LAND SURVEYS, SITE LOCATION AND MAP

READING

(4 hours)

Speaker : Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico PRC Accredited Speaker No. 071Real Estate Broker/Appraiser /Consultant

WHAT IS GEODETIC ENGINEERING ?

GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAW (RA 8560) AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF GEODETINC

ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The practice of Geodetic Engineering is a professional and organized act of gathering physical data on the surface of the earth with the use of precision instruments.

PRACTICE OF SURVEYING RELEVANT TO REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE

DETERMINE METES AND BOUNDS is a system or method of describing land, real

property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate

Metes = boundary defined by distances and direction

Bounds = more general boundary description

SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS SKETCH PLAN PARCELLARY SURVEYS

Source : http://www.mooresbay.co.nz/subdivision_plan

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR BROKERS TO KNOW BASIC LAND SURVEYING ?

Real Estate Brokers need to know basic surveying Three elements of space in surveying Cardinal direction in surveying

How Real Property described What are the different kinds of land survey Read maps?

Map symbols Scale Topographic maps Important informations in a map?

DEFINITION OF SURVEYING TERMS

WHAT IS LAND SURVEY? MAP? SITE? LOCATION? METES AND BOUNDS ? SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION

SURVEYS ? SKETCH PLAN ? PARCELLARY SURVEYS ?

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Cadastral Survey = creates or re-establishes, marks, and defines boundaries of tracts of lands.

Hectare = 10,000 square meters

Kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters

Meridian (or line of longitude) = true north and south line extending from an initial point in both direction

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

True Meridian = Line or plane passing through geographical north pole and geographical south pole Ante meridiem ? (from Latin Meridies or mid-day) Post meridiem ?

Magnetic Meridians = is an imaginary line connecting the magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as the magnetic force lines along the surface of the earth.

Magnetic Declination = angle between the magnetic and the true meridian

Metes and Bounds = A common method of land description that identifies a property by specifying the shape and boundary dimensions of the parcel, using terminal points and angles.

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Original Survey = cadastral survey which creates land boundaries and marks them for the first time

Plat = A surveyed map of a town, section, or subdivision indicating the exact locations and boundaries of individual properties, streets, easements, and public recreation areas.

Setback = Zoning restrictions on the amount of bare land required surrounding improvements; the amount of space required between the lot line and the building line

Subdivision = Land that has been divided by the owner (subdivider) into individual parcels or lots which have been grouped into blocks. These lots, together with streets, alleys, parks, schools, planned commercial areas, and public utility easements, are recorded on a plat

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Survey = The process by which boundaries are measured and the locations or forms of land areas are determined

Easement = areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which other parties, such as utility companies, may have limited rights granted for a specific purpose.

Right-of-way = a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for construction and maintenance according to a designated use. This may include highways, streets, canals, ditches, or other uses

Latitude = A measure of relative position north or south on the Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the equator, which has a latitude of 0°, with the poles having a latitude of 90° north and south

Longitude = is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Prime Meridian = the longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

Mean Sea Level = is a measure of the average height of the ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and the mean low tide)

Datum = is a reference from which measurements are made Contour Lines = a line on a map joining points of equal

height above or below sea level Topographic Map = is a type of map characterized by large-

scale detail and quantitative representation of relief

Sample Contour Lines

How to Determine Elevation Using Topographic Map

Find the location of the point in the map Look for the Index Contour Find the elevation Determine the direction of the slope Count the contour intervals Interpolate

http://raider.mountunion.edu/~mcnaugma/topographic%20maps/contour.htm

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Bearings = Bearings are used to indicate angular orientation with respect to the earth

Benchmark = A survey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation, serving as a reference point for surveying.

Tie Line = A survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines

Property Line = describes the legal boundary of a parcel of land

BLLM = Bureau of Lands Location Monument

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

TCT = Transfer Certificate of Title OCT = Original Certificate of Title Free-Patent = is a legitimate proof of ownership of

public land in the Philippines granted by the Philippine government. It is an agreement between the government and the grantee, that he or she is charged of developing the land within a specified period of time.

Consolidation and Subdivision Survey = land survey of more than two contiguous lots merging to form a single lot, and a single lot subdivided into two or more lots, respectively.

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

CAD = Cadastral Survey Csd = subdivision survey of Cadastral Lot Psd = subdivision survey of a titled properties. All Psd surveys

are conducted by a Private Geodetic Engineer Bsd - Is a subdivision survey on government titled properties

conducted by a Government Geodetic Engineer. If a private titled land is being surveyed by a Government Geodetic Engineer thru court order, the resulting survey is a Bsd.

Psu - is a survey on original land (not yet surveyed) by a private Geodetic Engineer. This kind of survey will be used by titling thru judicial proceedings (means thru court order).

FP - Free Patent survey by a Private Geodetic Engineer

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Triangulation = a series of connected triangles which adjoin or overlap each other, with angles being measured from determined fixed stations

Trilateration = uses electronic distance measuring equiAMent to directly measure the lengths of the sides of triangles from which the angles can be calculated

Traverse = consists of a series of lines, whose lengths and directions are measured, connecting points whose positions are to be determined

open traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a station whose relative position is unknown.

closed traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is known

COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS

Leveling is the operation of determining differences of elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a graduated rod with the use of a leveling instrument such as a dumpy level, transit or Theodolites. This method is called Direct Leveling or Differential leveling

Indirect leveling can be done using the principle that differences in elevation are proportional to the differences in atmospheric pressure

Radiation is a surveying technique often used in conjunction with a plane table

Total Station

Traditional Transit

LAND SURVEYSFOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS

Land Surveying is the science and art of making all essential

measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points, or details.

Surveying Uses : Mathematics Geometry Trigonometry Physics Engineering Law

TWO TYPES OF SURVEY Plane surveying =

considers the earth to be a flat surface-- a plane

Geodetic surveying = takes into account the true shape of the earth.

Detailed Engineering:These are carried for engineering feasibility studies, ground terrain analysis, design planning and during actual construction phase.

Topographic Survey Contour Mapping Hydrographic Survey Construction Layout Highway & Bridge Design Survey As-built Construction Survey

TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE

TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE

Ground Control Establishment :

These are carried in surveys that require a high degree of accuracy with regards to both relative and absolute geodetic position.

GPS Geodetic Control Survey Vertical Control Leveling

TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USEProperty Boundary :

These surveys are carried primarily to determine and establish the legal boundary of real properties.

Cadastral Survey Parcellary Survey Subdivision Consolidation Survey

Boundary Relocation Survey

Route Alignment :These services are required during the

design & actual construction of road alignment and river embankment structures to determine the condition of the existing terrain. Road Alignment Profile Cross-Section Survey River Survey

TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE

THREE ELEMENTS OF SPACE IN SURVEYING

DISTANCE = the extent or amount of space between two things, points, lines, etc.

DIRECTION = a position on a line extending from a specific point toward a point of the compass or toward the nadir or the zenith

ELEVATION = height above a fixed reference point

FOUR CARDINAL POINTS IN SURVEYING

• NORTH • SOUTH• EAST• WEST

ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

PACING Distance = Pace factor × Number of

Paces

Determine your Pace FactorHomework:

A Real Estate Broker walked along a given straight line in a horizontal ground that was known to be 60 m long, in order to determine her average unit pace. She paced the line five times, recording 78, 76.5, 77, 87, and 76 paces, respectively.

a. Determine her average unit pace, or Pace Factor (PF).b. If the said broker then counted an average of 123.5

paces while pacing off the line of unknown distance, what is the distance?

Remarks: Pace Factor (PF) = Distance ÷ Average Paces

Other Ways to Measure Distances Taping EquiAMents clisimeter Transit, or Level; and stadia Total Station EDM

THE MEASURING WHEELA simple measuring wheel mounted on a rod can be used to determine distances, by pushing the rod and rolling the wheel along the line to be measured.An attached device called an odometer serves to count the number of turns of the wheelsFrom the known circumference of the wheel and the number of revolutions, distances for reconnaissance can be determined with relative accuracy of about 1:200.

15 MINUTES BREAK

WHAT IS A COMPASS ? WHAT IS A COMPASS?

is a navigational instrument that measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth

The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or points) – north, south, east, and west.

Intermediate directions are also defined. a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the directions

(with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on the compass.

An iPhone can be used as a geological compass because of the 3-axis teslameter and 3-axis accelerometer inside it

WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO KNOW HOW TO USE A COMPASS

What is a compass survey? (BONUS PRESENTATION FOR YOUR INFO – STUDY LATER )

It is used for you to find north. The arrow that stays in a direction points north .

Can used for orienting a map

Can be use to find direction

Can be use to find location

ORIENTING A MAPOrienting, or aligning, the map is really easy with just 3 steps:

• Lay your map out on a relatively flat, smooth surface.

• Turn your declination-adjusted compass dial so due North is at the index pointer.

• Place your compass on your map with the edge of the base plate parallel to the north-south meridians on the map.

• Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle is "boxed" in the orienting arrow

HOW TO FIND TRUE NORTH WITHOUT A COMPASS

The Shadow-Tip Method

1. Place a stick upright in the ground so that you can see its shadow. Alternatively, you can use the shadow of a fixed object. Nearly any object will work, but the taller the object is, the easier it will be to see the movement of its shadow, and the narrower the tip of the object is, the more accurate the reading will be. Make sure the shadow is cast on a level, brush-free spot.

2. Mark the tip of the shadow with a small object, such as a pebble, or a distinct scratch in the ground. Try to make the mark as small as possible so as to pinpoint the shadow's tip, but make sure you can identify the mark later.

3. Wait 10-15 minutes. The shadow tip will move mostly from west to east in a curved line.

4. Mark the new position of the shadow's tip with another small object or scratch. It will likely move only a short distance.

5. Draw a straight line in the ground between the two marks. This is an approximate east-west line.

6. Stand with the first mark (west) on your left, and the other (east) on your right. You are now facing mostly toward true north, regardless of where you are in the world.

This method is based on the fact that the sun moves across the sky from East to West.

What is Latitude and Longitude

Lines of Latitude

Lines of Longitude

Example: Equator = “0 °” latitude

- Also called “meredian”- “0 ° “ Longitude passes at Greenwich, England (by convention)

Why Orient a Map? If you know where you are on the map, you

should be able to look in any direction and see the objects represented on the map in the same direction.

If you can see a known mountain in one direction and a lake off another way, then just lay the map out, and turn it so the corresponding marks on the map align with the distant features.

You can verify the location of your subject property – on the ground

SITE LOCATION

USING A RULER FIND THE FASTEST WAY TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OF THE 7 STOREY BUILDING?

DEFINITION OF TERMS LAND = the Earth's surface extending downward to the center of the

Earth and upward to infinity, including permanently attached natural objects.

SITE = a parcel of land which improved to the extent that it is ready for use for the purpose of which it is intended

LOT = is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some owner(s), with documented defined boundaries (or borders)

LOCATION = an economic characteristic of real estate composed of immobility, constant change, dependence, and elements of special distribution

REAL ESTATE includes everything in the definition of Land, plus all things permanently attached to it naturally or artificially.

REAL PROPERTY includes Real Estate plus the interests, benefits and rights automatically included with the ownership of the Real Estate - Possession, Control, Enjoyment, Exclusion, and Disposition.

IMPORTANT DATA NEEDED FOR SITE LOCATION

Direction (Using internet, example: Google earth)

Lot Plan / Vicinity Map / Location Map Means of Transportation Access Roads/Routes Reference Point (adjacent properties / land

marks) and Specific Distances, or Time Frame

Land Use Contact persons

SOURCES OF DATA FOR SITE LOCATION Survey Maps Vicinity or Location Map Tax map Land Title Sketch Plan Owner Owner’s Agent Internet (ie… Google Map) Barangay/ Purok Officials Neighbors

HOW TO IDENTIFY PROPERTY IN A SITE LOCATION

Technical Approach By relocation Survey

Layman’s Approach Direction of a

knowledgeable person Semi-Skilled Approach

Sketching/Plotting with the use of: Compass and Tape Angular estimate and Pacing

Use of a GPS

HOW REAL PROPERTY IS DESCRIBED

Metes and Bound method = a "bounded by" description Uses = appears in instruments such as sale contracts, deeds and

other agreements relating to the property Boundaries = uses physical features and geographical references

to identify and describe the property's dimensions. Importance = legal description is also helpful in identifying

property boundaries when making alterations or improvements, so a proper description is essential in preventing or deciding boundary disputes between neighboring property owners.

Lot and Block System = With a subdivision plat or map, the plat or map is divided into smaller blocks, with individual lots demarcated within the blocks.

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION IN THE TITLE

MAP READING

MAP SYMBOLS

MAP SCALE Map Scale = indicates the relationship between a

certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. Often located in the “legend box”

Types of Scales: 1. Ratio or Representative Fraction (RF)

Example: 1/100,000 or 1:100,000

2. Word statement "One centimeter equals ten kilometers.“

3. Graphic Scale

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LATITUDE

LONGITUDE

IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS IN A MAP?1. Legend, or Key = will show the user what different symbols mean2. Orientation / Direction = a north arrow (pointing in the correct direction) for

user to determine direction3. Scale = See previous explanation 4. Neatline = the border of a map, to define the edge of the map area5. Title = provides important clues about the cartographer's intentions and

goals6. Color / Color Scheme = used on maps to signify a relationship to the object

or feature on the ground7. Latitude and Longitude/ Projection = See previous presentation 8. Cartographer = The authority behind the composition of the map9. Date of Production = needed for the user to determine the meaning and

value of some maps since such as those relating to current affairs or weather are time sensitive.

10. Locator Maps = a "helper" or locator map that places the body of the map within a larger geographical context

11. Inset Maps = additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of these small areas12. Index Maps = labels and other information

THANK YOU AND GOOD LUCK !

For your Real Estate Brokerage. Appraisal, and Consultancy NeedsContact: Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico0917 716 5538