BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE MUGHAL GARDENS PROJECT Michael Brand and James L. Wescoat Jr., 2001

Edited by Laura T. Schneider I. HISTORY 1. Primary Sources 2. Early European Accounts 3. Archival Material 4. Secondary Sources 5. Historiography II. GEOGRAPHY 1. General 2. Subcontinent III. LITERATURE 1. General 2. Subcontinent IV. ARCHITECTURE, ARCHAEOLOGY AND URBANISM 1. General 2. Subcontinent 3. Lahore and the Punjab 4. Sikh 5. Conservation and Administration V. GARDENS, WATER SYSTEMS AND AGRICULTURE 1. General 2. Subcontinent 3. Lahore and the Punjab 4. Kamran's Baradari 5. Shahdara 6. Shaikhupura/Jahangirabad 7. Shalamar (Lahore) 8. Wah/Hasan Abdal 9. Lahore Fort VI. VISUAL ARTS AND RESOURCES 1. General 2. Subcontinent 3. European 4. Photography VII. GAZETTEERS AND ATLASES

I. HISTORY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 1. Primary Sources Ali, M. Athar. Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility, 1574-1658. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985. Anon. Iqbalnama. History of the reigns of Farrukhsiyar (1713-19) and Muhammad Shah (1719-48). al-Fayyaz, `Ibadullah. Fayyaz ul-Qawanin. A collection of Mughal letters, including at least one from Aurangzeb, regarding a garden reception in Lahore. MSS: I.O.L. MS 3901; B.L. Or. 9617. `Abdullah. Tarikh-i Da'udi. Excerpts trans. in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 4, pp. 434-513. Aftabchi, Jawhar. Tazkirat al-Vaqi`at. Trans. Charles Stewart. 1832; rpt. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1972. `Allami, Abu'l-Fazl. Akbarnama, 3 vols. Persian text ed. H. Blochmann. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1877-86. Trans. H. Beveridge. 1902-39; rpt. Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, 1973. _______. A'in-i Akbari, 2 vols. Persian text ed. H. Blochmann. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867-77. Trans. in 3 vols. by H. Blochmann (Vol. 1; 2nd ed. revised by D. C. Phillot), 1927, and H. S. Jarrett (Vols. 2 and 3; revised by J. N. Sarkar), 1948-49; rpt. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1977. Babur, Zahir ad-Din Muhammad. Baburnama. Turki text ed. by A. S. Beveridge. Leyden and London: 1905. Trans. A. S. Beveridge. 1921; rpt. Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1970. _______________. Baburnama. 1996. Trans. Wheeler M. Thackston. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Bada'uni, `Abd al-Qadir. Muntakhab at-Tavarikh, 3 vols. Persian text ed. M. A. Ali. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1869. Trans. G. S. A. Ranking (Vol. 1), W. H. Lowe (Vol. 2), and T. W. Haig (Vol. 3). 1898-99; rpt. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. Barahman, Chandarbhan. Chaman-i Brahman [Persian]. Written shortly after 1057/1647. Has good descriptions of celebrations, banquets, etc. (with some detail). MS: B.L. Or. 1892; Microfolm: Widener Library, Harvard; ed. by Mohammad Rafique as Punjab University research thesis.

Bayat, Bayazid. Tarikh-i Humayun wa Akbar. Persian text ed. M. Hidayat Hosein. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1941. Partial trans. B. P. Saksena. Allahabad University Studies VI, pt. 1 (1930): 71-148. Begam, Gulbadan. Humayunnama. Trans. (with an edited Persian text) A. S. Beveridge. 1902; rpt. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-I Delli, 1972. Bhakkari, Shaykh Farid. Dhakirat al-Khawanin. Persian text ed. Syed Moinul Haq. 3 vols. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1961 (vol. 1), 1970 (vol. 2) and 1974 (vol. 3). Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haidar. A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia being the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat. Trans. E. Denison Ross. Rpt. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. Elliot, Sir H. M. and John Dowson (trans. and eds.). The History of India as Told by its Own Historians: the Muhammadan Period. 8 vols. 1867-77; rpt. Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, n.d. Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim. History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India. Trans. John Briggs. 4 vols. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 1977. Francklin, W. The History of the Reign of Shah-Aulum, the Present Emperor of Hindustan. n.d., rpt. Lahore: Republican Books, 1988. Garrett, H. L. O. and Chopra, G. L., eds. Events at the Court of Ranjit Singh, 1810-1817: Translated from the papers in the Alienation Office, Poona. Lahore: Punjab Government Record Office Publications, 1935. Haq, S. Moinul. Khafi Khan's History of `Alamgir (being an English translation of the relevant portions of Muntakhab al-Labab with notes and introduction). Karachi: Punjab Historical Society, 1975. Haravi, Nizam ad-Din Ahmad. Tabaqat-i Akbari. 3 vols. Persian text ed. by B. De and M. Hidayat Hosein. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1927-35. Trans. B. De and Baini Prashad. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1927-39. Hazin, Muhammad Ali. Tazkirat al-Ahwal. Trans. F. C. Balfour.London: ?, 1830. Autobiography of a Mughal noble (1692-1766) containing information about Nadir Shah's invasion of India. `Inayat Khan. The Shah Jahan Nama of `Inayat Kahn. Tr. A.R. Fuller; Ed. Wayne E. Begley and Z.A. Desai. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Islam, Riazul. A Calendar of Documents on Indo-Persian Relations (1500-1750). 2 vols. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation and Karachi: Institute of Central and West Asian Studies, 1979. Jahangir, Nur ad-Din Muhammad. Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. Trans. A. Rogers, ed. H. Beveridge. 1909-14; rpt. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1968. _________________. Jahangirnama. Trans. Wheeler M. Thackston. Seattle and Washington, DC: University of Washington Press and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2000. Jawhar, Aftabchi. The Tezkereh al Vakiat, or Private Memoirs of the Emperor Humayun. Trans. Charles S. Stewart. 1832; rpt. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1972. “Kalim,” Abu-Talib. Divan-i Kalim [Persian]. Husayn Partaw-Bayzai'i (ed.). Teheran: Khayyam, 1336/1957. Kambu, Muhammad Salih. `Amal-i Salih [Persian]. 3 vols. Ed. G. Yazdani. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1912-39. Urdu trans. Nazir Hasan Zaidi. Lahore: Urdu Science Board, 1974. Kamvar, Muhammad Hadi Khan. Tazkirat-i Salatin-i Chaghatai. [The second part of the book covers the period from Jahangir's death until 1724.] Khafi Khan, Muhammad Hashim. Muntakhab al-Lubab. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1874. Portions trans. in Elliot and Dowson, Vol. VII, pp. 207-533. For partial English translation, see also entry under “Haq, S. Moinul.” Khan, Shah Nawaz. Ma'athir al-Umara'. 3 vols. English trans. H. Beveridge. 1941; rpt. Patna: Janaki Prakashan, 1979. Khan, Zayn. Tabaqat-i Baburi. Trans. Sayed Hasan Askari. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1982. Khwandamir, Muhammad. Qanun-i Humayuni. Ed. M. Hidayat Hosain. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1940. Trans. Baini Prashad. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1940. Lahawri, `Abd al-Hamid. Padshahnama [Persian]. 2 vols. Ed. K. Ahmad and M. A. Rahim. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867-68. Mahdi, Muhammad. Jahankusha-i Nadiri. Information about Nadir Shah's invasion of India. Mushtaqi, Shaykh Rizkullah. Waqi`at-i Mushtaqi. Excerpts trans. in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 4, pp. 534-57.

Mutribi al-Asamm. Conversations with Emperor Jahangir. Trans. Richard C. Foltz. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1998. Sarwani, `Abbas Khan. Tarikh-i Sher Shah. Trans. in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 4, pp. 301-433. Suri, Sohan Lal, ed. Umdat-ut-Tawarikh. Vol. 3: 1831-39. Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1961; Vol. 4: 1839-45. Chandigarh: Punjab Itihas Prakashan, 1972. Tirmizi, S. A. I. Mughal Documents, 1526-1627. New Delhi: Manohar, 1989. Zafar Khan “Ahsan.” Divan-i Ahsan [Persian]. 1643. [R.A.S: MS Persian 310; text dated 1663, but illustrations of Kashmiri gardens have been attributed to late 1640s.] Zeb an-Nisa “Mukhfi.” Divan. 2. Early European Accounts Bangham, John. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Barr, Lt. William. Journal of a March from Delhi to Peshawar with the Mission of Col. Wade, including Travels in the Punjab, a visit to the city of Lahore, and a narrative of operations in the Khyber Pass in 1839. London: James Madden & Co, 1844. Barros, Joa™ ~o de. Da Asia de Joa™ ~o de Barros. Lisbon: Na Regia Offina Typografica, 1973. Bernier, Fr™ rançois. Travels in the Mogul Empire: A.D. 1656-1668. Trans. A. Constable. 1914; rpt. Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1979. Biddulph, William. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Burnes, Lt. Alexander. Travels into Bokhara. 3 vols. London: 1934. Camoes, Luis de. The Lusiads. Trans. William C. Atkinson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980. First published as Os Lusiadas in 1572. Camoes was in India around 1553, 1561-67. Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez. Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406. Trans. Guy le Strange. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1928. Coley, J. Journal of the Sutlej. London: 1856. Campaign of 1845-46 and Lord Hardinge's tour the following year.

Correia, Gaspar. Lendas da India. Vol. 3, part 2: Lisbon: Na Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1863. Annals of 1534 (pp. 571-77). Coryat, Thomas. See Foster, Early Travels, and Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Crowther, John. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” De Laet, Joannes. The Empire of the Great Mogol. Trans. J.S. Hoyland with S. N. Bannerjee. Bombay: Taraporevala, 1928. Eden, Emily. Up the Country: Letters written to her Sister from the Upper Provinces of India. 1930; rpt. London: Virago, 1983. Edwardes, H. B. A Year on the Punjab Frontier in 1848-49. London: 1851. Elphingstone, M. An Account of the Kingdom of Cabaul. London: 1815. Elsmie, G. R. Thirty-five Years in the Punjab, 1858-93. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1908. Fane, Henry Edward. Five Years in India. 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1842. Finch, William. See Foster, Early Travels, and Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Forster, G. Journey from Bengal to England. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1997 1798. Foster, William, ed. Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. 1921; rpt. Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1985. Gardner, A. Memoirs of Alexander Gardner. Ed. H. Pearse. London: 1898. Garrett, H. L. O., ed. The Punjab a Hundred Years Ago as Described by V. Jacquement (1831) and A. Soltykoff (1842). Lahore: Punjab Government Record Office Publications, 1935. Goodwin, John. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Goulding, H. R. Old Lahore: Reminiscences of a Resident; with which is Reproduced a Historical and Descriptive Account by the late Mr T. H. Thornton, B. C. S., for Many Years Secretary to the Punjab Government. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Printing, 1924. Goulding's reminiscences first appeared in the Civil and Military Gazette dated 29 September 1922. Thornton's notes had first been printed for private circulation in 1860, and were then embodied in the 1876 guidebook he wrote with Lockwood Kipling.

Includes an analysis on kashi work by a Dr Center (Chemical Examiner to the Punjab Government) and a map (in two sections) dated “season 1919-20.” Gower, F. L. Bygone Years. London: 1905. Gracias, J. A. Ismail. Una Dona Portugueza na Corto do Grao Mogol. Nova Goa: 1907. Hardinge, C. S. Recollections of India. London: 1847. Hawkins, Capt. William. See Foster, “Early Travels.” Hawkridge, Thomas. See Maclagan, “The Earliest EnglishVisitors.” Herbert, Sir Thomas. Some Yeares Travels into Africa and Asia the Great. London: Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, 1638. Honigberger, John Martin. Thirty Five Years in the East: Adventures, Discoveries, Experiments and Historical Sketches relating to the Punjab and Cashmere.1851; trans. ? London: 1852. Hugel, Baron Charles. Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab. 1845; rpt. Lahore: Qausain, 1976. Jacquemont, Victor. See Garrett, The Punjab a Hundred Years Ago. Ketelaar, Johan Josua. “Embassy of Mr. Johan Josua Ketelaar, Ambassador of the Dutch East India Company to the Great Moguls -- Shah Alam Bahadur and Jahandar Shah.” Trans. Mrs D. Kuenen-Wicksteed, annotated by J. Ph. Vogel in Journal of the Panjab Historical Society X, pt. 1 (1929), pp. 1-94. Lal, Mohan. Travel in the Punjab, Afghanistan and Turkistan to Balkh, Bokhara and Herat. 1846; rpt. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi & Company, 1977. Journal of an Indian who traveled as “Persian munshi” on Alexander Burnes's mission to Central Asia in 1831. Lake, Edward. Sir Donald MacLeod: a Record of Forty Two Years Service in India. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1874. Lawrence, Major H. M. L. Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Ranjeet Singh. Karachi: 1975 [1845]. Lawrence, Walter R. The India we Served. London: Cassell & Co., 1928. Arrived in Lahore 1879. Maclagan, E. D. “The Earliest English Visitors to the Punjab 1585-1627.” In Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society, II, 9-34. Ed. Zulfiqar Ahmad.

Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1982. _______. “The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique in the Punjab, 1641.” In Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society, II, 35-74, ed. by Zulfiqar Ahmad. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1982. Manrique, Fray Sebastien. Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique: 1629-1643. 2 vols. Trans. C. E. Luard. Oxford: Hakluyt Society, 1927. See also Maclagan, “The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique in the Panjab, 1641.” Manucci, Niccalao. Storia do Mogor. 4 vols. Trans. W. Irvine. London: John Murray, 1906. Masson, Charles. Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab and Kalat. London: 1842. Mildenhall, John. See Foster, Early Travels, and Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Monserrate, Father Anthony. The Commentary of Father Monserrate, S. J. Trans. J. S. Hoyland and annotated by S. N. Bannerjee. London: Oxford University Press, 1922. Moorcraft, William and Trebeck, George. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab, in Ledakh and Kashmir, Peshawar, Cabul, Kunduz and Bokhara. London: 1841. Rpt. as Travels in Hindustan, 1819 to 1825. 2 vols. Delhi: Sagar Publications, 1971. Mundy, Peter. The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-67. London: Hakluyt Society, 1914. Also in 5 vols. ed. by Sir R.C. Temple (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1907-36). Newberry, John. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Offlet, Nicholas. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Orlich, Capt. Leopold von. Travels in India including Sindh and the Punjab. 2 vols. Trans. H. Evans Lloyd. London: 1845. Osborne, W. G. The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh. 1840; rpt. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1973. Pelsaert, Francisco. Jahangir's India, the Remonstratie of Francisco Pelaert. Trans. W. H. Moreland and P. Geyl. 1925; rpt. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1972.

Sidi, Ali Reis. The Travels and Adventures of the Turkish Admiral Sidi Ali Reis. Trans. Arminus Vambery. Rpt. Lahore: al-Biruni, 1975. Steele, Richard. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Tavernier, J. B. Travels in India. 2 vols. Trans. V. Ball and ed. W. Crooke. 1925; rpt. Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1977. Thevenot, Jean de. Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri. Ed. S. Sen. Delhi: National Archives of India, 1949. Trans. of part 3 of his Voyages: Relation de l'Indoustan, des nouveaux Mogols et des autres peuples et pays des Indes (Paris, 1684). Vigne, Godfrey T. A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul and Afghanistan. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1843. _______. Travels in Kashmir, Ladak, Iskardo. 2 vols. Rpt. Delhi: Sagar Publications, 1981. Willoughby, John. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” Wolf, Joseph. Travels and Adventures of Joseph Wolf. 2 vols.? London: ?, 1861. Young, Robert. See Maclagan, “The Earliest English Visitors.” 3. Archival Material Barrier, N. Gerald. Punjab History in Printed British Documents: A Bibliographic Guide to Parliamentary Papers and Select, Nonserial Publications, 1843-1947. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Studies Volume L, 1969. Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmed, ed. Calendar of Persian Correspondence. Vol. 1. Lahore: Supertindendent of Government Printing, Punjab, 1967. Farrington, Anthony. Guide to the Records of the India Office Military Department. London: India Office Library and Records, 1981. Press List of Old Records in the Punjab Secretariat, Vol. IX: Lahore Agency and Residency, 1846-47. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1915. Press List of Old Records in the Punjab Secretariat, Vol. XII: Board of Administration, Punjab, 5th April 1849 to 10th February 1853; General Department. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1920.

Press List of Old Records in the Punjab Secretariat, Vol. XV: Chief Commissioner's Administration, Punjab, from 11th February 1853 to 31st December 1858; General Department. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1923. Press List of Old Records in the Punjab Civil Secretariat, Vol. XVIII: Board of Administration, Punjab, from 1859 to 1863; General Department. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1926. Press List of Old Records in the Punjab Civil Secretariat, Vol. XIX: Board of Administration, Punjab, from 1864 to 1868; General Department. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1927. Punjab Government Records. Vol. III: Political Diaries of the Agent to the Governor-General, North-West Frontier and Resident at Lahore: From 1st January 1847 to 4th March 1848. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909. Singh, Ganda, ed. The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. Amritsar and Patiala: Sikh History Society, 1952. Sutton, S. C. A Guide to the India Office Library. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1967. 4. Secondary Sources Alam, Muzaffer. The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707-1748. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986. Ali, M. Athar. “The Mughal Polity— A Critique of Revisionist Approaches,” Modern Asian Studies 27, 4 (1993): 699-710. Agarwal, C. M. Natural Calamities and the Great Mughals. Bodh Gaya: Kanchan Publications, 1983. Ahmad, Zulfiqar, ed. Selections from Journal of the Panjab Historical Society. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 1982. Vol I: Lahore and the Punjab. Vol. II: Punjab. Vol. III: Mughal India. Akbar, Muhammad. Punjab under the Mughal Raj. 1948; rpt. Lahore: Vanguard, 1985. Includes a translation [reprinted with "corrections and improvements" from Jadunath Sarkar's The India of Aurangzeb] of the description of the Panjab in the Khulasat

at`Tavarikh of Sujan Rai Batalvi (1695-96), of which much of the rest of the book is a gloss. Anon. History of Lahore. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press, 1876. [Cf. listing for Ulwi, Abdul Karim.] Baqir, Muhammad. Lahore Past and Present: (Being an account of Lahore compiled from original sources). 2nd edition, Lahore: Panjabi Adabi Academy, 1984 (1st edition, 1952). Bannerjee, Jamini Mohan. History of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1967. Bayly, C. A. “India and West Asia, c.1700-1830.” Asian Affairs XIX, pt. 1 (1988), pp. 3-19. _______. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Blake, Stephen P. “The Structure of Monetary Exchange in North India: The Provinces of Agra, Delhi and Lahore in 1600,” in John F. Richards, ed. The Imperial Monetary System of Mughal India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. _______. “The Urban Economy in Premodern Muslim India: Shahjahanabad, 1639-1739.” XXI, pt. 3 (1987), pp. 447-71. Braudel, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century. Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Chishti, Maulvi Noor Ahmed. Tahqiqat-i Chishti [Urdu]. 1867; rpt. Lahore: Punjabi Adabi Academy, 1964. Written in 1864. [DA Library, Lahore Fort: no title page and incomplete.] Conningham, J. D. A History of the Sikhs. Oxford: ?, 1918. Correia-Afonso, John. Indo-Portuguese History: Sources and Problems. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1981. Crooke, William. A Glossary of North Indian Peasant Life. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989. [Includes entries on cultivation and water use.] ___________. The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. 2 vols. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., 1896.

Danvers, Frederick C. The Portuguese in India. 2 vols. 1894; New York: Octagon Books, 1966. Desai, Z. A. “Relations of India with Middle-Eastern Countries during the 16th-17th Centuries.” Journal of the Oriental Institute (Baroda) XXIII (1974): 75-106. De Souza, Teotonio R., ed.. Indo-Portoguese History: Old Issues, New Questions. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 198? Du Jarric, Father Pierre. Akbar and the Jesuits. Trans. C. H. Payne. London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1926. Faridabadi, Sayyad Hashmi. Ma'asir-i Lahawr [Urdu]. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1956. Felix, Rev. Father. “Jesuit Missions in Lahore.” In Selections from the Journal of the Punjab Historical Society, I, pp. 83-127, ed. by Zulfiqar Ahmad. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1982. Findly, Ellison B. “Jahangir's Vow of Non-Violence.” Journal of the American Orientalist Society CVII (1987): 245-56. Fletcher, Joseph. “The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspectives.” Journal of the Harvard Asiatic Society 46,1 (1986): 11-50. Grewal, J. S. The Sikhs of the Punjab. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Habib, Irfan. The Agrarian System of Mughal India (1556-1707). London: Asia Publishing House, 1963. _______. “The Economic and Social Setting.” In Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry, eds. Fatehpur-Sikri. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1987. Hanson, Paul L. Sovereignty and Service Relationships in the Timurid Corporate Dynasty under Babar: the Continuing Legacy of the Chingis Khanid Political System. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Chicago, 1985. Hardy, Peter. Historians of Medieval India: Studies in Indo-Muslim Historical Writing. 1962; rpt. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1982. Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Innes, Arthur D. and Gough, Charles. Annexation of Punjab. 1897; rpt. Delhi: National Book Shop, 1984. Irvine, William. The Later Mughals. rpt. Delhi: Oriental Book Reprint Corporation, 1971. Islam, Riazul. Indo-Persian Relations: A Study of the Political and Relations between the Mughal Empire and Iran. Teheran: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1970. Kerr, Ian J. The Punjab Province and the Lahore District, 1849-1872: a Case Study of British Colonial Rule and Social Change in India. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Minnesota, 1975. Khan, Ahmad Nabi. “Lahore under the Rule of Babur and Humayun: A Reappraisal.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture III (1982): 74-91. Khan, Yusuf Husain. Two Studies in Early Mughal History. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1976. Lal, Rai Bahadur Kanhaya. Tarikh-i Lahawr [Urdu]. 1884. 2nd ed. Lahore: Majlis-i Taraqi-i Adab, 1987. _______. Tarikh-i Panjab [Urdu]. 1877; 2nd ed. Lahore: Majlis-I Taraqi-i Adab, 1981. Latif, Syad Muhammmad. History of the Punjab (from 1792 to 1849). Lahore: 1916. McCrindle, J. W. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Karachi: Indus Publications, 1992. Malik, Ikram Ali. A Bibliography of the Punjab and Its Dependencies (1849-1910). Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1968. Malik, Zahiruddin. A Mughal Statesman of the Eighteenth Century: Khan-i-Dauran, Mir Bakshi of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1739. 1972; rpt. Lahore: Book Traders, 1980. Includes a detailed critical bibliography of sources relevant to the first half of the eighteenth century. “Mughals,” Encyclopedia of Islam. Rev. ed. vol. 7. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991, pp. 313-46. Moosvi, Shireen. The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. Mujeeb, M. The Indian Muslims. Lahore: Book Traders, n.d. [Originally published by McGill University Press, 1967.]

Naqoosh [Urdu]. Lahore number: vol. 92 (February, 1962). Articles on the political, social, cultural, and religious history of Lahore. Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh. Panjab under the Great Mughals. Bombay: Thacker & Co., 1968. _______. Panjab Under the Later Mughals (1707-1759). Lahore: Book Traders, n.d. Qaisar, Ahsan J. The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture (A.D. 1498-1707). Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982. Richards, John F. Document Forms for the Official Orders of Appointment in the Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Trustees of the “E. J. W. Gibb Memorial,” 1986. _______. “The Formulation of Imperial Authority under Akbar and Jahangir.” In Kingship and Authority in India, pp. 252-85. Ed. John F. Richards. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1978. _______. “The Imperial Capital.” In Fatehpur-Sikri, pp. 65-72. Ed. Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1987. _______, Hagen, James R. and Edward S. Haynes. “Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850-1970.” Modern Asian Studies XIX, 3 (1985), pp. 699-732. ________. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Rose, H. A. A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. 3 vols. Lahore: Language Department Punjab, 1970. Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883 by Sir Denzil Ibbetson and the Census Report for the Punjab, 1892 by Sir Edward Maclagan. See also the three volume version by: Ibbetson, Denzil; Maclagan, Edward; and Rose, H.A. Lahore: Aziz Publishers, 1978 [first published 1911]. Roseberry, J. Royal. Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan, 1818-1881. Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1988. Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph. “The Subcontinental Empire and the Regional Kingdom in Indian State Formation.” In Region and Nation, pp. 40-59. Ed. Paul Wallace. Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing, 1985. Saksena, Banarsi Prasad. History of Shahjahan of Delhi. 1932; rpt. Lahore: Book Traders, n.d. Sarkar, Sir Jadunath. History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources. 5 vols. 1912, rpt. Karachi: South Asian Publishers, 1981.

_______. The India of Aurangzeb. Calcutta: Bose Brothers, 1901. Includes extracts from the Khulasat at-Tavarikh of Sujan Rai Batalvi (1695-96) and the Chahar Gulshan. _______. Nadir Shah in India. Patna: ?, 1925. Savory, Roger M. Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1980. Siddiqui, Iqtidar Hussain. Relations with the Indian Ruling Elite. (?) Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983. Singh, Chetan. “Centre and Periphery in the Mughal State: The Case of Seventeenth Century Panjab.” Modern Asian Studies 22, 2 (1988): 299-318. Singh, Fauja, ed. History of the Punjab. Vol. 4. Singh, Khushwant. A History of the Sikhs. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Steele, Flora A. Tales of the Punjab told by the people. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1894. Stein, Burton. “State Formation and Economy Reconsidered,” Part One. Modern Asian Studies XIX, 3 (1985), pp. 387-413. Steinbach. Punjab: History, Commerce, Productions, Government, Manufacturers, Laws & Religion. 1845, rpt. Delhi: Summit Publications, 1982. Streusand, Douglas E. The Formation of the Mughal Empire. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.l Subramanyam, Sanjay. “The Mughal State— Structure or Process? Reflections on Recent Western Historiography,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 29, 3 (1992): 291-321. Swissair Gazette. Issue devoted to Lahore: no. 2, 1988. Articles on the architecture, arts and culture of Lahore by Annemarie Schimmel and Henri Stierlin. Temple, R. C., ed. Panjab Notes and Queries, A Monthly Periodical, devoted the Systematic Collection of Authentic Notes and Scraps of Information Regarding the Country and the People. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, and London: Trubner & Co. Vol. 1: November, 1883 to September, 1884. Vol. 2: October, 1884 to September, 1885. Thornton, Thomas Henry. History of the Punjab. 2 vols. London: Allen & Co., 1846.

Trevaskis, Hugh Kennedy. Land of the Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from the earliest Times to the Year of Grace, 1890. London: Oxford University Press, 1928. Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. San Diego: Academic Press, 1974. Washbrook, D. A. “Progress and Problems: South Asian Economic and Social History c.1720-1860.” Modern Asian Studies XXII, pt.1 (1988), pp. 57-96. Wilson, Geoff. “Interpretations of Central Asian Influences on Mughal India: The Historical Debate,” South Asia XVIII, 2 (1995): 1-22. Wink, André. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990. 5. Historiography and Cultural Studies Bayly, C. A. “English-Language Historiography on British Expansion in India and Indian Reactions since 1945.” In Reappraisals in Overseas History, pp. 21-53. Ed. P. C. Emmer and H. L. Wesseling. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1979. Barrier, N. Gerald. India and America: American Publishing on India 1930-1985. Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies and Manohar, 1986. Breckinridge, Carol A. and van der Veer, Peter, eds. Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Drew, John. India and the Romantic Imagination. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. Grosrichard, Alain. Structure du Serail: la Fiction de Despotisme Asiatique dans l'Occident Classique. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1979. Habib, Irfan. “Marx's Perceptions of India.” In Marx on Indonesia and India, Trier [Germany]: Karl-Marx-Haus, 1983, pp. 29-66. _______. “Studying a Colonial Economy--Without Perceiving Colonialism.” Modern Asian Studies XIX, 3 (1985), pp. 355-81. Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormasji. Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by its own Historians. 2 vols. 1939 and 1957; rpt. Lahore: Islamic Book Service, 1979.

Hussain, Asaf. “The Ideology of Orientalism.” Orientalism, Islam and Islamists, pp. 5-21. Ed. Asaf Hussain and Robert W. Olson. Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1984. Inden, Ronald. “Orientalist Constructions of India.” Modern Asian Studies XX, 3 (1986), pp. 401-46. ___________. Imagining India. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. Kumar, Dharma. “The Dangers of Manichaeism.” Modern Asian Studies XIX, 3 (1985), pp. 383-86. Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe. 2 vols. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1965-77.

Vol. I: The Century of Discovery (1965). Vol. II: A Century of Wonder: Book 1: The Visual Arts (1970). Book 2: The Literary Arts (1977). Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines (1977) Vol. III: Book 1: A Century of Advance (1998) Book 2: South Asia, 1993) Book 3: Southeast (1993) Book 4: East Asia Lovejoy, A. O. “On the Discrimination of Romanticisms.” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association XXXIX (1924), pp. 229-53. Marx, Karl. “The British Rule in India.” In Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, pp. 83-89. Ed. Shlomo Avinari. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1969. Originally published in the New York Daily Tribune, June 25, 1853. Prakash, Gyan. “Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography,” Comparative Study of Society and History 32 (1990): 383-408. Rodinson, Maxime. Europe and the Mystique of Islam. Trans. Roger Veinous. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1987. Originally published as La fascination de l'Islam in 1980. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon, 1978. Schwab, Raymond. The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East 1680-1880. Trans. Gene Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. With a new foreword by Edward W. Said. Originally published as La Renaissance oriental in 1950.

Syed, Muhammad Aslam. A Study of Muslim Historiography in India: 1857-1914. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University, 1978. Turner, Bryan S. “Orientalism and the Problem of Civil Society in Islam.” Orientalism, Islam and Islamists, pp. 23-42. Ed. Asaf Hussain and Robert W. Olson. Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1984.

II. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY (for Urban Geography see IV) 1. General and Islamic Ahmad, Nafis. Muslim Contributions to Geography. Lahore: Ashraf, 1972. Alavi, S. A. Z. Arab Geography in the 9th and 10th Centuries. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 1965. Barbier de Meynard, C. Dictionnaire Geographique, Historique, et Litteraire de la Perse. Paris: Benjamin Duprat, 1861. Graham, Brian; Ashworth, G. J.; Tunbridge, J.E. A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture & Economy. London: Arnold, 2000. Heawood, Edward. A History of Geographic Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge Geographic Series, 1896. Harley, J. Brian; and Woodward, David, eds. Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. The History of Cartography, Vol. Two, Book One. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. [About half of this volume is devoted to Muslim cartography and half to South Asian cartography.] Kramers, J. H. “Djughrafiya.” Encyclopedia of Islam. 1st ed. Supp. Vol. 9. pp. 61-73. 2. Subcontinent Abbas, Muhammad. A Study of Sedimentation Processes in the Active Flood Plain of River Ravi. Lahore: Geography Department, Punjab University, 1986. Ahmad, S. Maqbul and Bano, Raja. Historical Geography of Kashmir (Based on Arabic and Persian sources from A.D. 800 to 1900). Delhi: Ariana Publishing House, 1984. Aijazuddin, Faqir S. Rare Maps of Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons, 2000. Andrews, P. A. “Lahawr.” Encyclopedia of Islam. Rev. Ed. Vol. 5. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982, pp. 597-601. Bellasis, Edward Skelton. Punjab Rivers and Works. A description of the shifting rivers of the Punjab plains and of works on them, namely: inundation canals, flood embankments & river training works, with the principles for designing and working them. London: E. F. N. Spon Ltd., 1912. Blake, Stephen P. “The Hierarchy of Central Places in North India during the Mughal Period of Indian History.” South Asia VI (1983), pp. 1-32.

Deloche, Jean. Recherches sur les routes de l'Inde au temps des Moguls. Paris: École Française d'Extreme Orient, 1968. Dewey, Clive J. The Settlement Literature of the Greater Punjab: A Handbook. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1991. Dutt, Ashok K. and Geib, M. Margaret. Atlas of South Asia. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987. Edney, Matthew H. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Ehlers, E. and Kraft, T. “The Imperial Islamic City: A Map of 19th Century Shahjahanabad.” Environmental Design (1993): 170-9. Fox, Richard G. ed. Realm and Region in Traditional India. Monograph number 14. Durham: Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia, 1977. Gole, Susan. Early Maps of India. Delhi: Sanskriti, 1976.With a foreword by Irfan Habib. __________. India Within the Ganges. New Delhi: Jayaprints, 1983. __________. Maps of Mughal India, Drawn by Colonel Jean-Baptiste Gentil, agent for the French Government to the Court of Shuja ud-Daula at Faizabad, in 1770. New Delhi: Manohar, 1988. __________. Indian Maps and Plans: From Earliest Times to the Advent of European Surveys. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1989. __________. “The Town of Srinagar in Indian Maps.” Environmental Design (1993): 156-63. Granoff, Phyllis. “Rama’s Bridge: Some Notes on Place in Medieval India, Real and Envisioned.” East and West (1998): 93-115. Grewal, J. S. and Banga, Indu, eds. Early Nineteenth Century Panjab: From Ganesh Das's Char Bagh-i-Panjab. Amritsar: Department of History, Guru Nanak University, 1975. Habib, Irfan. An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index. 1982, rpt. with corrections. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986.

_______. “Cartography in Mughal India.” Medieval India, a Miscellany. Vol. 4. New York: Asia Publishing House for Aligarh Muslim University, 1977. Husayn, Murtaza. Hadiqat al-Aqalim. Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press, 1879. India Office Library. Catalogue of Manuscripts and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, etc. of the Indian Surveys, Deposited in the Map Room of the India Office. London: 1878. Luther, Usha M. Historical Routes of Northwest Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi 1550s-1850s A.D.: Network Analysis through DCNC-Micro Methodology. New Delhi: Sagar Publications, n.d. Meadows, Azra and Peter. The Indus Rivers: Biodiversity, Resources, Humankind . Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999. Mooley, D. A. and Parthasarathy, B. “Droughts and Floods over India in Summer Monsoon Seasons, 1871-1980.” In Variations in Global Water Budget, ed. by A. Street-Perrott, et al, pp. 239-52. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1983. Phillmore, R. H. Historical Records of the Survey of India. 4 vols. Dehra Dun: Survey of India, 1945-58. _______. “Three Indian Maps.” Imago Mundi IX (1952), pp. 111-13. Pithawala, Maneck. An introduction to Pakistan: its resources and potentialities. Lahore: Publishers United, 1958. Pope, Arthur Upham. 1938. “The Relation between Geography and Art in Iran,” A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, pp. 106-26. Prasad, S. N., ed. Catalogue of the Historical Maps of the Survey of India (1700-1900). New Delhi: National Archives of India, 1975. Rehman, Abdul and James L. Wescoat, Jr. Pivot of the Punjab: the Historical Geography of Medieval Gujrat. Lahore: Dost Publishers, 1993. Raverty, Henry G. Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Karachi: Indus Publications, 1976 [orig. pub. 1878]. Rennell, James. Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire. 2nd ed. London: W. Bulmer & Co., 1792. Sarkar, K. M. The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab. Lahore: Punjab Government Record Office Publications, 1926.

Schwartzberg, Joseph E. ed. A Historical Atlas of South Asia. 2nd impresion, with additional material. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Singh, Chandramani. “Cartographic Tradition of India: A study in Medieval Indian Maps and Plans.” Environmental Design (1993): 164-9. ___________. “Early 18th-century Painted City Maps on Cloth.” Facets of Indian Art. Ed. Robert Skelton. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1986, pp. 185-92. Spate, O. H. K. and Learmonth, A. T. A. India and Pakistan: Land, People and Economy. 2 vols. London: Methuen & Co. Sukhwal, B. L. South Asia: A Systematic Geographical Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1974. Tieffenthaler, Joseph. La géographie de l'Indoustan, écrite en Latin, dans le pays même. Trans. into French and ed. Jean Bernoulli, Descriptions historique et géographique de l'Inde, vol. 1. Berlin: Jean Bernoulli, 1786. Relevant passages trans. into English by the editors. U.S. Board on Geographic Names. India. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1952. Verma, H. C. Medieval Routes to India: Baghdad to Delhi, A Study of Trade and Military Routes. Lahore: Book Traders, 1977. Wescoat, James L. Jr., Richa Nagar and David Faust. “Social and Cultural Geography.” In Indian Encyclopedia of Sociology and Social Anthropology. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, forthcoming, 65pp. Wescoat, James L. Jr. “A Geographic Perspective on Sustainable Landscape Design In Arid Environments.” Sustainable Landscape Design in Arid Climates, pp. 11-23. Geneva: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 1999. Also: “Summary of Discussion and Future Concerns,” pp. 97-102. __________. “The Historical Geography of Indus Basin Management: A Long-Perspective, 1500-2000.” In The Indus River: Biodiversity, Resources, Humankind. Linnean Society, pp. 416-28. Ed. Azra and Peter Meadows. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999. ___________. “Wittfogel East And West: Changing Perspectives On Water Development in South Asia and the US, 1670-2000.” In Cultural Encounters with the Environment: Enduring and Evolving Geographic Themes, pp. 109-32. Ed. A. B. Murphy and D. L. Johnson. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.

__________. “Mughal Gardens and Geographic Sciences, Then and Now.” Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. Special issue of Muqarnas, ed. A. Petruccioli. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997, pp. 187-202. __________. “Toward a Map of Mughal Lahore: A Survey of Cartographic Sources from 1590 to 1990.” Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre (1993 [pub. 1995]): 186-93. Willmott, C. J. et al. “Average Monthly and Annual Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation Data for the World.” Publications in Climatology, vol. 34. Centerton, N.J.: Laboratory of Climatology, 1981. Zafar, Fareeha. “The Colonization Process and Population Changes in the Punjab During British Rule.” Die Erde CXVI (1985): 329-40.

III. LITERATURE 1. General Islamic and Comparative de Fouchecour, C.-H. “La description de la nature dans la poesie lyrique persane de XIe siecle: inventaire et analyse des themes.” Travaux de l'Institut d'Etudes Iraniennes de l'Universite de Paris, no. 4. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1969. Firdawsi. The Epic of the Kings: Shah-Nama, the National Epic of Persian by Ferdowsi. Trans. Reuben Levy, revised by Amin Banani. 1967; rpt. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. Noorani, Yaseen. “The Lost Garden of Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain and the Poetic Inversion of Colonialism.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (1999): 237-54. Renard, John. Islam and the Heroic Image: Themes in Literature and the Visual Arts. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993. Subtelny, Maria E. “̀ Ali Shir Nava'i: Bakhshi and Beg.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Eucharisterion III/IV (1979-80): 797-807. _______. “Scenes from the Literary Life of Timurid Herat.” In Logos Islamikos: Studia Islamica in Honorem Georgii Michaelis Wickens, pp. 137-55. Ed. Roger M. Savory and Dionysius A. Agius. Papers in Medieval Studies 6. Toronto: Institute of Medieval Studies, 1984. Yar-shater, Ehshan. “Affinities Between Persian Poetry and Music.’ Studies in Honor of Richard Ettinghausen. Ed. P. Chelkowski. New York University and the University of Utah, 1974, pp. 59-78. _______. “Some Common Characteristics of Persian Poetry and Art.” Studia Islamica XVI (1962) 61-71. 2. Subcontinent Ghani, Muhamad Abdul. A History of Persian Language and Literature at the Mughal Court. 2 vols. 1925; rpt. Lahore: Hijra International Publishers, 1983. Hanaway, William. “Paradise on Earth: The Terrestrial Garden in Persian Literature.” In The Islamic Garden. Ed. Elizabeth B. MacDougall. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1976, pp. 41-67. Hasan, Hadi. Mughal Poetry: Its Cultural and Historical Value. Madras: Islamic Literature Society, ca. 1951. Uthman Muhammad Isma`il-Uthman `Abdu'l-Haq

Endowment Lectures delivered at the University of Madras in July, 1951. [DA Library, Lahore Fort.] Krishna, Lajwanti Rama. Panjabi Sufi Poets, AD 1460-1900. Karachi: Indus Publications, 1977. Marek, Jan. “Persian Literature in India.” In History of Iranian Literature. Ed. Jan Rypka, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1968, pp. 713-34 and 832-38. Sadi, M.S. Gulistan. Trans. Francis Gladwin. Islamabad: Lok Virsa Publishing House, 1988 reprint. Schimmel, Annemarie. As Through a Veil: Mystical Poetry in Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. __________. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975. ________. “Floral and Garden Imagery in the Poetry of Allama Iqbal.” In The Mughal Garden. Ed. Hussain et al., pp. 201-4. Sharma, Sunil. Persian Poetry at the Indian Frontier: Mas`sud Sa`d Salman of Lahore. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2000. Temple, Richard. The Legends of the Punjab. 2 vols. Islamabad: Institute of Folk Heritage, 1981 reprint. Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh, Jr. The Poetry of Abu-Talib Kalim: Persian Poet-Laureate of Shahjahan, Mughal Emperor of India. Harvard University Ph.D. thesis, 1974. ____________, ed. and trans. A Century of Princes: Sources on Timurid History and Art. Cambridge, MA: Aga Khan Program in Islamic Architecture, 1989. ____________. “Mughal Gardens in Persian Poetry,” in Mughal Gardens. Ed. Wescoat and Wolschke-Bulmahn, pp. 233-58.

IV. ARCHITECTURE, ARCHAEOLOGY AND URBANISM 1. General Islamic and Persianate Abu-Lughod, Janet L. “The Islamic City--Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance.” International Journal of Middle East Studies XIX (1987): 155-76. Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies. Cambridge, MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1988. Allen, Terry. A Catalogue of the Toponyms and Monuments of Timurid Herat. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Isamic Architecture, 1981. Baer, Eva. Islamic Ornament. New York: New York University Press, 1998. Bartol'd, V. V. “O Pogrebenii Timura” [The Burial of Timur]. Trans. J. M. Rogers. Journal of Persian Studies, pp. 65-87. Blair, Sheila and Bloom, Jonathan. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Brandenburg, Dietrich. Herat: Eine Timuridische Hauptstadt. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1977. _______. Samarkand: Studien zur islamische Baukunst in Uzbekistan (Zentralasien). Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling, 1969. Byron, Robert. “Timurid Architecture: a. General Trends.” In A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Ed. A. U. Pope and Phyllis Ackerman, vol. 3. London and New York: 1964-5, 1967. Davidson, Cynthia C. ed. Legacies for the Future: Contemporary Architecture in Islamic Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998. ____________. Architecture beyond Architecture: Creativity and Social Transformations in Islamic Cultures. London: Academy Editions, 1995. English, Paul W. “The Traditional City of Herat, Afghanistan.” In From Medinah to Metropolis. Ed. L. C. Brown. Princeton: 1973. Ettinghausen, Richard and Oleg Grabar. The Art and Architecture of Islam: 650-1250. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987.

Gaube, Heinz. Iranian Cities. New York: New York University Press, 1979. Golombek, Lisa and Donald Wilber. The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan, 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 174-80, "Gardens and Garden Structures." Grabar, Oleg. The Formation of Islamic Art. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973. _______. “Islamic Art: Art of a Culture or Art of a Faith.” Art and Architecture Research Papers XIII (1978): 1-6. _______. “Reflections on the Study of Islamic Art.” Muqarnas I (1983): 1-14. _______. The Mediation of Ornament. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Hoag, John D. Islamic Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1977. Jones, Dalu, ed. Patrons of art: The Mughals and the Medici. Special issue of Marg. 39 (1988): 2-90. [Includes essays by Dalu Jones, “Patronage under the Medici and the Mughals, Cultural Parallels and Artistic Exchange.” pp. 9-28; Ebba Koch, “Pietre Dure and Other Artistic Contacts between the court of the Mughals and that of the Medici.” pp. 29-56; Attilio Petruccioli, "The city as an Image of the King." pp. 57-68; Jan Pieper, " Hanging Gardens in the Princely Capitals of Rajasthan and in Renaissance Italy: Sacred space, earthly paradise, secular ritual." pp. 69-90]. Lapidus, Ira. Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967. Necipoglu, Gulru. “An outline of shifting paradigms in the palatial architecture of the pre-modern Islamic world.” Ars Orientalis XXIII (1993): 3-24. [Includes essays by Nechipoglu, Gulru. “Framing the gaze in Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Palaces,” pp. 303-42; and O'Kane, Bernard. “From tents to pavilions: royal mobility and Persian palace design,” pp. 249-68.] O'Kane, Bernard. Timurid architecture in Khurasan. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1987. Petruccioli, Attilio, ed. Urban Morphogenesis: Maps and Cadastral Plans. Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1993. Serageldin, Ismail, Ephim Shluger and Joan Martin-Brown, eds. Historic Cities and Sacred Sites: Cultural Roots for Urban Futures. Washington: The World Bank, 2001.

Wheatley, Paul. “Levels of Space Awareness in the Traditional Islamic City.” Ekistics CCLIII (1976), pp. 354-66. __________. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh through the Tenth Centuries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 2. Subcontinent Akbar, Sadiq, Abdul Rehman and M. Ali Tirmizi. Sultanate Period Architecture. Architectural Heritage of Pakistan II. Lahore: Anjuman Mimaran, 1990. Andrews, Peter. “The Architecture and Gardens of Islamic India.” In The Arts of India. Ed. Basil Gray, pp. 95-124. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1981. Ansari, M. A. “Palaces and Gardens of the Mughals.” Islamic Culture XXXIII (1959): 50-70. Asher, Catherine. The Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Asher, Catherine. 1992. “Mughal sub-imperial patronage: the architecture of Raja Man Singh.” In The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture, pp. 183-201. Ed. Barbara Stoler Miller. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Bannerji, S. K. “Shah Jehan's Monuments in Agra.” Journal of United Provinces Historical Society XVII (1944): 55-70. _______. “Shah Jehan's Monuments in Delhi and Ajmer.” Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society XIX (1946): 148-62. Begley, Wayne E. “Four Mughal Caravanserais Built During the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan.” Muqarnas I (1983). _______. “The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of its Symbolic Meaning.” The Art Bulletin (1979): 7-37. Begley, W.E. and Z. A. Desai. “Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb.” An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Mughal and European Documentary Sources. Cambridge, MA: The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1989. Brand, Michael. “Mughal Ritual in Pre-Mughal Cities. The Case of Jahangir at Mandu.” Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre (1991): 8-17.

_________. “Orthodoxy, Innovation, and Revival: Considerations of the Past in Imperial Mughal Tomb Architecture,” Muqarnas 10 (1993): 323-34. Brand, Michael and Glenn D. Lowry, eds. Fatehpur-Sikri: A Sourcebook. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1985. _______. Fatehpur-Sikri. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1987. Brandenburg, Dietrich. Der Taj Mahal in Agra. Verlag Bruno Hessling, 1969. Brown, Percy. Indian Architecture (Islamic Period). Rpt. Bombay: Taraporevala, 1959. Chaudhuri, K. N. “Reflections on Town and Country in Mughal India.” Modern Asian Studies, XII, no. 1 (1978): 77-96. Crane, Howard. “The Patronage of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur and the Origins of Mughal Architecture,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 1 (1987): 95-110. Digby, Simon. “Early Pilgrimages to the Graves of Mu`in al-din Sijzi and other Indian Chishti Shaykhs.” In Islamic Society and Culture: Essays in Honour of Professor Aziz Ahmad, pp. 95-100. Ed. Milton Israel and N. K. Wagle. Delhi: Manohar, 1983. Edwards, Holly F.C. “The Genesis of Islamic Architecture in the Indus Valley.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. New York University, 1990. Fergusson, James. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1910. Geddes, Patrick. 1917 [1972]. “Town Planning in Lahore: A Report to the Municipal Council.” Reprinted in Patrick Geddes: Spokesman for Man and the Environment. Ed. Marshall Stalley. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1972, pp. 383-449. Glover, William J. “Making Lahore Modern: Urban Form and Social Practice in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1920. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Berkeley, 1999. Hambly, Gavin. Cities of Mughal India: Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri. London: Elek, 1968. Hingorani, Ratan Pribhdas. Site Index to A.S.I. Circle Reports (1881-1921). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1978. Hoag, John D. “The Tomb of Ulugh Beg and Abdur Razzaq: A Model for the Taj Mahal.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians XXVII (1968): 234-48.

Hosagrahar, Jyoti. “Design, Domination, and Defiance: Negotiating Urbanism in Delhi, 1857-1910.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Berkeley, 1997. Husain, Mahdi. “Agra before the Mughals.” Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society XV (1942): 49-66. Fritz, John M., George Michell and M. S. Nagaraja Rao. The Royal Centre at Vijayanagara: Preliminary Report. Vijayanagara Research Centre, Monograph Series No. 4. Melbourne: Department of Architecture and Building, University of Melbourne, 1984. ________. City of Victory: Vijayanagara, the Medieval Hindu Capital of Southern India. Photographs by John Gollings. New York: Aperture, 1991. Golombek, Lisa. “From Tamerlane to the Taj Mahal.” In Essays in Islamic Art and Architecture. Ed. Abbas Daneshvari. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1981.� Jairazbhoy, R. A. “The Taj Mahal in the Context of East and West: A Study in Comparative Method.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes XXIV (1961): 59-88. Kanwar, H. I. S. “Cost of the Taj Mahal.” Islamic Culture L (1976): 87-105. _______. “Harmonious Proportions of the Taj Mahal.” Islamic Culture XLIX (1975): 1-21. _______. “The Site of the Taj Mahal.” Islamic Culture XLIX (1975): 195-205. Khan, Iqtidar Alam. “The Karwansarays of Mughal India: A Study of Surviving Structures.” Paper presented at the symposium Ritual Movement in Urban Architecture under the Mughals, Genzano di Roma, 1987. Klingelhoffer, William G. “The Jahangiri Mahal of Agra Fort: Tradition and Transformation in Early Mughal Architecture.” Unpublished PhD dissertation. Harvard University, 1995. Koch, Ebba. “Notes on the Painted and Sculptural Decoration of Nur Jahan's Pavilions in the Ram Bagh (Bagh-i Nur Afshan) at Agra.” In Facets of Indian Art, pp. 51-65. Ed. Robert Skelton. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1986. ___________. Mughal Architecture. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1991. ___________. “Shah Jahan’s Visits to Delhi Prior to 1646: New Evidence of Ritual Movement in Urban Mughal India.” Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre (1991): 18-29.

Lowry, Glenn D. The Tomb of Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun. Unpublished Ph.D. disserta¬tion. Harvard University, 1982. Muhammed, K. K. “The Houses of the Nobility in Mughal India.” Islamic Culture LX, no.3 (1986), pp. 81-103. Mu`in al-Din, Muhhamad. The Taj and its Environments (?) 2nd ed., Agra: R. G. Bansal & Co., 1924. Mumtaz, Kamil Khan. Architecture in Pakistan. Singapore: Mimar, 1985. ____________. Modernity and Tradition: Contemporary Architecture in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000. Nath, Ram. History of Mughal Architecture. 4 vols. Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1982-. _______. Agra and Its Monuments. Agra: Historical Research Documentation Programme, 1997. _______. “Persian Inscription of the Upper Gallery of Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra, Agra: Contents & Raison d'Être.” Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society XXXIV (1986), pp. 221-35. _______. Jharoka: An Illustrated Glossary of Indo-Muslim Architecture. Jaipur: Historical Research Documentation Programme, 1986. Petruccioli, Attilio. Dar al Islam: Architetture del Territorio nei Paesi Islamici. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1985. _______. Fathpur Sikri: La Citta del Sole e delle Acque. Rome: Carucci Editore, 1988. Rahman, Abdur. The Proceedings of the Hijra Celebration Symposium on Islamic Art, Calligraphy, Architecture and Archaeology, March 1-6, 1981. 3 vols. Peshawar: Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar. Rajan, K. V. Soundara. Islam Builds in India. Delhi: Agam Kala Parakshan (?), 1983. Reuther, Oscar. Indische Palaste und Wohnhauser. Berlin, 1925. Rizvi, S. A. A. and V. J. A. Flynn. Fathpur Sikri. Bombay: Taraporevala, 1975. Schimmel, Annemarie. “A dervish in the guise of a prince: Khan-i Khanan Abdur Rahim as a Patron.” In The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture, pp. 202-23. Ed. B.S. Miller. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Shukla, D.N. Vastu-Sastra. Hindu Science of Architecture. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1998. Smith , Edmund W. Akbar's Tomb, Sikandrah. Allahabad: Archaeological Survey of India, 1909. _______. Mughal Colour Decoration of Agra. Allahabad: Archaeological Survey of India, 1901. Tillotson, G.H.R. The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. __________, ed. Paradigms of Indian Architecture: Space and Time in Representation and Design. London: Curzon, 1998. Tirmizi, S. A. I. Ajmer through Inscriptions, 1532-1852 A.D. New Delhi, Indian Institute of Islamic Studies, 1968. Welch, Anthony. “Hydraulic Architecture in Medieval India: the Tughluqs.” Environmental Design II (1985): 74-81. Zajadacz-Hastenrath, Salome. “A Note on Babur’s Lost Funerary Enclosure at Kabul.” Muqarnas 14 (1997): 135-42. 3. Lahore and the Panjab Aijazuddin, F.S. Lahore: Illustrated Views of the 19th Century. Lahore: Vanguard Books, Ltd., 1991. _________. Historical Images of Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons, 1992. Anon. “Excavations at Lahore Fort.” Pakistan Archaeology, I, 1964, pp. 55-56. Anon. Lahore and some of its Historical Monuments. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing Press, 1927. Anon. (“an officer of the Bengal Army”?) “A tour of Lahore.” The Asiatic Annual Register, vol. XI, 1809. Chaghatai, Muhammad Abdullah. “Alamgiri Bund.” Daily Imroze. Lahore: 26 October, 1955. Chaudhry, N.A. Lahore Fort: A Witness to History. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 1999. Chopra, Gulshan Lal. A Short History of Lahore and its Monuments. Lahore: 1937.

Cunningham, Alexander. Report of a Tour in the Punjab. (Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report: vol. XIV, 1887). Calcutta: Government of India Printing. Grey, C. “The Story of Anarkali.” Journal of the Punjab Historical Society III (1934), pp. 76-80. Groote, Peter and de Jonge, Rene. Urban Planning in Lahore: A Confrontation with Real Development. Unpublished Masters Thesis: Department of Geography, State University of Groningen, Groningen and Department of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore. 1987. Khan, Ahmad Nabi. “Lahore: the Darus Saltanat of the Moghul Empire under Akbar (1556-1605).” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan XXI, no.3 (1984), pp. 1-22. Khan, Khalil Ahmad. Union Catalogue of Books on Architecture Available in the Libraries of Lahore. Lahore: National College of Art, 1981. Khan, Muhammad Walliullah. Lahore and its Important Monuments. Lahore: Pakistan Department of Archaeology, 1959. Khokar, Massood ul-Hassan. “Tomb of Sharaf un-Nisa Begum Known as the Sarvwala Maqbara at Lahore.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture III (1982): 111-16. Koch, Ebba. “Jahangir and the Angels: Recently Discovered Wall Paintings under European Influence in the Fort of Lahore.” In India and the West, Proceedings of Seminar Dedicated to the Memory of Hermann Goetz. Ed. Joachim Deppert, South Asian Studies No. XV. Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1983. Lahore Development Authority. The Walled City of Lahore. Lahore, 1981. ____________. Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study. 5 vols. Lahore, 1980. Lahore Improvement Trust. Lahore Today and Tomorrow. Lahore, 1956. [DA Library, Lahore Fort] Latif, Syad Muhammad. Lahore: Architectural Remains. Lahore: New Imperial Press, 1892; rpt. Lahore: Sh. Mubarak Ali Oriental Publishers and Booksellers, 1981. Murphy, Richard. “Space, Class and Rhetoric in Lahore.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, 1996. Newell, H. A. Lahore - Capital of the Punjab. Lahore: Guide Books, 1917. Noe, Samuel V. “Old Lahore and Old Delhi: Variations on a Mughal

Theme.” Ekistics XLIX (1982), pp. 306-19. Noe, Samuel V. Systematic Analysis of the Islamic City: Lahore, Pakistan as a Case Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cincinatti, 1977. PEPAC [Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants, Ltd.]. Walled City of Lahore. Lahore: Lahore Development Authority, 1993. [Detailed atlas and analysis of the walled city.] Parihar, Subash. Mughal Monuments in the Punjab and Haryana. Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1985. _______. “The Palace of Asaf Khan at Lahore.” Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society XXXII (1984), pp. 71-75. ________. Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture. New Delhi: Abhinav, 1999. [Contains many of his articles on Mughal architecture and gardens.] Qadeer, Mohammed A. Lahore, Urban Development in the Third World. Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1983. Quraishi, Samina. Lahore, the City Within. Singapore: Concept Media, 1988. Rehman, Abdul. Historic Towns of Punjab: Ancient and Medieval Period. Lahore: Ferozsons, 1997. Saeed, Muhammad. Lahore, A Memoir. Lahore: Vanguard, 1989. Shafi, Maulvi. “Qadim Lahore.” Oriental College Magazine XX, no. 1, 1943, pp. 64-80. Discusses Mufti Taj ad-Din's Halat-i Zila-i Lahawr. Taj ad-Din, Mufti. Halat-i Zila-i Lahawr [Urdu]. Written on the order of John Clark, Deputy Commissioner, Lahore, 1867. Extract published in Oriental College Magazine (May, 1936), p. 110. See also Shafi, “Qadim Lahore.” Tandon, Prakash. Punjabi Century, 1857-1947. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. Thakur, Nalini M. “Generating knowledge systems for regeneration of Indian historic cities.” Photocopy, 1998. __________. “A `holistic’ framework for Architectural Conservation Education.” Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects 58, 4 (1993): 6-9.

__________. “Building Knowledge through a Holistic Approach towards Architectural Education and Research.” Photocopy, 1999. __________. “Archaeological Park at Mehrauli, Delhi.” Documenting the Past for the Future: Our Fragile Heritage. Eds. H.J. Hansen and Gillian Quine. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet, 1999, pp. 187-94. __________. “The Archaeological Park as a Tool for Integrated Protecting Heritage management with Planning Process: The Case of the Deserted 15th Century Capital Site Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat.” Photocopy, September 2000. ___________, and Rawat Singh. “Cultural Resource Management in India.” Architecture +Design (2000) 65-9. ___________. “Protection and Responsible Management of the Site.” Draft. Photocopy, January 2001. Thornton, Thomas Henry. A Brief Account of the History and Antiquities of Lahore. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press, 1873. Thornton, T. H. and Kipling, J. K. A Brief Account of the History and Antiquities of Lahore. 1876. Ulwi, Abdul Karim. Lahore. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press, 1876 [cf. similar listing under “anon.”] Vogel, J. Ph. Tile Mosaics of the Lahore Fort. 1920, rpt. Karachi: Pakistan Publications, n.d. Weeks, E. L. “Lahore and the Punjab.” Harper's Magazine, vol. 89 (October, 1849). 4. Sikh Gupta, Hari Ram. “Buildings and Gardens of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.” Proceedings of Punjab History Conference, pp. 133-41. 5. Conservation and Administration Anon. Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums, Part 2. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 1964. Archaeological Survey of India. Annual Progress Reports.

As North-West Province and Oudh Circle 1890-91 and 1892-93. As United Provinces Circle 1902-03.

As Punjab Circle 1904-05. As Frontier Circle 1906-21.

_______. Annual Report. 1902-03 through 1937-38.

Especially the years 1902-03 and 1910-11. Awan, M. Yusuf. “Conservation of Historic Buildings and Gardens in Lahore: Implications for a National Conservation Policy for Pakistan.” In The Mughal Garden. Ed. Hussain et al., pp. 143-54. Brown, Percy. A Descriptive Guide to the Department of Archaeology and Antiquities. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1908. Chatterjee, Ashoke. “Conserving Fatehpur-Sikri: the Designer's Role.” In Fatehpur-Sikri. Ed. Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1987. Cole, Henry Hardy. First Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India, for the Year 1881-82. Simla: Government Central Branch Press, 1882. _______. India: Photographs and Drawings of Historical Buildings. _______. “Preservation of National Monuments.” Journal of Indian Art, VI, 1896. _______. Second Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India, for the Year 1882-83. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1883. [DA Library, Lahore Fort: bound together with first and third reports.] _______. Third Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India, for the Year 1883-84. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1885. _______, ed. Buildings in the Punjab. Calcutta: 1884. “Published by the order of the Governor-General in Council for the office of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India.” _______, ed. Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara near Lahore. Calcutta: 1884. Dani, Ahmad Hasan. “Muslim Monumental Heritage: A Case for Preservation.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture III (1982): 162-66. Gilmore Hankey Kirke, Ltd. The Walled City of Lahore, Endemic Failure in Traditional Buildings. Lahore, for the Lahore Development Authority, 1986. Hussain, Mahmood. “Conservation of Garden Sites and Urban Sprawl in Lahore.” In The Mughal Garden, pp. 165-72.

India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Archaeology in India. Revised edition. Delhi: Government of India, 1967. Khan, Ahmad Nabi. “Islamic Architectural Heritage: Problems of Conservation and Preservation.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture II (1981): 123-37. Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq. Master Plan for Preservation and Restoration of Lahore Fort. Lahore: Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Education and Provincial Coordination, Government of Pakistan, 1973. Marshall, Sir John. Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use of Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted with the Care of Ancient Monuments. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1923. Miller, Naomi; and Kathryn L. Gleason, eds. The Archaeology of Garden and Field. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1994. Mughal, M.R. “Theory and Practice in Garden Conservation.” In The Mughal Garden. Ed. Hussain et al., 111-14. Muhammad, Khan, comp. Classified List of Archaeological Sites and Historical Monuments Protected under the Antiquities Act, 1975. Islamabad (?): Government of Pakistan Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Department of Archaeology and Museums, 1987. Nadiem, Ihsan H. “Lahore Fort: Conservation and Problems.” Ihsan H. Nadiem, ed. Pakistan Archaeology: Number 10 – 22 (1974-86). Karachi: Department of Archaeology and Museums, 1986. PEPAC. Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore: Library Research and Documentation. Vol. 1: Lahore, Historical; Vol. 2: Conservation and Urban Conservation; Vol. 3: Administration and Urban Management. Lahore: n.d. [1980s]. __________. Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore. Conservation Issues. Lahore: Lahore Development Authority, 1987. Rogers, C. J. Revised List of Objects of Archaeological Interest in the Punjab. Lahore: 1895. Wescoat, James L. Jr. “Landscape Heritage Conservation in Agra: An Historical-Geographic Perspective” and “Landscape Heritage Conservation Timeline for Agra.” In Taj Mahal Heritage Conservation Plan. Ed. Amita Sinha, et al. Lucknow and Urbana: University of Illinois and Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department, 2000.

_______________. “Modern Interests in Mughal Gardens: Garden Conservation in Urbanizing Regions.” In Architectural and Urban Conservation. Ed. Santosh Ghosh. Calcutta: Centre for Built Environment, 1996.

V. GARDENS, WATER SYSTEMS, LANDSCAPES AND HORTICULTURE 1. General Islamic and Comparative Akin, Gunkut. “The Muezzin Mahfili and Pool of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne.” Muqarnas 1995: 63-83. Alemi, Mahvash. “The Royal Gardens of the Safavid Period: Types and Models.” In Gardens in the Great Muslim Empires. Ed. Petruccioli.1997, pp. 72-96. Allen, Terry. “Imagining Paradise in Islamic Art.” Sebastopol, CA: Solipsist Press, 1995. Barrucand, M. “Garten und gestalte Landschaft als irdisches Paradies: Garten im westlichen Islam,” Der Islam 65, 2 (1988): 244-67. Batchelor, Robert K. Jr. “The European Aristocratic Imaginary and the Eastern Paradise: Europe, Islam and China, 1100-1780.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California at Los Angeles, 1999. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. “Gardens in Islamic Egypt.” Der Islam 69 (1992): 302-12. Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom, eds. Images of Paradise in Islamic Art. Hanover: Hood Museum of Art, 1991. Brookes, John. Gardens of Paradise: The History and Design of the Great Islamic Gardens. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987. Butzer, Karl W. “The Islamic traditions of Agroecology: Crosscultural experience, ideas, and innovations.” ECUMENE: Journal of Environment, Culture, Meaning 1(1994): 1-50. Chanson, Hubert. “Current expertise and experience on stepped channel flows,” http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/dpri/topic_2.html. Clark, Emma. Underneath Which Rivers Flow: The Symbolism of the Islamic Garden. London: The Prince of Wales Institute of Architecture, 1996. Conan, Michel, ed. Perspectives on Garden Histories. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1999. Curatola, Giovanni. “Gardens and Garden Carpets: an Open Problem.” Environmental Design II (1985): 90-97. Denny, Walter E. et al. The Garden in the Arts of Islam. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Mount Holyoke College, 1980.

Fat, L.Tjon Sie; and de Jong, Eric, eds. The Authentic Garden: A Symposium on Gardens. Section on The Islamic Tradition in Spain and the Middle East includes: J. Lehrman, “An introduction to the problems and possibilities of restoring historic Islamic gardens”; Qasim al-Samarrai, “The Abbasid gardens in Baghdad and Samarra”; Hans de Bruijn, “Some strip of herbag. Gardens in Persian culture”; Nevzat Ilhan, “The culture of gardens and flowers in the Ottoman empire”; Mohamed El Faiz, “The Aljarafe of Sevilla: an experimental garden for the agronomists of Muslim Spain”; Esteban Hernandez Bermejo, “Botanical foundations for the restoration of Spanish-Arabic gardens: study of plant species used and their introduction during the Andalusian period”; E.G. Sanchez and A. Lopez y Lopez, “The botanical gardens in Muslim Spain (8-16th century)”; and Willem Stoetzer, “Floral poetry in Muslim Spain.” Forkl, Hermann et al., eds. Die Garten des Islam. Stuttgart, 1993. Francis, Mark; and Hester, Randolph T. Jr. eds. The Meaning of Gardens. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. Frodin, D. G. Guide to the Standard Floras of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Gardet, L. “Djanna.” Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Golombek, Lisa. “The gardens of Timur: New perspectives.” Muqarnas 12 (1995): 137-47. Golombek, Lisa. “The paysage as funerary imagery in the Timurid period.” Muqarnas 10 (1993): 241-52. _____________. “Timur’s Gardens: The Feminine Perspective.” In The Mughal Garden. Ed. Hussain et al., pp. 29-36. ____________. “Gardens. ii. Islamic Period.” Encyclopedia Iranica 10, 3 (2000): 298-305. ____________. “Gardens. vi. In Persian Art.” Encyclopedia Iranica 10, 3 (2000): 310-12. Goody, Jack. “Flowers without Representation in Islam.” The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 101-19. Gyselen, Rika, ed. Jardins d'Orient. Rés Orientales, vol. 3. Paris: Le Groups pour l'Étude de la Civilization du Moyen-Orient, 1991. [Includes South Asian essays by Y. Porter, “Jardins pre-Moghols”; D. Matringe, “Variations sur le jardin dans les ghazals ourdous”; and A. Fremont, “La notion de jardin en Burushaski.”]

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VI. VISUAL ARTS AND RESOURCES 1. General Islamic and Comparative Aga-Oglu, Mehmet. “The Landscape Miniatures of an Anthology Manuscript of the Year 1398 A.D.” Ars Islamica 3 (1936): 77-99. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Beauty in Arabic Culture. Princeton: Marcus Wiener, 1999. Binyon, Laurence, J. V. S. Wilkinson and Gray, Basil. Persian Miniature Painting. New York: Dover, 1971 reprint. Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom. The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. “The Philosophy of Medieval and Oriental Art.” Zalmoxis, Revue des Etudes Religieuses (1938): 20-49. ____________. The Transformation of Nature in Art. New York: Dover, 1934. ____________. “Khwaja Khadir and the Fountain of Life, in the Tradition of Persian and Mughal Art.” Ars Islamica 1 (1934) 173-82. Dickson, Martin and Stuart Cary Welch. The Houghton Shahnameh. 2 vols. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981. Lentz, Thomas W. and Glenn D. Lowry. Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century. Los Angeles: LACMA and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 1989. Soucek, Priscilla. “The Role of Landscape in Iranian Painting to the 15th Century.” Landscape Style in Asia. Colloquies on Art and Archaeology No. 9. London: University of London, SOAS, 1979. Subtelny, Maria E. “Art and Politics in Early 16th Century Central Asia." Central Asiatic Journal XXVII (1983): 121ª48. Welch, Stuart Cary. Wonders of the Age: Masterpieces of Early Safavid Painting, 1501-1576. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, 1979. 2. Subcontinent Bailey, Gauvin A. The Jesuits and the Grand Mogul: Renaissance Art at the Imperial Court of India, 1580-1630. Occasional paper no. 2. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 1998.

Beach, Milo C. The Grand Mogul: Imperial Painting in India, 1600-1680. Williamstown: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Museum, 1978. _______. The Imperial Image: Paintings for the Mughal Court. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, 1983. _________. Early Mughal Painting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987. __________, Ebba Koch and Wheeler M. Thackston. King of the World— The Padshahnama: An Imperial Mughal Manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. Washington, DC: Freer and Sackler Galleries, 1997. Brand, Michael and Glenn D. Lowry. Akbar's India: Art from the Mughal City of Victory. New York: The Asia Society Galleries, 1985. Brand, Michael. The Vision of Kings: Art and Experience. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1995. Brown, Percy. Indian Painting under the Mughals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924. Dimand, M.S. “A Persian Garden Carpet in the Jaipur Museum.” Ars Islamica 7 (1940): 93-96. Findly, E. “Nur Jahan’s Embroidery Trade and Flowers of the Taj Mahal.” Asian Art and Culture 9 (1996): 7-25. Gangoly, O. C. Landscape in Indian Literature and Art. Lucknow: University of Lucknow, 1963. Koch, Ebba. Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais: Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting. Occasional paper vol 1. Washington, DC: Freer and Sackler Galleries, 1998. _________. Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology: Collected Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001. Leach, Linda York. Mughal and Other Indian Paintings from the Chester Beatty Library. 2 vols. London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995. Okada, Amina. Imperial Mughal Painters. Paris: Flammarion, 1992. Randhawa, M. S. Paintings of the Baburnama. Delhi: National Museum, 1983.

Rich, Vivian. The Development of Mughal Floral Painting with Particular Reference to the 16th and 17th Centuries. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. SOAS, University of London, 1981. Sen, Geethi. Paintings from the Akbar-Nama. Varanasi: Lustre Press, 1984. Skelton, Robert. “Landscape in Indian Painting.” Landscape Style in Asia. Colloquies on Art and Archaeology No. 9. London: University of London, SOAS, 1979. Smart, Ellen S. “Graphic Evidence for Mughal Architectural Plans.” Art and Architectural Research Papers VI (1976): 22-23. _______. Paintings from the Baburnama: A Study of 16th Century Mughal Historical Manuscript Illustration. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. SOAS, University of London, 1977. _______. “Six Folios from a Dispersed Manuscript of the Baburnama.” In Indian Painting. London: Colnaghi, 1978. Suleiman, Hamid. Miniatures of the Babur Nama. Tashkent: Academy of Science of the Uzbek SSR, 1970. Swarup, Shanti. Flora and Fauna in Mughal Art. Bombay: Taraporevala, 1983. Taylor, Woodman L. “Visual Culture in Performative Practice: The Aesthetics, Politics and Poetics of Visuality in Liturgical Practices of the Vallabha Sampradaya Hindu Community at Kota.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1997. Tyulyavev, S. Miniatures of the Babur Nama. Moscow: State Fine Arts Publishing House, 1960. Verma, Som Prakash. Flora and Fauna in Mughal Art. Bombay: Marg, 1999. Wade, Bonnie C. Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusical Study of Music, Art and Culture in Mughal India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Welch, Stuart Cary. Imperial Mughal Painting. New York: George Brazillier, 1978. _______. India: Art and Culture, 1300-1900. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985. Wescoat, James L. Jr. “Picturing an Early Mughal Garden,” Asian Art 2 (1989): 59-79.

White, James J. ed. Special issue on botanical illustration in India. Huntia: Journal of Botanical History 10:2 (1999): 121-88. 3. European Arts in India Ali, A. Yusuf and C. H. Rice. Glimpses of the Punjab. A souvenir of the 14th meeting of the Indian Science Congress held at Lahore in 1927, with plates and a map. Lahore: 1927. Archer, Mildred. British Drawings in the India Office Library. 2 vols. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1969. _______. “Colonel Gentil's Atlas: an Early Series of Company Drawings.” India Office Library and Records: Report (1978): 41-5. _______. Company Drawings in the India Office Library. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1972. _______. Early Views of India: The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1788-1793. London: Thames and Hudson, 1980. _______. Natural History Drawings in the India Office Library. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1962. _______. Visions of India: the Sketchbooks of William Simpson 1859-62. 1987? Archer, Mildred and W. G. Archer. Indian Painting for the British, 1770-1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. The British Museum. Catalogue of Printed Maps, Charts and Plans. London: The Trustees of the British Museum, 1967. Clark, Mrs H. Summer Scenes in Kashmeer. London: Day & Son, 1858. Includes 12 plates, 17 maps, “Drawn on stone by J. Needham, Esq., from sketches by Mr H. Clark.” Cohn, Bernard S. An Anthropologist among the Historians. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990. Hodges, William. Select Views of India, Drawn on the Spot in the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. 2 vols. London: 1783. [private collection of Paul F. Walter] Pal, Pratapaditya and Vidya Dehejia. From Merchants to Emperors: British Artists and India, 1757-1930. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986. 4. Photography

Archaeological Survey of India. List of Archaeological Photo-Negatives, Corrected up to the 31st March 1935. Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1936. Bourne, Samuel. “Photography in the East.” British Journal of Photography. May 5, 1863. _______. “Narrative of a Photographic Trip to Kashmir (Cashmere) and Adjacent Districts.” British Journal of Photography. June 7, 1866 and January 25, 1867. Bourne, Samuel. “Ten Weeks with the Camera in the Himalayas.” British Journal of Photography. November 7, 1863 and February 1, 1864. Dehejia, Vidya. India through the Lens: Photography 1840-1911. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2000. Desmond, Ray. “Photography in India during the Nineteenth Century.” India Office Library and Records. Report (1974): 5-38. Griggs, William. India. Photographs and Drawings of Historical Buildings. London, 1896. Ollman, Arthur. Samuel Bourne: Images of India. Carmel, California: Friends of Photography, 1983. Pinney, Christopher. Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997. Williams, Susan I. Samuel Bourne: In Search of the Picturesque. Williamstown, Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 1981. VII. GAZETTEERS Extracts from the District and States Gazetteers of the Punjab. 4 vols. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1976-79. The volumes are organized as follows: Vol. I (1976): Pakistan (Attock to Montgomery). Vol. II (1977): Pakistan (Multan to Sialkot). Vol. III (1978): India (Amritsar to Maler Kotla State). Vol. IV (1979): India (misc. districts and states). Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1881. 9 vols; vol. 6 includes Lahore. London: Turbner & Co, 1881. Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1885-87. 14 vols; v. 8 includes Lahore. London: Turbner & Co, 1885-87.

Imperial Gazetteer of India. Provincial Volume - Punjab. Calcutta: The Calcutta Central Press Co., 1889. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Provincial Series - Punjab. Vol. I: The Province, Mountains, Rivers, Canals, Historic areas, and Delhi and Jullundur Divisions. Vol. II: Lahore, Rawalpindi & Multan Divisions and Native States. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Provincial Series – Kashmir and Jammu (including maps). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908. Thornton, Edward. A Gazetteer of the Countries Adjacent to India on the Northwest Including Sinde, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, the Punjab, and the Neighbouring States. 2 vols. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1844.