• LABEL• DON’T LEAVE ANYTHING BLANK• EXPLAIN ANSWERS• DON’T BULLET (pay attention to wording)• GET A GOOD NIGHT SLEEP

Newly Industrialized Countries

• NICs• Asian Tigers– Taiwan, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore– Make up the Pacific Rim economic region

Forward Capital

• A capital city built by a state to achieve some national goal

• Ex. St. Petersburg• Ex. Brazilia• Ex. Berlin after the fall of the Berlin wall in

1990

Cities and Urban Land Use

UNIT VII

Intro

• URBANIZATION– The growth and diffusion of city landscapes and

urban lifestyles

– About 10 million people die each year because of hazardous conditions caused by overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure support in areas experiencing explosive urbanization

Urban Hearth Areas

• Hearths of Urban civilizations… origin points

Urban Population Size

• At least 3.5 billion people live in Urban areas… ½ the world’s population

• What makes an Urban center depends on time and culture

• Ancient civilizations had Urban areas with only 2000-20000– Mesopotamia’s Ur had 200000

• Modern day Baghdad has 7 million

Cont…

• May also depend on where you are– Portugal considers 10000 people a city– Ethiopia considers 2000 people a city– Norway… ONLY 200 PEOPLE ARE CONSIDERED A

CITY

– Overall, cities are usually places with populations considered large for its time and place

Metropolitan Statistical Area• MSA• Describes a geographic unit of area that includes

a central city and all its immediately interacting counties, with commuters and people directly connected to the central city

• An MSA is an urbanized region with a minimum of 50000 people in it

• Ex. Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill in N.C. are individual cities but as they have sprawled outward and become interconnected they have become one big MSA

Megalopolis

• A massive urban “blob” of overlapping, integrated metropolitan areas, whose distinctive boundaries are increasingly becoming difficult to find

• Boswash Corridor– Boston/Washington DC area

Micropolitan Statistical Area

• An area of the surrounding counties integrated into a central city with a population of 10000-50000

• Many former rural areas have been reclassified as micropolitan statistical areas– Fast Fact

• With approximately 33 million residents Tokyo was by far the most populated urban agglomeration in the world

• NYC, in comparison “only” has around 20 million

Economic Diversity

• The economy of a place is another layer in classifying it as rural or urban

• Cities often have more diversity in economic activities– Japan defines a city as a place with at least 50,000

inhabitants, 60% or more of whom are engaged in trade, manufacturing, or other nonagricultural activities

Cont…

• Once ancient civilizations could grow surplus food, economic diversity occurred– Money developed – Records were written– Laws were codified– Services provided

• Surrounding farmland grew to support cities• Usually the larger the city the more

economically diverse it is

Cultural Diversity

• Culture diversity also plays a role in defining a city

• Can help distinguish it apart from Rural areas

A definition?

• Geographers use factors such as the size of the population in a given historical and geographic context, economic diversity, governmental organization, delineated boundaries, and cultural complexity to analyze the degree to which a place is considered urban

Hearths of Urbanization

• Earliest cities around 3500 bc and sprawled from agricultural villages

• Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates… modern Iraq)

• Indus River valley (in modern Pakistan)• Nile valley (modern Egypt)• Huang He river valley (modern China)• Mexico• Peru

Qualities of Urban Hearths

• Dependable water supply• Long growing season• Domesticated plants and animals• Plenty of building materials• System of writing and records

Cont…

• As opposed to cities that grew from agricultural areas… some grew from marketplaces, where traders came together

• Many of these places grew near waterways and overland trade routes

• Urbanism spread west through the Mediterranean because of Greek, Roman, and Phoenician traders

• Spread east through trade routes in Persia and Pakistan to the rest of Asia

Cont…

• Even early on specialization occurred… eventually evolving into a global economic network of specialized cities, like Hollywood making movies

Preindustrial Cities

• Cities prior to industrialization• Still shared a lot of post industrial traits• Rural settlements that surround the city

provided agricultural products• City provided economic functions to the rural

areas

Colonial Cities

• Contained European imprints– Wide boulevards and prominent structures

evoking classical architecture

• Constructed with the aim of exporting raw materials back to the “Mother Country”

Cont…

• By the 1500s most cities located in an arch of trade center that extended from LONDON to TOKYO– Called the URBAN BANANA– Power resulted from both SITE and SITUATION– SITE

• The physical and cultural characteristics of a place

– SITUATION• Relates to how a city fits into the larger network• Ex. Proximity to trade routes and other urban areas

Cont…

• Preindustrial cities often had a diverse mix of economic functions in any given space, as opposed to specific zoning

• Everything was jumbled together• However… Wealthy lived closer to the city

center• Guilds in Feudal cities may lead to

agglomerations that might resemble zoning

Industrialization and City structure

• In 1800, only 5% lived in cities• 1950…16%• 2012… over 50%• What caused this? – Diffusion of Industrialization– 75% of population in MDCs are Urban– Only 40% of population in LDCs are Urban

• Africa and Asia are the least urbanized (but Asia has a greater quantity in cities)– In 2001, 35% of Africa was urbanized

• N. America is most urbanized– 80% of the people in Urban areas

Cont…

• The European Industrial revolution and its related imperialism triggered this diffusion of city growth

• Factories and Urban jobs attracted the rural people who struggled at farm living

• Remember Industrial Revolution started in England– In England… 1800/24% urban… 1999/99% urban

• The Demographic Transition model supports this

Cont…

• Population growth and urban migration led to overwhelming urban populations

• Chicago…1750=30000… in 1830 = 500000… 1900=1.5 million

• Along with growth came slums, pollution, deadly fires, urban prostitution, exploitation of children

• SHOCK CITIES– Urban places experiencing infrastructural challenges

related to massive urbanization

Industrial Cities

• Primary function was to make and distribute manufactured products

Urban Systems

• An interlocking system of cities that operate within a network of spatial interactions

• Urban areas are INTERDEPENDENT not independent

Christaller’s Central Place Model

• Looks to explain and predict the pattern of urban places across the map

• Once again… modeled on a perfect world– Flat land– Uniform population distribution– Equal transportation– An evolutionary movement towards cities

Central Place Model

• 4 main ideas– Central places provide services to the HINTERLAND

(market area)– THRESHOLD

• Minimum number of people needed to support a function

– RANGE• Maximum distance a person is willing to travel

– SPATIAL COMPETITION• Central places compete with each other from customers

Urban Hierarchy

• A system of cities consisting of various levels, with only a few cities at the highest levels

• Position determined by the types of central place functions a city provides

• Central places at the top provide higher range and high threshold functions

• Lowest level cities provide small range and small threshold funtions

Applying the Central Place Theory

• As cities move up the rankings other cities take their place

• Population in the US South and West have increased

Rank size rule

• The nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the region’s largest city’s population

• Ex. The 4th largest city will be ¼ the size of the largest city

• USA is an example

Primate city rule

• Disproportionately large cities• The largest city is more than 2 times the size

of the second largest city• PRIMACY CITIES– Buenos Aires, Argentina is 10x the size of Rosario

(the second largest city)• Has a high degree of PRIMACY

– Paris, France is 5x the size of Lyon

Primate city cont…

• When a city dominates it demonstrates high degree of CENTRALITY or possession of central place functions

• Ex. Managua, Nicaragua– 30% of total population– 40% of country’s economy

World Cities

• Powerful cities that control a disproportionately high level of the world’s economic, political, and cultural activities

• May be called global cities• 1600s… London, Lisbon, Amsterdam• 1700s… Rome and Paris• 19th century… Berlin, Chicago, NYC, St. Petersburg• 20th century and today… Tokyo, NYC, London

Panregional influence

• Its range extends beyond N. America into two other centers of economic control

Megacities

• Have more than 10 million inhabitants• Has a large amount of Central Place Functions

Modern trends in Urbanization

• Rate of Urbanization– Speed at which the population is becoming urban– LDCs have a higher rate of urbanization

• Level of Urbanization– The percentage of people already considered

urban– In the US about 75% is urban– MDCs have higher levels

Cont…

• MDC cities are fading from the largest cities list

• Large migration streams of young adults moving from rural to urban in pursuit of jobs challenge an already strained urban area

• Unable to find housing… many new migrants build SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS (BARRIADAS)– Makeshift, unsafe housing constructed from any scraps

they can find on land they neither own or rent– Estimated 600 million – 33% of world’s urban households live in absolute poverty

Fast fact

• Nearly 60% of households in Lagos, Nigeria and Nairobi, Kenya are not connected to running water

Models of Urban Systems

Borchert Model of Urban Evolution

• Stage 1– Cities that first grew during the “sail wagon” era

of the 1790s to 1830s– Near ports and waterways

• Stage 2– “iron horse” cities– Born and grew around rivers and canals– Railroad and steamboat time– 1830-1870

Cont…

• Stage 3– “steel epoch”– 1870-1920– Powered by steel industry– Around great lakes region

• Stage four– Born around 1920– Car and air travel– Saw more influence in south

Cultural and Regional Urban Diversity

Functional Character of Contemporary Cities

Basic vs. Non-Basic

• Basic– Basic brings in money– Gives a city its primary function– Ex. Flint, MI… auto industry

• Non-Basic– Shifts money within a city not outside– Provides functions to locals

Multiplier Effect

• Adding Basic jobs adds more non-basic jobs• NOT vice versa• The addition of a basic job multiples the

number of jobs within a community

Changing Mix of Contemporary cities

• PostIndustrial cities– More focused on display and consumption– Old factories being converted– Waterfront being converted from shipping– Warehouses being converted

• Postmodernism– A style that emphasizes diversity and free form rather

than the uniformity and symmetry that characterize Greco-Roman roots of Renaissance and Enlightenment era architecture

Deindustrialization

• transitioning to service based economies

Comparative Models of Urban systems

Concentric Ring theory/zone theory

• Assumes INVASION AND SUCCESSION (succession migratio)– New arrivals to cities tend to move first to the inner

rings near the CBD• ZONE IN TRANSITION– Never develops since in constant change

• CBD– Maximum accessibility and visibility– PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECTION

• BID RENT CURVE– Farther out … less money

Urban Realms model

• Mixed used downtown nucleis relatively independent from the CBD

Latin American Cities

• Periferico– Zone of peripheral squatter settlements

• Wealthy tend to stay at the center of a city and upgrade rather than moving out like in N. America

Transportation and Urban Infrastructure

• STAR SHAPED PATTERN– Radiates out from the downtown area

– City streets needed to be widened with the invention of the car

– New nucleis of urban growth were located along urban accessibility… highway exits

Urban Sprawl

• The diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle that used to be non-urban

• EDGE CITIES– Urban villages that develop usually off highway

exits

Restrictive Covenant

• Laws prohibiting Low income housing

Ghettoization and Uneven Development

• The growth of concentrated poverty• UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT– Urban development not equally spread among a

city’s area

– CUMULATIVE CAUSATION• When money flows to areas of greatest profit, rather

than places of need

Cont…

• BLOCKBUSTING– Now illegal

• RACIAL STEERING– Illegal

• REDLINE– not giving loans for fear of non-repayment due to

location

• GENTRIFICATION

Strategies to Curb Negative effects of Urban Sprawl

• GREEN BELT• STREET MORPHOLOGY– Cul de sacs– Loop streets• Equal better privacy

Recent trends in Neo-Urbanism

• Planned communities• Festival Settings• Office parks