: 9789282102350

El conocimiento libre y los recursos educativos abiertos.ISBN: 9788469180822

e-Gobierno para un mejor gobierno. ISBN: 9788473512800

Manual del CAD/OCDE Sobre la Reforma del Sistema de Seguridad (RSS): Apoyo a la Seguridad y a la Justicia. ISBN: 9789264040717

Estudios de la OECD sobre políticas de innovación: Chile 2007. ISBN: 9789264063532

Informe PISA 2006: Competencias científicas para el mundo del mañana: Datos. ISBN: 9789264066205

Examen OCDE de Políticas Agrícolas: Chile. ISBN: 9789567244249

Derecho y Política de la Competencia en El Salvador: Examen inter-pares. ISBN: 9789264056404

Estudios territoriales de la OCDE: Yucatán, México 2007.ISBN: 9789264062122

Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE: La Región Mesoamericana 2006: Sureste de México y América Central. ISBN: 9789264024373

Estrategias de inversión y herramientas financieras para el desarrollo local. ISBN: 9789806810372

El cohecho en las adquisiciones del sector público: Métodos, actores y medidas para combatirlo.ISBN: 9789264045569

Sistemas de Cualificaciones: Puentes para el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. ISBN: 9789264063495

Manual sobre la medición de la economía no observada. ISBN: 9789264062269

El nuevo paradigma rural: políticas y gobernanza. ISBN: 9788449107610

Educación Superior en América Latina: La dimensión internacional. ISBN: 9789264065475

La evaluación del desarrollo económico y del empleo a nivel local. ISBN: 9789264044234

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www.oecd.org/americalatina

Centro de la OCDE en México para América LatinaAv. Presidente Masaryk 526, Colonia: Polanco, C.P. 11560, México, D.F.

Tel.: 52 55 91 38 62 33Fax.: 52 55 52 80 04 80

www.oecd.org/centromexico [email protected]

Global Relations Secretariat2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France

www.oecd.org/[email protected]

THE OECDThe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation helping governments tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised economy. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.