BIO 101 Lab Practical 1 revised 2014

Lab 1. Exercise 1 Orientation Equipment Triple beam balance Erlenmeyer flask Graduated cylinder Celsius thermometer Meter stick Pasteur pipette Beaker Centimeter ruler International System of Units (SI), Metric System Prefixes: kilo, centi, milli, micro Symbols: example: k, m, cm, mm, um Units meter, gram, liter Mass, Volume, Distance Meniscus Temperature Boiling and freezing point of water oC Body temperature in oC km m cm mm µm kilometer/ meter /centimeter /millimeter/ micrometer 1000m 1m 0.01 m 0.001m 0.000001m 1X 103 1 1 X 10-2 1 X 10-3 1 X 10-6 Metric Conversions examples Convert 860,000 to scientific notation Convert 96 oF to oC Convert 0.039 to scientific notation Convert 9.23 X 103 to standard form Convert 9200 mm to cm Convert 0.0062 meters to millimeters Scientific method Hypothesis Controlled variables Independent variable Dependent variable Control group Termite Experiment Pheromone Independent, dependent, controlled variables in the experiment Domain and Kingdom of termite

Lab 2. Exercise 2 Microscopy Compound light microscope parts/function: base ocular lens arm stage condenser iris diaphragm nosepiece fine focusing knob coarse focusing knob objective lenses (scan 4X, low-power 10X, high-power 40X) Stereoscopic microscope Terms of microscopy Magnification power of each lens

Scan objective lens 4X Low power objective lens 10X, High power objective lens 40X

Ocular lens 10X Total magnification for each lens Field of view Inversion Diameter of field Estimate size of an sbject using the diameter of field Inverse relationships between diameter of field and magnification Slides

Prepared slide Wet-mount slide and cover slip

1

BIO 101 Lab Practical 1 revised 2014

Lab 3. Exercise 4 Chemical Aspects and Exercise 5 Composition of Living Things pH Acid Base Buffer pH scale pH paper Biomolecules Carbohydrates Colorimetric test Iodine test for starch

Presence = dark blue color Benedicts test for sugar, requires heat.

Presence = color change Results of experiments (identify a few substance tested that contained sugar, starch) Lipids

Grease spot test - Which substances tested contained lipids

Proteins Colorimetric test = Biuret Presence of protein = violet color Results of experiments For each test performed Control group Dependent variable Independent variable Controlled variables

Lab 4. Exercise 7 Enzymes Properties of all enzymes

o organic catalysts o all enzymes are proteins o action dependent on shape o unchanged in reaction o substrate specific o may be denatured by extremes in

temperature or pH Enzyme bromelain

Substrate (s) Product (s) Results of pineapple experiment fresh v. canned Results of temperature experiment Independent and dependent variables 3 Controlled variables

Temperature of freezing, room T, body T, and boiling in oC Enzyme catalase catalase 2H2O2 2H20 + O2 (gas) Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen Reactant/Substrate Products Liver experiment results

2

BIO 101 Lab Practical 1 revised 2014

Lab 5. Exercise 8 Diffusion and Osmosis Terms Brownian movement Plasma membrane Selective permeability Passive transport Active transport Diffusion Osmosis Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Brownian movement

Carmine powder observation

Diffusion across a membrane Iodine and starch

Relationship between diffusion and molecular size Dialysis tubing

Osmosis and Elodea View slides Hypertonic solution and results Hypotonic solution and results Plasmolysis Isotonic solution

Osmosis in animal cells Lysis Crenation View slides: Results of experiment

Lab 6. Exercise 6 The Cell Prokaryotic cells Cyanobacteria (either Gleocapsa, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anaebana) Bacterial shapes: Bacillus, Cocci, Spirillum Eukaryotic cells Kingdom Protista – Identify Volvox (colonial organism) and Amoeba (unicellular) Kingdom Fungi – Identify Yeast (unicellular fungi) Kingdom Plantae (multicellular) Onion epidermis Plant cell model – identify and function Cell wall Chloroplast Nucleus Central vacuole Rough endoplasmic reticulum Kingdom Animalia (multicellular) Human cheek epithelial cell Cell membrane, cytoplasm, Nucleus Animal cell model- Identify and function of:

Centrioles Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria Nucleus Plasma membrane Ribosomes

3