Language Development Language Development

and and

Language DisordersLanguage Disorders

in Childrenin Children Maiko OkunoMaiko Okuno

<Contents>

1.What’s Language?2.Origin of Language3.Language Developmental Pyramid4.Developmental Stage5.How to Facilitate Language Development6.Cognitive Development7.Mental Disorder8.Language 　 (Communication) Disorder9.Language Disorder - ① Aphasia 10.Language Disorder - ② Lisp Speech Disorder11.Language Disorder - ③ Autism 12.Summary 13.Sources

QuestionQuestion

How many languages are there in the world?

The answer is.. 6500

What’s Language?⦿ Language is

⦿ In a narrow sense, it implies spoken language. However, it includes also hand language which has nothing to do with voices or sounds in broad sense.

⦿ The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

an human ability to communicate.

Origin of Language

Continuity-based theories Discontinuity-based theories

・ Evolved from earlier pre-linguistic systems among our pre-human ancestors.

・ Appeared suddenly in the transition from pre-hominids to early man.

Economic tablet with numeric signs,Susa, and Uruk periods (3200 B.C. to 2700 BCE).Department of Oriental Antiquities, Louvre

Language Development Pyramid

1.Looking and listening↓

2. Play↓

3.Understanding ↓

4.Talking↓

5. Pronunciation

Developmental Stages0-3 months Can recognize familiar and unfamiliar voices.

Can use meaningless sounds to convey urgent needs.

4-6 months Can recognize commands with strong emphasis.Starts practicing with sound production.

7-12 months Begins to recognize simple vocabulary, particularly nouns for objects they can see.Starts producing first words. By this time they usually know between 5 and 20 words or so.

1-3 years Can respond to simple questions and more detailed commands. By the end of this stage they normally know about 1000 words.

3-5 years By the end of this stage most children are able to understand and express themselves in most language functions about concepts they have learned.

How to Facil i tate Language Development

The 2-year-old gradually begins to use pronouns, such as I, you, and me, correctly. In addition, he/she can follow 2or3 commands. Suddenly, she seems to be an infinitely more sophisticated being; she understands and responds to nearly everything you say!

What role does a parent play in it? Many experts believe that the human brain is, in a sense, preprogrammed to learn language. So parents should back off from strenuous efforts to teach a child language by constantly introducing new words or by overtly correcting grammar or syntax. Rather, you can best help your child's garden of verbal skills grow by being a good facilitator.(First, recognize the wide variation in language abilities at ages. In general, boys start to talk later than girls do.)

1. Respond to a child with sensitivity from infancy forward. 2. React positively to a child's babbling. 3. Talk to a child frequently. 4. Get a child's attention when you want him/her to interact with you as he/she enters toddlerhood. 5. Ask a child questions and listen to him/her responses as his/her language ability grows. 6. Read and sing to a child.

Cognitive DevelopmentEarly childhood is not only a period of amazing physical growth, it is also a time of remarkable mental development. Cognitive abilities associated with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking continue to emerge throughout childhood.

◉Psychologist, Jean Piaget, Aron Beck

⦿⦿StagesStages• The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)• The Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years)• The Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)• The Formal Operational Stage (12 years to adulthood)

Mental DisorderMental health in childhood means reaching developmental and emotional milestones, and learning healthy social skills and how to cope when there are problems. Mentally healthy children have a positive quality of life and can function well at home, in school, and in their communities.

◉◉CausesCausesThe causes of mental disorders are generally complex and vary depending 　on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of some mental disorders are unknown.

◉◉Symptoms Symptoms ・・ Genetic inheritance, such as parents having depression ・ Migration and discrimination ・ Childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families ・ Abuse of drugs

Language(Communication) DisorderCommunication disorders include speech disorders and language disorders. Language disorder in children refers to problems with either: getting their meaning or message across to others (expressive language disorder), or understanding the message coming from others (receptive language disorder). Many young children have difficulty with communication at some time in their lives. Most will eventually catch up. However, some will continue to have problems.

◉◉CausesCauses ・ Occur in children with other developmental problems. (e.g. autistic spectrum disorders, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. ) ・ Caused by damage to the central nervous system, which is called aphasia. ・ Rarely caused by a lack of intelligence.

◉◉SymptomsSymptoms ・ Difficulty following directions ・ Trouble rhyming at an early age ・ Attention deficits ・ Inconsistent performance ・ Reading difficulty

◉◉TreatmentsTreatments ・ Speech and language therapy ・ Psychological therapy

◉◉EstimateEstimate　 8-9% of school-aged students (voice disorders/3% and stuttering/1%)

Source :textmed.com

Language Disorder

- ① Aphasia Aphasia is a disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language. Aphasia causes problems with any or all of the following: speaking, listening, reading, and writing.

◉◉CausesCauses・ Caused by stroke. ・ Any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language.

◉◉SymptomsSymptoms・ Have trouble using words and sentences (expressive aphasia).・ Have trouble understanding others (receptive aphasia).・ Have troubles with both using words and understanding (global aphasia).

Language Disorder- ② Lisp Speech Disorder

Lisp speech disorder is a condition that hinders with a person's proficiency to talk clearly and understandably. It may be initiated by developmental delays, hearing difficulties, accidents, strokes, or defects in any of the body parts or muscles.

◉Types・ Lateral Lisp - With this disorder, the tongue place is in the identical position when making the "L" sound. ・ Palatal Lisp - What occurs here is the middle of the tongue arrives into contact with the soft palate, or the soft part of the top covering of the mouth.

・ Interdental Lisp - The tongue comes in between the front teeth & the airflow is pushed forward.

Language Disorder

- ③ AutismAutism spectrum disorder is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others.

◉◉CausesCauses•Genetic vulnerability•Environmental factors

◉◉SymptomsSymptoms•Lack of or delay in spoken language•Little or no eye contact•Lack of interest in peer relationships•Lack of spontaneous or make-believe play

Autism has much more possibilities than other disorders or disabilities to be treated.

The medical cost for a child with autism is 6 times higher than a child without it.

Summary◍Language is a necessary ability and everyone communicates with others by using language including hand language.

◍There are more than 5 stages in language development.

◍There are many kinds of language disorders and main ones are Aphasia, Lisp, and Autism.

◍Boys have higher possibilities to have disabilities or delays than girls.

◍Everyone with disorders has a greatly possibility to treat disabilities or delays.

◍Any familiar matters can cause any disorders. (e.g. traffic accident, fighting, stumbling, and hitting your brain)

<Sources>・ Child Development Institute http://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/language_development/ ・ education.com http://www.education.com/reference/article/language-development-2/・ SIL http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/LangDev.html・ Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_disorder・ Learning Rx http://www.learningrx.com/cognitive-disorder.htm・ IVC Journal http://www.ivcjournal.com/articles/cognitive-disorder/・ Medline Plus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001545.htm・ University of Maryland http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/language-disorder-children・ Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=001545・ Health Intelligent Network http://hin.com/blog/tag/child-mental-disorder/・ Language Development 5th – Erika Hoff (Florida Atlantic University) Date of publication: 2013/1/1