Landscapes in Indiana Dunes

Landscape features are dynamic and can be dated:•100s – 1000s of years for dunes•10s – 100s of years for blowouts

Big blowout ~ 150 years old

Chloroplast coverage and polymorphisms

Position (kb)

ChloroplastGenomeCoverage

Chloroplast phylogeny

• Neighbor joining tree based on 140kb

• Named haplogroups have >50% bootstrap

• Unfilled lines indicate low-coverage sample

Chloroplast phylogeny

Chloroplast phylogeny

Nuclear genome: Multidimensional scaling

~11000 nuclear loci, mean of 100 random allele samples

Nuclear loci: Structure analysis

Bayesian clustering algorithm ~11000 nuclear loci, random allele sample, Burn-in 10K, Run 10K

Ecotypic diversity in switchgrass

• Switchgrass and other wide-ranging grassland species have many ecotypes

• Great variability in size, shape, color, and habitat preference• Example: Upland/lowland divergence

Upland (Michigan) Lowland (Oklahoma)

Adapted to: Shorter growing season,Drier climates

Adapted to: Long growing season,Wet climates

Reconstructed grassland experiments at Fermilab (2008-2010)

• Two experiments on diversity vs. ecosystem service relationships:

1. Field trial:• Genetic diversity• Species diversity • Functional diversity • +/- nitrogen input

2. Plot experiment:• Genetic diversity (++) • Species diversity

Field trial: Experimental design

Treatment Rationale

KA Kanlow cultivar (OK)

Lowland SG cultivar

CR Cave-in-Rock cultivar (IL/KY)

Upland SG cultivar

SL Southlow ecopool (MI)

Local SG ecopool

SG 3 SG mixed High diversity SG

BB 3 SG mix

+ 3 Big Bluestem

Warm season mix

CW 3 SG mix

+ Canada Wildrye

Warm season + cool season

PR 3 SG mix

+ 3 Big Bluestem

+ Canada Wildrye

+ Indiangrass

+ 3 legumes

+ 5 other forbs

Prairie mix

Div

ersi

ty

+

-

7 Plant treatments X N fertilization (+/-)

42 x 720m2 plots on a 10 acre site:

Biomass yield (Fall 2010-3rd year)

N-Fertilized Control

N fertilization:60 lbs/acres of urea

Ecotype diversity experiment

1-SG 6-SG

6-BB

3-BB+3-SG

4-SG

4-BB

2-BB+2-SG

2-SG

2-BB

1-BB+1-SG

1-BB

Genetic diversity

Mix

_+

Species Cultivar Origin

Switchgrass Kanlow Oklahoma (Lowland)

Cave-In-Rock Illinois/Kentucky

Southlow S Michigan (Ecopool)

Blackwell N Oklahoma

Forestburg Central South Dakota

Sunburst SE South Dakota

Dacotah North Dakota

Big Bluestem Southlow S Michigan (Ecopool)

Rountree Iowa

Epic Missouri

Pawnee Southeast Nebraska

Bonanza Selection from Pawnee

Champ Sand Bluestem hybrid (NE/IA)

Suther North Carolina

1) 14 grass varieties 2) 4 levels of diversity

Ecotype diversity effects

Genetic diversity in switchgrass mixtures