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“Lab #151: WATER SAMPLERS TESTING of C-11653 BIOSOLIDS PROJECT” Lab Partners: Volkan DEMIRTAS Marat BIZHANOV Ramy ATIYEH Data :09/30/2002

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“Lab #151: WATER SAMPLERS TESTING of C-11653 BIOSOLIDS PROJECT”

Lab Partners: Volkan DEMIRTAS Marat BIZHANOV Ramy ATIYEH Data :09/30/2002

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CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...……3 Objective…………………………………………………………………………...……..4 Equipments……………………………………………………………………………….4 SOP (Standard Operating Procedures)………………………………....….……..……5 Experimental Procedures………………………………………………………………35 Result and Discussion………………………………………………………….….……37 Conclusion…………………………………………………….…………...……………44

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Abstract

The experiment examined the performance of the water sampler. The experiments were to determine the flow rate of the water by using flume, the first splitting ratio in the sampling unit and second splitting ratio. Moreover, the experiment observed the core water seal performance, filtering system performance, pump performance and reliability of clamps on the filter. 2 water samplers were tested in a repeated measures design with different flow rates. At the each flow rates; the samplers were tested at least 3 times. Results showed that measuring of water flow rate by using flume was quite good. On the other hand, the size of the first splitting ratio increased as the orifices in the sampling unit became blocked. This situation is contrary to our expectations.

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OBJECTIVE

The objective of the experiment was to test and examine the performance of the water

samplers that were designed and constructed by Southern DataStream, Inc.

EQUIPMENTS

a) Digital stopwatch/chronometer b) Controller’s special timer c) Multimeter d) Digital scale e) ISCO Flume reference books f) Cap for closing the port to the sampler g) Solar panels h) Cables to connect the solar panel to the battery i) Silicone j) Level k) Wires l) Wire connectors m) Wrenches (all numbers) n) Screws o) Screw drivers (Philips and plain) p) Pliers q) Reservoir for water r) Sumps s) Pumps t) Water flow measurement devices (flow meter etc.) u) Drainage system

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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND OBJECTIVES OF WATER SAMPLER TEST

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction and Scope................................................................................................. 6 2. Objectives..................................................................................................................... 6 3. Test Equipment............................................................................................................. 7 4. Initial Steps and Advice ............................................................................................... 7

4.1.Preparation of the Sampler and Equipment .............................................................. 8 4.2.Testing....................................................................................................................... 9 4.3.Preparation of Documents......................................................................................... 9 4.4.Analysis................................................................................................................... 10

5. Procedures .................................................................................................................. 10 5.1.Developing testing configuration method............................................................... 10 5.2.Evaluation of Flume performance. ......................................................................... 12 5.3.Evaluation of Sampler performance. ...................................................................... 13 5.4.Evaluation of Control Unit...................................................................................... 18

Appendix A. Laboratory and House Locations ............................................................... 22 Appendix B. Unit Description ......................................................................................... 24

B-1. Sampling Unit ...................................................................................................... 28 B-2. Flume ................................................................................................................... 27 B-3. Collection System ................................................................................................ 27 B-4. Control Unit ......................................................................................................... 28 B-5. Sensor System...................................................................................................... 30 B-6. Pump .................................................................................................................... 31 B-7. Flow Split Unit..................................................................................................... 31 B-8. Power Unit ........................................................................................................... 32 B-9. Storage System..................................................................................................... 34

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1. Introduction and Scope

This Standard Operating Procedure was prepared to help the interns who are going to University of Florida in Gainesville to test the water sampler that was designed and constructed by Southern Data Stream. For the best result, all procedures should be followed in the order instructed by this SOP.

2. Objectives

2.1.Development of the Test System Configuration method.

2.1.1. Setup method for getting water into and out of the flume sampler system using the lab pump and drainage system.

2.1.2. Learn how to use water flow measurement system (digital/analog flow meters etc.).

2.2.Evaluation of Flume Performance. 2.2.1. Determine the q (flow) vs. h1 (upstream head) relationship. 2.2.2. Determine the q (flow) vs. h1 (upstream head) and h2 (downstream head)

relationship.

2.3.Evaluation of Sampler Performance.

2.3.1. Performance of the holes extraction system (1 part in 335). 2.3.2. Performance of the split ratio system (1 part in 42). 2.3.3. Factors affecting split ratio performance. 2.3.4. Reliability of current float switch system. 2.3.5. Reliability of core water seal. 2.3.6. Filtering system performance. 2.3.7. Battery life (number of pump cycles with no charge). 2.3.8. Pump performance (stability of amount of pumped water vs. time). 2.3.9. Reliability of solar batteries. 2.3.10. Reliability of hoses (transparency provides growth of alleges inside the hoses,

this causes contamination of the system and changes in chemical properties of the water samples).

2.3.11. Reliability of clamps on the splitter (locking problem and leaks). 2.4.Evaluation of Control Unit.

2.4.1. Comparison of pump cycles counter vs. actual bottle volumes.

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2.4.2. Time vs. pumped volume for a given tube diameter and length. 3. Test Equipment

The equipment for the test consists of two lists. First list is the equipment that has to

be brought from LaBelle and the second one has to be available in the laboratory. Two lists of equipment needed for the test are given below; make sure that all of them are available.

Equipment to be brought from LaBelle: a) Digital stopwatch/chronometer b) Controller’s special timer c) Multimeter d) Digital scale e) ISCO Flume reference books f) Cap for closing the port to the sampler g) Solar panels h) Cables to connect the solar panel to the battery i) Silicone j) Level k) Wires l) Wire connectors Equipment to be available in the laboratory: a) Wrenches (all numbers) b) Screws c) Screw drivers (Philips and plain) d) Pliers e) Thermometers (digital and analog) f) Reservoirs for water g) Pumps h) Water flow measurement devices (flow meter etc.) i) Drainage system j) Sand (different particle size)

4. Initial Steps and Advice

Testing any kind of a machine requires particular steps. For a successful

accomplishment of the test it is essential to follow the steps carefully. The test will be completed in one of the University of Florida laboratories, so it is expected that all the equipment needed for the test will be available. Having a plan of steps is useful before starting the test. It will help to organize the test and dictate what is to be done first and last. The notes below are prepared to help to complete the test successfully.

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4.1.Preparation of the Sampler and Equipment

The first step is a preparation of the sampler and the laboratory equipment for the

test.

4.1.1. Checking

Check if everything is presenting and ready for the test.

1. Check if all the parts of the sampler are present and functional. 2. Check if all the needed laboratory equipment is presenting and available.

a) Check if there is equipment needed for the sampler installation (screw drivers, screws etc.) if the sampler is not installed.

b) Check if the installation instructions are presenting and available, inform the personnel of the lab if they are not.

c) Check if the measurement instruments are working properly and if they are calibrated; calibrate them if necessary or inform the personnel.

d) Check if the computers are present and working properly, inform the personnel if they are not.

e) Check if everything needed for taking notes is presenting and available (paper, pen, chronometer etc.)

f) Check if there is emergency equipment (fire extinguisher, first aid kit etc.) and if it is available.

3. Check the testing area; move away the objects that can be obstacles for the test. 4. Be sure that assistance personnel are available during the test in case there is

emergency situation, or be sure that communication channels with the lab personnel are available.

4.1.2. Installation

Installation parts are needed only if the sampler is not installed or has to be

reinstalled. As section 4.1.1. (Checking) is accomplished successfully, start the installation of the sampler and the equipment. Follow the steps below during the installation.

1. Choose an appropriate area in the lab for the installation. 2. Investigate which parts have to be installed first and which last. 3. Make a list of parts to be installed, from the first to the last. 4. Start the installation and follow the list. 5. Adjust the adjustable parts if necessary; adjust them during the installation or after

finishing it according to the instructions. 6. After the installation is complete check once more if everything is working

properly and ready for the test.

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!!! Important note: Make sure that the sampler-water supply channel joining part is sealed well and there is no leakage, it is very important for the proper measurement of the flow rate.

4.2.Testing

As section 4.1 is finished successfully, pass to the testing part. *** Testing procedures are explained in details in Section 5.

4.3.Preparation of Documents Before starting the test it is essential to prepare all the documents and revise the equipment once more.

1. Prepare all the theoretical data before starting the test (catalogs, books, handbooks, notes, etc.)

2. Prepare lists/charts of known data. 3. Prepare lists/charts of unknowns that are to be investigated. 4. Prepare steps for testing process according to known data.

4.3.1. During the Testing Process

1. Do not forget to put on all the necessary protecting wear (isolated gloves,

goggles, etc.) before starting the test, if necessary. 2. Do not forget to check the adaptors if there are devices that use electrical

power and require an adaptor, make sure that these adaptors are appropriate ones.

3. Adjust these devices to appropriate voltage, current etc. if necessary. 4. Do not forget to switch these devices on before starting the test. 5. Be very accurate with reading data from the measurement devices. 6. Be careful with using the equipment to avoid human injury and equipment

damage. 7. Do not overload the devices, work only within the range mentioned in the

exploitation instructions. 8. Check the calibration of the devices after every load, calibrate if

necessary. 9. Do not forget to switch the devices off after finishing the test. 10. Do not leave the system loaded (with water) after finishing the test.

4.3.2. Data

1. Do not forget to note every necessary measurement. 2. Mark all important notes and data in a single bound lab notebook. 3. At the end of each day of testing, photocopy or scan the notebook pages

for storage in paper or computer files.

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4. Keep the data not only in software but also on paper, in case there are problems with access to software.

5. Make sure the data on the paper is readable. 6. Keep the data in a particular order so that it is easier to find the needed

data afterwards, keep it in an order that seems to you convenient. 7. Do not forget to put the data into software. 8. Back up all digital data and reports weekly and send backup CD to

LaBelle

4.4.Analysis

For the collected data analysis, use the reports made on tests similar with the sampler test. Use the web and the UF library as a database. Look at the links given at the end of the “Procedures” section.

5. Procedures

!!! Important note: Make a library literature search on proper testing procedures; use related reports, notes, etc. Consider a period needed for the test. Read all the procedures first, do not forget about the “Observation” parts of the procedures, they have to be done simultaneously with some of the procedures below.

5.1.Developing testing configuration method.

5.1.1. Method for getting water into and out of the flume sampler system using

the lab pump and drainage system. a) Read the user guide of the pump (and drainage system if available)

very carefully. b) Learn how to use the pump and drainage system in the lab, otherwise

the test can give insufficient results, and it may lead to personal injury or equipment damage.

Procedure: Run the pump several times before starting the test; make sure that it is working properly (emergency stop etc.). Check if it is pumping at a constant flow rate. Use the drainage system which is going to be used for the test while the pump is running, make sure that it is not stuck at the maximum flow rate load needed for the experiment.

c) Determine the flow rates (q) needed for the experiment according to

the flume type and dimensions (use literature); prepare the q test increments in a table form.

Procedure: The flume used in the project is a Parshall flume with a throat width of 2”. In the table below (Fig. 5) there are formulas for calculation of

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the flow rate through the flume. Calculate the maximum and minimum q available; determine the head change as q increases linearly and logarithmically, use the formulas in Figure 5.1. Make a list in a table form showing the linear and logarithmic increments of q.

CFS ([h]=feet)

GPM ([h]=feet)

MGD ([h]=feet)

l/s ([h]=meter)

m3/hr ([h]=meter)

Q=0.676h1.55 Q=303.4h1.55 Q=0.4369h1.55 Q=120.7h1.55 Q=434.6h1.55

Figure 5.1. Flow rate formulas d) The pump must satisfy the range of flow rate needed to go through the

flume. Procedure: Run the pump at a minimum flow rate, measure this flow rate and compare it with the minimum flow rate needed for the sampler test. Read the information about the maximum flow rate available in the pump instructions or on a serial number plate of the pump; compare it with the maximum flow rate needed for the test. If the maximum flow rate of the pump satisfies the needed flow rate, run the pump at that flow rate and check if it is working properly at that flow rate. !!! Important note: If the pump is not adjustable, find the adjustable one or find out if there are other ways and equipment to adjust the water flow rate. Make sure that the pump is stable at all flow rates.

e) The drainage system must be able to drain easily the maximum

amount of water that would come out of the flume during the maximum flow rate load.

Procedure: Load to the drainage system with the maximum flow rate from the pump; make sure that the water is draining easily, without stopping.

f) Investigate accuracy of the pump.

Procedure: Run the pump for several times, measure the amount of pumped water per particular period of time after each run; check if the amount per the unit time is the same. Calibrate the pump or use another one if available if the amount of the water is not the same. Go through all the procedures that you went through with the first pump before using another pump in test, make sure that the second pump is appropriate for the test.

g) Investigate the possibility of construction of a system for the steady

flow through the flume.

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Procedure: Construct a system consisting of two reservoirs, a valve between two reservoirs a pump, and a sampler unit. Water flow can be provided by one of the pumps, which will pump the water from one of the reservoirs (upstream reservoir) into the flume (in the sampler). The valve will provide the flow from the second (downstream) reservoir to the first reservoir (upstream reservoir), which will supply circular flow. Steady flow can be achieved by using this application.

5.1.2. Learn how to use water flow measurement system.

a) Learn how to adjust the flow rate.

Procedure: Adjust the flow rate directly from the pump, if impossible, adjust it from the water flow measurement system, or from other devices that provide water flow adjustment.

5.2.Evaluation of Flume performance. !!! Important note: Evaluate the flume performance in two stages; first with a closed port to the sampler and second with the open port. Make all important notes during both stages.

5.2.1. Evaluate q (flow) vs. h1 (upstream head) relationship. !!! This is first important flume performance evaluation. a) Figure out the relationship between the flow rate (q) and upstream

head (h1). Procedure: Use a list of flow rates you prepared to load onto the flume in Section 5.1.1 (c), load all of them, and note each head during the load. Compare the h1-q relationship that is given in the literature with the relationship obtained from the test. Make a chart expressing flow rate – head relationship for the obtained data, sketch a q vs. h1 graphs for both the theoretical and the obtained data, compare the curves, make conclusions.

5.2.2. Evaluate q (flow) vs. h1 (upstream head) and h2 (downstream head)

relationship. !!! This is second important evaluation to be done with the flume. a) Investigate the relationship between flow and upstream head (h1) and

downstream head (h2). Procedure: Put scales in the flume at the entrance and the exit parts of the flume as shown in Figure 5.2 to make measurements of the heads. The

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placement of the scales is shown in Figure 5.2 below. Load a number of different flow rates onto the flume, read the upstream head (h1) and downstream head (h2) during each load. Make a chart for h1 and h2 and sketch an h1 vs. h2 graph, try to make considerations/conclusions on the obtained data. Visit related links listed at the end of this section or search the web by your own. Attach Ultrasonic sensors instead of reading the data from the scales if available, it will provide exact information about h1 and h2. !!! Important Note: Make sure not to wire the wires to CR-10 and to Control Unit incorrectly, it may cause the damage of them or the sensors. Do not forget to calibrate the sensors if they are not calibrated before using them.

Figure5.2. Parshall Flume.

5.3.Evaluation of Sampler performance.

5.3.1. Performance of the holes extraction system (1 part in 335). a) Check the accuracy of the extraction; make exact measurements.

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Procedure: Load a number of different flow rates onto the flume, measure the volume of water that extracts into the two buckets after each load, do not forget to note the number of pump cycles and load duration for each load. Calculate the exact amount of water loaded at the end of each load (ν). Make a chart showing relationship between the flow rates through the flume (q) vs. the extracted volumes in the cylinder (V). Sketch a V vs. ν graph; the slope should remain constant to show the stable (1 part 335) for each load, showing that the ratio is constant.

5.3.2. Performance of the split ratio system (1 part in 42). a) Check the split ratio accuracy; make exact measurements.

Procedure: This procedure can be made simultaneously with the procedure 5.3.1. Measure the volumes of two buckets separately and check the ratio to be 1 part in 42 after each load, make a list of loads and amounts of water in each bucket. Do not forget to empty the buckets after each load. This test can also be done in one test/volume test; use two bottles to measure the exact amount of water in each of them. Calculate the ratio bottle1/bottle2; make notes. !!! Important note: Make sure that the flow rate through the flume is stable before starting each experiment (load). Also make sure that the orifices in the sampling unit and in the splitter are clean, clean them if necessary. Make notes on the number of pump cycles when you notice change in the error percentage of the split ratio (1 part 335 and 1 part 42). Clean the sampling unit and the splitter periodically according to the noted number of pump cycles.

b) Think about possible alternatives/retrofits for the second-generation

sampler.

5.3.3. Factors affecting split ratio performance. a) Investigate all possible factors affecting the split ratio

Procedure: Make a number of different installment combinations with different hoses (diameters, lengths); use different hose connection angles (0o, 45o and 90o) on T – splitter if possible, and use different pump durations during each installment. Measure the ratio after each experiment. Make notes on each experiment and make a list of possible factors affecting the split ratio.

b) Investigate the importance of each factor affecting the split ratio.

Procedure: Mark every factor that makes differences in the split ratio ratio.

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c) Think about possible alternatives/retrofits for the second-generation sampler, depending on the obtained data (angles, tube diameter).

5.3.4. Observation. Reliability of current switch system.

a) Investigate the reliability of the mechanical subminiature lever switch.

Procedure: Observe the lever switch performance during the sampler testing. Make sure the switch triggers the pump every time as the washer clicks the lever on. Make sure that there are no delays in triggering the pump. Make notes and figure out the causes if it does not work properly.

b) Investigate possible factors affecting proper working of the switch

system. Procedure: Check if the float guides inside the cylinder easily, make different flow rate loads onto the flume, make notes on float guide during each load. Mark all the important factors affecting float’s proper guiding.

c) Think about possible retrofits for the second-generation sampler.

5.3.5. Observation. Reliability of core water seal. a) Investigate factors causing leakage.

Procedure: Observe the leakage during the testing; try to eliminate it if any occurs. Tighten the bolts that provide leakage elimination, make sure that the PVC pipe does not deform while you tighten them, it may cause damage of the sampling unit. !!! Important note: According to our experience with water samplers installed in the field, the core water seal are not reliable; make sure that the area where the sampler is installed is protected from the water in case there is a leakage.

b) Think about possible alternatives/retrofits.

5.3.6. Filtering system performance.

a) Investigate the effectiveness of the filtering system.

Procedure: Use different size sand particles and mud for this experiment; do not forget that the particles must be smaller in size than the diameter of holes in the sampling unit (Fig. B.1.1). Pump water with sand, water with mud or sand – mud mixed water, investigate the results, note them. Be careful with the pump contamination.

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b) Think about improvements for the filtering system

5.3.7. Battery life (number of pump cycles with no charge).

Procedure: Disconnect the battery from the solar panel. Run the testing system without stopping until the battery is died. Note the number of pump cycles.

5.3.8. Observation. Pump performance (stability of amount of pumped water

vs. time). a) Measure the exact amount of water pumped per one cycle.

Procedure: Run the pump for several times, each time measure the volume of pumped water, check if the amount is the same, make a list of volumes and cycles. If the numbers (volumes) are very close to each other, take the average. This procedure can be made simultaneously with the procedure 5.3.3.

b) Investigate the stability of the amount of pumped water per a cycle for

the long-term periodic work. Procedure: After measuring the exact amount of water pumped per cycle, investigate the differences between single-cycle volumes. Try to figure out possible causes of instability of the volume per cycle if there are any (dirt in the pump, in the filter, in the sampling unit or in the splitter). Think about ways to stabilize the volume (clean the pump, filter, sampling unit, splitter, calibrate the pump etc.).

c) Think about possible alternatives for the current pump (peristaltic

pumps etc.). Procedure: It is difficult to clean the Diaphragm pump, which is used in the sampler. Peristaltic pumps are less complicated and easier to clean. It is very easy to change the parts in it, particularly the hose. The hose is one part of the pump that is disposed to a fast wear. In addition, Peristaltic pumps are cheap and parts for them are easily found. !!! Important note: Do not make the pump to pump out all the water from the sampling unit, make sure that after each cycle there is some water at the bottom side of the sampling unit. This will help preventing pumping the air instead of water.

5.3.9. Observation. Reliability of solar batteries. a) Investigate approximate light vs. voltage relationship.

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Procedure: Check the reliability of solar panel simultaneously with the procedures discussed above. Check the voltage of the solar panel in daylight when it is sunny and when it is cloudy/rainy; check the difference. Check if the voltage during the cloudy/rainy day will satisfy the needs of the battery.

5.3.10. Observation. Reliability of hoses (transparency provides growth of alleges inside the hoses, this causes contamination of the system and changes in chemical properties of the water samples). a) Think about possible alternatives.

Procedure: Try to use hoses that prevent daylight transparency, though the growth of alleges. Do this procedure simultaneously with procedure 5.3.3. Use them for several loads; check if they are satisfactory for the system.

!!! Important note: Do not forget about cleaning issue while considering

about the alternatives.

5.3.11. Observation. Reliability of gators on the splitter (locking problem and leaks). a) Investigate the causes of leakage at the gators.

Procedure: Do this procedure simultaneously with any of the procedures discussed above. Open the gators and check the o-rings, they must not be worn out or torn, change with new ones if necessary. Lock the gators and check them for the leakage while they are locked. Check if the gators are locked properly if the leakage still appears. Check if the threads in the connection parts of the gator are sealed with the sealing tape, seal them if necessary. Do not forget stopping the water flow load before opening the gators.

b) Do not forget about gator locking issue (it is very difficult to lock

them by hands), think about possible design for that issue. Procedure: Design a simple mechanism that will make easier to lock the gators, you can consider about mechanism similar to pliers.

c) Think about possible alternatives/retrofits.

Procedure: You can find all kinds of connectors on the web. Visit following websites and see the alternatives for the current connectors (gators):

http://www.iiirespiratory.com/connect_pg_2.html http://www.kockneykoi.co.uk/productpages/menufittings.htm

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http://www.swagelok.com/downloads/webcatalogs/MS-01-27.pdf http://www.claberinc.com/hose.htm http://www.jubileezone.com/Connectors.htm http://www2.yardiac.com/show_category.asp?category=546 http://www.capitalgardens.co.uk/system/index.html http://www.pclincs.co.uk/acatalog/PCLincs_Online_Store_Tubing__Connectors___Inline_Temperature_Measuring_21.html http://www.bakerprecision.com/purosil4.htm http://www.evan.org/r2/parts/hose_connectors.htm http://www.irrigro.com/products.htm http://www.gilmour.com/displayproducts.asp?subcategoryid=16 http://www.foreandaftmarine.com/gardenHosesCONNECTORS.htm

d) Do not forget about the cleaning issue while considering about the

alternatives/retrofits. Procedure: Make sure that the alternatives for the gators are easily cleaned; at least it must not be more difficult to clean the alternatives than the current gators.

5.4.Evaluation of Control Unit.

5.4.1. Comparison of pump cycles counter vs. actual bottle volumes.

a) Investigate the exact number of pump cycles to fill each bucket.

Procedure: Load the flume with water flow and wait until both storage buckets are full, count the number of cycles to fill each bucket. Release the buckets and load the flume again, count the numbers again; repeat this procedure for several times. Make a chart of numbers of cycles to fill the buckets for each load; the numbers should be the same or very close to each other.

5.4.2. Time vs. pumped volume for a given tube diameter and length. a) Investigate the relationship between time and hoses’ diameters and

lengths that can be used on the sampler. Procedure: Make installment combinations with different hose diameters and lengths. Make water flow loads for each combination; run the sampler pump for a particular period of time, write down the volume pumped within this period, use this period for each combination and make a volume vs. combination chart. Make notes on cycle durations after each load. Do not forget to note the details of each combination (hose length, diameter etc.).

b) Think about alternatives/retrofits for better results.

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Use the links below to figure out testing methods and analyzing the obtained data: http://www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/worksheets/presentation.PDF http://www.flowresearch.com/articles/Control%207_1_99.PDF http://css.engineering.uiowa.edu/fluidslab/pdfs/53-071/spec_energy_handout.pdf http://extension.usu.edu/publica/engrpubs/biewm01.pdf http://www.chemeng.sun.ac.za/Content/bulletinvol2no8.pdf http://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/envstudies/Flume.html http://www.lmnoeng.com/Flumes/parshall.htm http://www.csus.edu/indiv/o/ohlinger/CE135/Jump/jump_p.doc http://www.fieldqa.com/WW1A%20Course%20Outline.pdf Nicolas Louvet made some experiments on the sampler testing; he also made some notes on that. A picture of water reservoirs that provided water flow in the UF laboratory last year is available in Figure 5 and notes are below the picture.

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Figure 5. Reservoirs Providing Water Flow (diagram by Nicolas Louvet).

Volume and flow considerations

Advice: The depth of the water in the sample 1 as to stay between 6’’ and 54’’ • If the level go under 6’’, the pump’s pipe will be no more in the water and the

flow will stop or be perturbed. Maximum flow evaluations: (I do not take in consideration the volume of the valve and the volume of the pump’s pipe. For the time, I do not take in consideration the flow establishment delay ).

• For the first run : Considering that the depth of the water in the sample 1 is 54” at the beginning

Volume of water useful = 176”*96”*(54”-6”) = 14.67’*8’*4’= 469.44 cf For 0.5 cfs, there is enough water for a 15mn and 38s run. For 1 cfs, there is enough water for a 7mm and 49s run

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• For the next runs : Considering only the valve system without pump to put the water back in the sample 1.

Volume of water useful = 176”*96”*(54”/2-6”) = 14.67’*8’*1.75’ = 205.38 cf For 0.5 cfs, there is enough water for a 6mn and 50s run.

For 1 cfs, there is enough water for a 3mm and 25s run Accuracy and optimization: • The accuracy of the volume of the water known by the measurements of the depth

of the water can be a bit more accurate by integrating, in calculations, the volume taken by the pump’s pipe and by the valve device.

• After the first run, and after obtaining the same level in the 2 samplers by using the

valve, we can close it and add 6”of water in the sample 1. So we will reach the depth of 33” in the sample 1 and 27” in the sample 2. Then for the next runs we will be able to use those samples at there maximum capacity.

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APPENDICES Appendix A. Laboratory and House Locations The laboratory, where the test is going to be done, is located in Frazier-Rogers Hall, in the eastern part of the University of Florida’s campus. Below (Fig. A.1 and A.2) the red circle shows the exact location of the Frazier-Rogers Hall on the map of the university.

Figure A.1 UF Campus Map.

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Figure A.2 Frazier-Rodgers Hall.

For more detailed information about the campus and Frazier-Rodgers Hall, visit the following web sites: http://campusmap.ufl.edu/ or http://campusmap.ufl.edu/java.jsp

The house is located at the northern part of Gainesville at: 6017 NW 27th Terrace, Gainesville.

Figure A.3 provides a map of Gainesville. The house is marked with a red star

and the university is marked with a red frame.

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Figure A.3 Map of Gainesville.

Appendix B. Unit Description

Water samplers to be tested at the University of Florida were designed to collect the surface and underground water samples from the C – 11653 project site in Kirton Ranch. These samples will be used to investigate chemical properties of the water. Proper functioning of the samplers is very important to the success of the data collection project.

Figure B.1 and B.2 show side and front view of a sampler unit as installed at the C – 11653 site.

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Figure B.1 Water Sampler (side view).

Figure B.2. Water Sampler (front view).

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The main parts of the sampler are: sampling unit, flume, collection system, control unit, sensor system, pump, flow split unit, power unit and storage system. B-1. Sampling Unit

Sampling unit provides us take 1/335 part of the amount of water that flows through the flume; there are pictures of the sampling unit in Figures B.1.1, B.1.2 and B.1.3.

€€€€

Figure B.1.1. Sampling Unit. Figure B.1.2. Sampling Unit.

€€€€

Figure B.1.3. Sampling Unit.

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For more detailed information about sampling unit go to web site: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm B-2. Flume

The samplers use a Parshall flume to establish the flow vs. head relationship. This flume is frequently used in industrial and municipal applications. A photograph of a Parshall flume is provided in Figure B.2.

Figure B.2 Parshall Flume.

More details about Parshall flume are available at the following web sites: www.intellitemps.net/naamani/Flume%20Theory/Flumes_Theory_&_Application.htm www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm B-3. Collection System

The collection system chamber and conduit connects the flume to the pump, splitter and final sample storage containers. The collection chamber contains the sampler’s core, which actually extracts the flow fraction sample from the flume. A top view of the collection chamber is shown in Figure B.3.

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Figure B.3. Collection System.€€€€

Additional information about collection system is available on the following web site: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm B-4. Control Unit

Functions provided by the control unit:

1. Recharge the battery with a solar panel 2. Count the numbers of pump sessions 3. Operate the pump based on sensor input 4. Allow adjustment of the pump cycle duration 5. Count the numbers of pump cycles 6. Enable the technician to test the pump manually 7. Provide telemetry output signal of battery voltage 8. Provide telemetry output signal of pump operational status

Design characteristics:

• Cheap • Waterproof components • Easy maintenance • Insensitive to misconnection

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The pictures of control unit are shown in Figures B.4.1. and B.4.2.

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Figure B.4.1. Control Unit.

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Figure B.4.2. Control Unit.

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The additional information about the control unit is available at: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm

B-5. Sensor System

Magnetic sensor system triggers the pump whenever the storage volume inside the sampler is filled. Figure B.5.1 shows a magnetic float, the switch is available in Figure B.5.2 and a banana plug is shown in Figure B.5.3.

Figure B.5.1. Magnetic Float. Figure B.5.2. Switch. € €

€€€€

Figure B.5.3. Banana Plug.

For more detailed information about the sensor system, visit web site below: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm

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B-6. Pump

A SHURflo 2088 series 3.6 GPM (gallon/minute) pump is used to pump the water out of the bottom of the sampling unit. The pictures of the pump and series plate of the pump are available in Figures B.6.1 and B.6.2 respectively below.

Figure B.6.1. Pump. €

Figure B.6.2. Pump series and serial number plate.

For specific information about the pump visit the web site: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm B-7. Flow Split Unit

A simple T-split unit is used to split the water coming out of the pump into two parts, see Figure B.7. It helps to store a very small amount of sample water in case there is a heavy rainfall within a short period of time.

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€€€€

Figure B.7. T-Split Unit.

For more detailed information about the split unit go to:

www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm or www.intellitemps.net/naamani/Split%20Unit/Split_Unit_Main.htm B-8. Power Unit

A power unit consists of a solar panel and a battery. The 75Ah, 12V battery supplies power for the pump and the control unit. The solar panel recharges the battery. The pictures of the solar panel and the battery are available in Figures B.8.1 and B.8.2 respectively.

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€€€€

Figure B.8.1. Solar Panel.

Figure B.8.2. Battery.

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Additional information about the solar panel and battery is available at: www.intellitemps.net/oneumann/prototyping%20frames.htm

B-9. Storage System

A storage system is used to store water samples from the field. It consists of two buckets that are connected to the split unit with hoses. There is a picture of the storage system in Figure B.9.below.

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Figure B.9. Water Sample Storage Bucket

35

EXPERIMANTAL PROCUDURES

The system consists of 6 main parts, which are 2 sumps, tall water reservoir,

water sampler and 2 channels. The connections of 2 sumps and tall channel have already been provided. In addition the sampler has to be connected with 2 channels. In order to connect the entrance of the sampler with one of the channel, which gets water from the tall water reservoir, some screws are used. Moreover, some silicon is used to close the hole between entrance of the sampler and end of the channel. Also the flume is placed on level at both directions.

After turning on the system, the variable speed motor pump, which is primary unit used in our experiments, can be used to change the flow rate of water. It allows us to feed water from the main supply upstream sump into the reservoir and the open channels at desired flow rates.

Warning: It is strictly forbidden to change the main pump speed while it is not operating for this will certainly damage it.

Until the reservoir is completely full with water, the flow rate of the water can be changed by the pump. When the reservoir is totally full, some water can leak from the weir of the reservoir. In order to start the experiment, the system has to be waited until it reaches to stable. In other word, the leaking from the weir has to stop and the flow of the water through the downstream completely finishes. The last steps before starting an experiment are to close the valve, which connects upstream and downstream sumps, get the initial readings from sensors, which stay in upstream and downstream sump, reservoir and flume and close the sampler unit part.

Run the system and after running the system, don’t change the flow rate of the water by using the pump. When the system reaches steady state, it can be available to get readings from sensors, which stays in the reservoir and flume. This part of experiments usually has been done for 10 minutes. If you work at high flow rates more than 10 minutes, the downstream sensor can’t read the height of the water. Because the water in the downstream sump reaches very close to sensor.

After 10 minutes, stop the system and wait until the system reaches steady state. When the system is completely stable, it is available to get the readings from upstream and downstream sensors.

Before starting the second part of the experiment,

• The holes of sampler unit and the holes of splitting unit have to be cleaned.

36

• The valve, which connects upstream and downstream sump each other, is opened because the system usually works more than 20 minutes and if we don’t close the valve, the water inside the downstream sump can overflow through the laboratory

• The entrance of the sampler unit has to be closed • Don’t change the power of pump because we have to work at the same flow rate. • The 2 buckets are completely emptied

Run the system for the second part of the experiment. After the system reaches steady state (It usually reaches steady state in 3 minutes), the entrance of the sampler unit is opened and the filtration pipe is placed into the entrance of the sampler unit. After the pump, inside the sampler, starts to pump the first amount of water into the buckets, the starting time has to be written for the splitting part experiment. We usually finished the experiment after 10 pump cycles, however we also finished the experiment when one of the 5 gallons bucket was totally full. After the last pump cycle, the ending time is written. Moreover, the water inside the buckets is weighed by using a digital scale.

While the water inside the buckets is being weighed, the entrance of the sampler

unit is closed. In addition, the pump is not stopped because of repeating the experiment again. Before starting the second part of the experiment again, the buckets have to be completely emptied and be placed into the system again.

37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sampler A

In terms of formulas, which are CFS = 0.6760 H1.55 and GPM= 303.4 H1.55, for 2 in. Parshall Flume, the flow rates of the water were calculated at the different h1 values (heights of the water at the entrance of the flume). Moreover, the flow rates of the water were calculated by using upstream sump and weir. The results show that calculated q values by using formula are close to q values by using upstream sump more than q values by using weir. During the experiment, the minimum flow rate was 12.0848 gal/min or 0.0269cm3/s. On the other hand the maximum flow rate was 108.6794 gal/min or 0.2421cm3/s.

Table 1: Flow rates of the water by using flume, upstream sump and weir

Upstream Flume Water Level h1 (in)

[Actual Value]

Upstream Sump Flow

Rate Qp Flume Flow

Rate Qf Weir Flow Rate Qw

Upstream Sump Flow

Rate Qp Flume Flow

Rate Qf Weir Flow Rate Qw

(in) CFS GPM 1 1/2 0.0272 0.0269 0.0203 12.2088 12.0848 9.1131

1 15/16 0.0484 0.0400 0.0262 21.7046 17.9690 11.75372 3/5 0.0574 0.0549 0.0408 25.7742 24.6364 18.29252 1/2 0.0698 0.0594 0.0495 31.3360 26.6751 22.2290

2 17/32 0.0756 0.0606 0.0593 33.9135 27.1937 26.63432 21/32 0.1135 0.1071 0.1098 50.9455 48.0844 49.28073 11/16 0.1233 0.1086 0.0909 55.3468 48.7229 40.80333 3/4 0.1269 0.1114 0.1098 56.9746 50.0089 49.2807

3 51/64 0.1233 0.1136 0.0865 55.3468 50.9811 38.83254 1/4 0.1477 0.1353 0.1098 66.2766 60.7158 49.28074 5/16 0.1496 0.1384 0.1149 67.1486 62.1053 51.55134 11/32 0.1560 0.1399 0.1149 69.9974 62.8043 51.55134 3/8 0.1523 0.1415 0.1201 68.3695 63.5060 53.8836

4 33/64 0.1632 0.1486 0.1365 73.2531 66.6978 61.25594 11/16 0.1741 0.1542 0.1481 78.1366 69.2185 66.48894 33/64 0.1578 0.1575 0.1481 70.8113 70.6737 66.48895 13/16 0.2163 0.2198 0.1866 97.0894 98.6419 83.76115 27/32 0.2412 0.2216 0.1866 108.2517 99.4651 83.76116 1/8 0.2578 0.2384 0.1866 115.6933 106.9826 83.76116 9/64 0.2557 0.2393 0.1866 114.7631 107.4059 83.76116 8/32 0.2593 0.2402 0.1866 116.3910 107.8298 83.76116 11/64 0.2593 0.2412 0.2153 116.3910 108.2543 96.62766 3/16 0.2552 0.2421 0.2006 114.5608 108.6794 90.0565

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Figure1: Calculated flow rates by using the flume (h1) vs flow rates by using upstream sump

0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

12.0

848

17.9

690

24.6

364

26.6

751

27.1

937

48.0

844

48.7

229

50.0

089

50.9

811

60.7

158

62.1

053

62.8

043

63.5

060

66.6

978

69.2

185

70.6

737

98.6

419

99.4

651

106.

9826

107.

4059

107.

8298

108.

2543

108.

6794

q(h1) flume gal/min

q(up

stre

am s

ump)

gal

/min

Series1

In Figure 1, calculated flow rates of the water by using formula GPM= 303.4 H1.55

are compared with calculated flow rates of the water by using upstream sump. Normally the graph in the figure 1 has to be 450 line. However, figure 1 shows us that we didn’t exactly get the 450 line. Our experience shows that the reasons of these errors can be construction mistakes of the flume and also some leaking into the upstream sump from the pipe of the pump after stopping the system.

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Figure 2 : Calculated flow rates by using flume vs flow rates by using weir

0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

12.0

848

17.9

690

24.6

364

26.6

751

27.1

937

48.0

844

48.7

229

50.0

089

50.9

811

60.7

158

62.1

053

62.8

043

63.5

060

66.6

978

69.2

185

70.6

737

98.6

419

99.4

651

106.

9826

107.

4059

107.

8298

108.

2543

108.

6794

q(h1) flume gal/min

q(w

eir)

gal

/min

Series1

In figure 2, Calculated flow rates of the water by using formula GPM= 303.4 H1.55

are compared with calculated flow rates of the water by using weir. As it is seen in figure 2, when the flow rates are between 99 and 108 gal/min, although calculated flow rates of the water by using flume (h1) changed, the flow rates of the weir reminded constant.

Because we didn’t use any sensor in the reservoir and it was difficult to read the

height of the water in the water reservoir. Also not using a sensor in the water reservoir affected all the results for Sampler A. Furthermore, for the first 8 experiments, we used the weir that was designed for demonstration and it hasn’t been used for the real experimental environment. But after 8th experiment, the weir was changed.

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The first splitting ratio for the sampling unit was found as 1/459 instead of 1/335.

As a result, this difference gave us 36.1%. There are couples of reasons of this error. During the experiment, the orifices of the sampling unit became blocked and it didn’t let the water go inside the sampling unit very well. For example; normally the pump in the sampling unit pumped the water 10 times in 15-20 minutes. However, when the orifices of the sampling unit became blocked, the pump pumped the water 10 times in 30-40 minutes. Therefore, being stuck of orifices affected the results. In addition, there was some leaking into the big pipe from the corner of the frame of the sampling unit. We tried to fix the sampling unit to prevent the leaking but it didn’t work out because of construction mistake.

On the other hand, the second splitting ratio was found as 1/29.25 instead of 1/42.

The main reason of this error was dirt in the water and it caused the small hole of splitting part to became blocked. In addition, the metal ring, which has a small hole, inside the splitting part wasn’t fixed very well. Therefore, during the experiment, we faced some leaking into the bucket from the corner of this metal ring and it affected the results. Table 2: Theoretical and experiment results for Sampler A

Methods

The first splitting ratio

The second splitting ratio

The error of the first splitting

part

Total error in the system

Theoretical 1/335 1/42 Experimental 1/459 1/29.25

36.1% 18.7%

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Sampler B

Before starting the experiments for Sampler B, four sensors were set up in

upstream sump, downstream sump, entrance of the flume and weir. As it is seen in table 3, during the experiment the minimum flow rate of the water was 10.8953 and the maximum flow rate of the water was 132.6833. The calculated flow rates of the water by using flume (h1) are very close to calculated flow rates of the water by using weir and upstream sump. When the results of Sampler A and Sampler B are compared, Sampler B is more accurate than Sampler A because of using sensors to read all the height differences very well. Table 3: Flow rates of the water by using flume, upstream sump and weir

Upstream Flume Water Level h1 (in)

[Actual Value]

Upstream Sump Flow

Rate Qp Flume Flow

Rate Qf Weir Flow Rate Qw

Upstream Sump Flow

Rate Qp Flume Flow

Rate Qf Weir Flow Rate Qw

CFS GPM 1 27/67 0.0293 0.0243 0.0233 13.1337 10.8953 10.44582 1/2 0.0577 0.0567 0.0495 25.9190 25.4612 22.2201

2 23/54 0.0654 0.0594 0.0563 29.3675 26.6751 25.28043 1/14 0.0755 0.0818 0.0729 33.8946 36.7115 32.70933 11/50 0.1011 0.0880 0.0828 45.3797 39.4889 37.146339/10 0.1259 0.1184 0.1155 56.4908 53.1391 51.8316

4 12/37 0.1451 0.1390 0.1309 65.1043 62.3734 58.75534 4/5 0.1663 0.1634 0.1539 74.6429 73.3579 69.0838

5 0.1853 0.1738 0.1680 83.1837 78.0148 75.41696 2/59 0.2401 0.2329 0.2001 107.7657 104.5290 89.82516 3/14 0.2438 0.2438 0.2268 109.4339 109.4095 101.79187 2/53 0.3040 0.2956 0.2839 136.4482 132.6833 127.4190

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Figure 3 : Calculated flow rates of the water by using flume(h1) vs flow rates by using upstream sump

0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

160.0000

10.89

53

25.46

12

26.67

51

36.71

15

39.48

89

53.13

91

62.37

34

73.35

79

78.01

48

104.5

290

109.4

095

132.6

833

q(h1) flume gal/min

q(up

stre

am s

ump)

gal

/min

Series1

In Figure 3, when working at the low rates and high flow rates, the pump didn’t work properly. Moreover, while the pump was working at the low and high flow rates, the pump sometimes didn’t pump the same amount of the water, although the power of the pump wasn’t changed.

As it is seen in Figure 3, when the flow rates are between 36 and 100 gal/min, the

graph is 450 line. On the other hand, when working at the low flow rates and the high flow rates, we couldn’t get good results as we got when the flow rates are between 36 and 100 gal/min.

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Figure 4: Calculated flow rates by using flume(h1) vs flow rates by using weir

0.0000

20.0000

40.0000

60.0000

80.0000

100.0000

120.0000

140.0000

10.89

53

25.46

12

26.67

51

36.71

15

39.48

89

53.13

91

62.37

34

73.35

79

78.01

48

104.5

290

109.4

095

132.6

833

q(h1) flume gal/min

q(w

eir)

gal

/min

Series1

In Figure 4, before starting the experiments a sensor was set up inside the water

reservoir. Being set up a sensor inside the water reservoir contributed to getting good result from the weir. When the results from Sampler A and Sampler B are compared, the results from Sampler B are better than Sampler A because of using the sensor and new weir.

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The first splitting ratio for the sampling unit was found as 1/451 instead of 1/335. Furthermore, the second splitting ratio was found as 1/34.9 instead of 1/42. Although the errors in the splitting parts are big, the total error was found as 23%.

During the experiment, we faced the same problems that we had in Sampler A.

For example; the orifices of the sampling unit were stuck and it makes the water flow slow into the sampling unit. Moreover, there was a little leaking into the big pipe from the corner of the frame of the sampling unit. However, if this leaking is compared with the amount of the water in the system, this leaking can be negligible.

At the second part of the experiment, second splitting ratio was found as 1/35 instead of 1/42. The reason of this error was dirt in the water and it caused the small hole of splitting part to be stuck. However, after cleaning this part we didn’t face this problem again. When the small hole of the splitting part was completely cleaned, the ratio was found as 1/38-40. However the average of all experiment was 1/35.

Table 4: Theoretical and experiment results for Sampler B

Methods

The first splitting ratio

The second splitting ratio

The error of the first splitting

part

Total error in the system

Theoretical 1/335 1/42 Experimental 1/451 1/35

34.9% 23%

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the first splitting ratio for the sampler A and sampler B were found as 1/459 and 1/451 respectively. In addition, the second splitting ratio for Sampler A and Sampler B were found as 1/29.25 and 1/34.9 respectively.

Although water in the laboratory seemed to be clear and the orifices in the sampling unit became blocked. In reality the water is dirty enough to block the sampling unit, therefore we may have to change the filtration part as to not let the dirt go inside the sampling unit. It was also observed that there was some leakage into the outer pipe (unreliable core sealing). It seemed that the sampling unit was not constructed precisely.

The O-ring on one side (smaller orifice side) of the splitter unit was not preventing leakage, this resulted changes in the ratio. Therefore, all the o-rings have to be fixed properly.

There were some leakages in the system. The sealing in the sampling unit did not prevent the leakage into the outer pipe. Therefore, the sealing in the sampling unit has to be reconsidered again. Also there was a small leakage under the flume however, it didn’t affect the result.

It was observed that it takes 32 pump cycles to fill up the bucket, which is getting bigger amount of water. It was checked numerous times and the number 32 remained constant, which leaded to a conclusion that the pump is stable.

New trigger sensor and the controller unit were working properly; therefore we can use them in the field.