la mandragora nº 4 - aÑo 3 #32

16
+'5.GxP(GNKRG $GPCXGPVG 3iJ D ! , G L DJ 4 # / $xR,,,a1 1RYLHPEUH KWWS KWWS F F H H QWU QWU R R V V SQW SQW L L FP FP H H FH FH V V LH LH V V OHR OHR Q Q IH IH O O LSH LSH P P D D QGU QGU D D JR JR L L QGH QGH [ [ KW KW P P O O ODPD ODPD Q Q GUD GUD J J RU RU D D #L H 0 V 8 SDQ 5,3 D , HV 08 FGN¨.'Ï0('.+2'©

Upload: leon-felipe

Post on 24-Mar-2016

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Revista del IES León Felipe de Benavente (Zamora)

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

D3D1GLDJR5G$xR�,,,�a�1���� �1RYLHPEUH���������KWWSKWWS����F��FHHQWUQWURRV�V���SQWSQWLLF�PF�PHHF�HF�HVV�LH�LHVV�OHR�OHRQQ�IH�IHOOLSHLSH���P�PDDQGUQGUDDJR�JR�LLQGHQGH[[�KW�KWPPOOODPDODPDQQGUDGUDJJRURUDD#LHHVVSDQSDQDD�HV�HV

2

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG � $GPCXGPVG

FGN�¨.'Ï0�('.+2'©

3iJ� �

Page 2: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWL

00DQ�DQ�22Q�Q�77KKH�H�00RRRRQQ&UHR�UHFRUGDU��TXH�HQ�HO�HVWUL�ELOOR�GH�OD�FDQFLyQ�GH�5�(�0��TXH�GD� WtWXOR� D� HVWH� DUWtFXOR�� DSDUHFH�DOJR� SDUHFLGR� D� HVWR�� ³,I� \RX� EH�OLHYHG� WKH\� SXW� D� PDQ� RQ� WKH�PRRQ��PDQ�RQ�WKH�PRRQ«´��3XHV� VL�5�(�0��GXGD�� SRU� TXp�QR� OR� tEDPRV� D� KDFHU� QRVRWURV��0LV� SULPHUDV� GXGDV� DSDUHFLHURQ�WUDV� XQD� GLVFXVLyQ� PDQWHQLGD� HQ�9DOODGROLG� HQ� HO� ~OWLPR� FRQFLHUWR�GH� ORV� &HOWDV� &RUWRV� FRQ� &LIXHQ�WHV��&XDQGR� OOHJXp� D� FDVD�� DO� GtD�VLJXLHQWH�� FRPHQFp� D� EXVFDU� LQ�IRUPDFLyQ� VREUH� HO� WHPD�� 7UDV�YDULDV� KRUDV� QDYHJDQGR�� HQFRQWUp�GDWRV� ILDEOHV� TXH� SRQtDQ� HQ� GXGD�OD�OOHJDGD�GHO�KRPEUH�DO�VDWpOLWH�HO����GH�MXOLR GH�������/R� SULPHUR� TXH� QRV� SXHGH�KDFHU� GXGDU� HV� OD� LQVXILFLHQFLD�PHGLiWLFD�GH� OD� pSRFD��/DV�PLVLR�QHV� DQWHULRUHV� D� pVWD� OOHYDGDV� D�FDER�SRU� OD�1$6$�� FRQ�REMHWLYRV�DQiORJRV� D� pVWH�� KDEtDQ� IUDFDVDGR�RVWHQWRVDPHQWH�� \� KDFtD� IDOWD� XQ�HPSXMRQFLWR�� XQ� JUDQ� HPSXMyQTXL]i�� D� OD� DJHQFLD�� SDUD� TXH� VL�JXLHVH�IXQFLRQDQGR��\�QR�SHUGLHVH�HO� SUHVWLJLR� TXH� WDQWR� WLHPSR� OH�KDEtD� OOHYDGR� JDQDU�� (UD� EDVWDQWH�LPSRUWDQWH� WDPELpQ� GHPRVWUDU� VX�SRGHUtR� VREUH� OD� HQWRQFHV 8QLyQ�6RYLpWLFD��6L�ELHQ�ORV�PHGLRV�ItVLFRV�SDUD�YLDMDU�DO�HVSDFLR�H[WHULRU�HVWDEDQ�D�DxRV� OX]� GH� OR� QHFHVDULR� SDUD� DO�FDQ]DU� OD� /XQD�� OD� 1$6$� WHQtD�FDSDFLGDG�PiV�TXH�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�DOWHUDU� XQDV� FXDQWDV� IRWRJUDItDV� \�XQ� YtGHR�� TXH�� FRPR� KHPRV� YLVWR�HQ�YDULDV�SHOtFXODV��SXHGH�UHDOL]DU�VH�SHUIHFWDPHQWH�HQ�HO�GHVLHUWR GH�1HYDGD�(VWR�HV�HYLGHQWH�HQ�OD�PD\RUtD�GH� ODV� IRWRJUDItDV� TXH� OD� 1$6$�GLVWULEX\y� WUDV� HO� VXSXHVWR� YLDMH�HVSDFLDO�� PDWHULDO� JUiILFR� TXH�SRGHPRV� HQFRQWUDU� HQ� QXPHURVDV�SXEOLFDFLRQHV�RILFLDOHV�GH�OD�DJHQ�FLD�� 3DUD� FRPHQ]DU�� VL� QRV� ILMDPRV�HQ� OD�QDYH��DO� DOX�QL]DU��QR�DSDUH�FtD�ED�MR� ORV�PRWR�

UHV�QLQJ~Q�FUiWHU��DOJR�TXH�UH�VXOWD� PX\� H[WUDxR� VL� WHQHPRV�HQ� FXHQWD� TXH� pVWRV� HVWDEDQ�HQFHQGLGRV�� SXHV� HUD� QHFHVD�ULR�IUHQDU�HO�YHKtFXOR�SDUD�HYL�WDU� XQ� LPSDFWR� FRQWUD� OD�VXSHUILFLH��� /R� TXH� VH� REVHUYD� HQ� OD� LPD�JHQ�DQWHULRU HV�XQD�GH� ODV�SD�WDV� GHO�PyGXOR�� SDWDV� TXH� GH�EHUtDQ�WHQHU�DOJR�GH�SROYR�TXH�ORV�PRWRUHV�KDEUtDQ� OHYDQWDGR�HQ�HO�DWHUUL]DMH�GH�OD�QDYH�� 6L�HFKiVHPRV�XQ�YLVWD]R�D� ODV�IRWRJUDItDV� GRQGH� ORV� DVWUR�QDXWDV�FRORFDQ�OD�EDQGHUD��YH�UHPRV�TXH�pVWD�RQGHD��DOJR�WR�WDOPHQWH� OyJLFR� VL� WHQHPRV�HQ�FXHQWD� TXH� KDEtD� TXH� GHVHQ�URVFDUOD� SDUD� TXH� VH� YLHVH��DXQTXH�� VL� FRQWLQXDPRV� RE�VHUYDQGR� IRWRV�� QRV� GDUHPRV�FXHQWD�GH�TXH�OD�EDQGHUD�FRQ�WLQ~D�RQGHDQGR�FXDQGR�ORV�DV�WURQDXWDV� VH� VHSDUDQ� GH� HOOD��DOJR� TXH� UHVXOWD� EDVWDQWH� H[�WUDxR�� \D� TXH� QXHVWUR� VDWpOLWH�FDUHFH�GH�DWPyVIHUD�� 2WUD� FRVD� TXH� OODPD� OD� DWHQ�FLyQ� VRQ� ORV� UHIOHMRV� HQ� ORV�FDVFRV� GH� ORV� DVWURQDXWDV�� UH�IOHMRV� TXH� HQ� PXFKDV� RFDVLR�QHV�KD�VLGR�LPSRVLEOH�LGHQWLIL�FDU�� 6L�QRV� ILMDPRV�HQ�ODV�VRPEUDV�GH� ORV� DVWURQDXWDV�� QRV� GDUH�PRV�FXHQWD�GH�TXH�pVWDV�GLILH�UHQ� GH� WDPDxR�� DOJR� EDVWDQWH�GLItFLO� VL� WHQHPRV� HQ� FXHQWD�TXH�OD�~QLFD�LOXPLQDFLyQ�GH�OD�TXH� GLVSRQH� HO� VDWpOLWH� HV� HO�VRO�� HO� UHIOHMR�GH� OD� WLHUUD� \� HO�VX\R� SURSLR�� OR� TXH� KDUtD� TXH�OD� LQWHQVLGDG�GH� ODV� WUHV� IXHQ�WHV� IXHVH� LJXDO� HQ� WRGDV� ODV�]RQDV�� (Q�OD�IRWRJUDItD�GH�DEDMR %X]]�$OGULQ� HVWi� GH� SLH FRQ� HO� VRO�FDVL�D�VX�HVSDOGD��(Q�OD�OXQD HO�FRQWUDVWH� HQWUH� OD� RVFXULGDG� \�

TXHPLVMXLFYLDQDOYLG

KRXQWUDSXPRQDWHQTXDPEXFXLQMDJLQVVDWDGLQVOR�$0

5566 //44 //±±4 �4 �

F�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

OD� FODULGDG� HV� PX\� QRWDEOH�� SRU� OR� TXH� VHULD�LPSRVLEOH�TXH�VH�YLHUDQ�WDQWRV�GHWDOOHV�GHO�WUDMH�HVSDFLDO�6HJ~Q� 0DULD� %O\]LQN\�� GLUHFWRUD� GH� DVWURQR�PtD�GHO�REVHUYDWRULR�GH�*UHHQZLFK��/RQGUHV���D� IDOWD� GH� DWPyVIHUD�� HQ� OD� /XQD�� ODV� HVWUHOODV�VRQ� WRWDOPHQWH� YLVLEOHV� \� WLHQHQ�PD\RU� EULOOR��(Q�OD�LPDJHQ��QR�VH�DSUHFLD�QLQJXQD� 6L�REVHU�YDPRV FRQ�GHWDOOH��ODV�VRPEUDV�VRQ�PX\�FODUDV��SHUPLWLHQGR�YHU�GHWDOOHV�GHO�DVWURQDXWD�H�LQFOX�VR�XQD� LQVLJQLD�GH�(VWDGRV�8QLGRV�HQ� OD�SDUWH�ODWHUDO� GHO�0RGXOR� /XQDU�� DOJR� SRVLEOH� ~QLFD�PHQWH�VL�OOHJDVH�OX]�GHVGH�GLIHUHQWHV�iQJXORV�

6L� ELHQ�KDVWD� DKRUD� KH� GHIHQGLGR� OD� LGHD� GH�� HO� KRPEUH� QR� SLVy� OD� OXQD� HQ� ������ FRQ� HVWRV�PRV� DUJXPHQWRV H[LVWHQ� RWUDV� WHRUtDV�� D� PL�LR PHQRV� ILDEOHV�� FRPR� OD� TXH�GHILHQGH�TXH� HO�MH�Vt�VH�UHDOL]y��DXQTXH�HO�PDWHULDO�JUiILFR�RULJL�� QR� VDOLy� D� OD� OX]� \D� TXH� VH� KDEtD� GHVFXELHUWR�D�H[WUDWHUUHVWUH�\�QR�TXHUtD�KDFHUVH�S~EOLFR��(O�WtR�,VL<D� SXHGR� KDEODU� ODV� OHQJXDV� GH� ORV�PEUHV�\�GH�XQD�FDPSDQD�UXLGRVD�R�GH�RV�SODWLOORV�HVWDOODQWHV�<D� SXHGR� KDEODU� LQVSLUDGR� \� SHQH�QGR� WRGR� VHFUHWR� \� WRGR� HO� VDEHU�� <D�HGR� WHQHU� WRGD� OD� IH�� KDVWD� PRYHU�QWDxDV��TXH�VL�QR�WHQJR�DPRU�QR�VR\�GD�<D�SXHGR�GDU�HQ�OLPRVQD�WRGR�OR�TXH�JR�� <D� SXHGR� GHMDUPH� TXHPDU� YLYD��H�VL�QR�WHQJR�DPRU�GH�QDGD�PH�VLUYH�(O� DPRU� HV� SDFLHQWH�� HV� DIDEOH�� HO�RU�QR� WLHQH�HQYLGLD��QR�HV�JURVHUR�QL�VFD� OR� VX\R�� QR� GHVHVSHUD� QL� OOHYD�HQWDV� GHO� PDO�� QR� VLPSDWL]D� FRQ� OD�XVWLFLD��VLPSDWL]D�FRQ�OD�YHUGDG�'LVFXOSD�VLHPSUH��HVSHUD�VLHPSUH��VH�XDQWD�VLHPSUH�(O� DPRU� QR� IDOOD� QXQFD�� ORV� GLFKRV�SLUDGRV� VH� DFDEDUiQ�� ODV� OHQJXDV� FH�UiQ��HO�VDEHU�VH�DFDEDUi��SRUTXH�OLPL�R�HV�QXHVWUR�VDEHU�\�OLPLWDGD�QXHVWUD�SLUDFLyQ��\�FXDQGR�YHQJD� OR�SHUIHFWR��OLPLWDGR�VH�DFDEDUi�6yOR� HVWR� TXHGD�� )(�� (63(5$1=$� <�25�<�GH�HOORV�OR�PiV�YDOLRVR�HV�HO�DPRU�(QYLDGR�SRU�$�1�7�

Page 3: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�P

OOD�D�PPDDUULLKKXXDDQQDDHHQ�Q�����SSXXQQWWRRVV$� SHVDU� GH� VXV� SURSLHGDGHV� WHUDSpXWLFDV�\� VX XVR� DOLPHQWDULR�� HO� FRQVXPR� GH� PDUL�KXDQD \� KDFKtV ²GHULYDGRV� GHO� FDQQDELV�VDWLYD² VLJXH�SHQDOL]DGR�HQ�QXHVWUR�SDtV��(Q�6XL]D�\�+RODQGD��SRU�HO�FRQWUDULR��\D�HV�OHJDO���� 48e�(6���/D�SODQWD�KHPEUD�GHO�FixDPR�,QGLR��&DQ�QDELV� 6DWLYD�� FRQWLHQH� WHWUDKLGURFDQQDELQRO��7+&��� XQ� SULQFLSLR� DFWLYR� GH� SURSLHGDGHV�SVLFRGLVOpSWLFDV� HVSHFLDOPHQWH� FRQFHQWUDGR�HQ�ODV�IORUHV� 'LVWLQFLyQ�HQWUH�KDFKtV�\�PDULKXDQD��+DFKtV� �FRVWR�R�FKRFRODWH���SUHSDUDGR�GH�UHVLQD� VHJUHJDGD� SRU� ODV� IORUHV� GHO� FDQQDELV�VRPHWLGD�D�XQ�LQWHQVR�FDORU��7LHQH�XQ�FRQWH�QLGR�GH�HQWUH�XQ�����\�XQ�����GH�7+&��HO�UHVWR� SXHGH� VHU� GHVGH� KHURtQD�� FRFDtQD� R�ILEUDV�GH�OD�SURSLD�SODQWD��KDVWD�PDWDUUDWDV�R�UDOODGXUDV� GH� ODGULOOR��� 6H�SUHVHQWD� HQ� IRUPD�GH� EDUULWDV�� EHOORWDV� R� WDEOHWDV�� 3UHFLR�� D�SDUWLU� GH� ��� ¼� XQRV� ��� JUV�� 3XHGH� OOHJDU� D�FRVWDU���¼�PiV�R�PHQRV��VHJ~Q�OD�FDOLGDG��0DULKXDQD� �PDUtD� R� KLHUED��� SUHSDUDGD�FRQ� KRMDV� VHFDV� \� IORUHV�� (QWUH� XQ� ��� \� XQ�����GH�7+&��7LSRV�6FDQ�.XVK�,,��GH���D���¼�JU�:KLWH�5LQR��GH���D���¼�JU�6NXQN��GH���D���¼�JU�0DUOH\�&ROOLHV��GH���D���¼�JU�'RUEDQ�3RLVRQ��GH���D���¼�JU���� 352'8&&,Ï1�(O� FDQQDELV� VH� FXOWLYD� HQ� ]RQDV� GH� FOLPD�WHPSODGR�\�HQ�OXJDUHV�GH�GLItFLO�DFFHVR��SHUR�DFWXDOPHQWH�FRQ�ORV�DYDQFHV�SURGXFLGRV�HQ�OD�DJULFXOWXUD� VH� KD� FRQVHJXLGR� FXOWLYDU� HQ�OXJDUHV�FHUUDGRV�1R�HV�SRVLEOH�HVWDEOHFHU�XQD�HVWLPDFLyQ�GH�OD�FDQWLGDG�SURGXFLGD� LOHJDOPHQWH��/RV�SULQ�FLSDOHV� SDtVHV� SURGXFWRUHV� QLHJDQ� TXH� HQ� VX�VXHOR�VH�FXOWLYHQ�HVSHFLHV�YHJHWDOHV�LOHJDOHV�(Q� OD�8(�VH� LQFDXWDURQ���������NLORV�GX�UDQWH�HO�DxR������&DGD�YH]�HV PiV�IUHFXHQWH�TXH�ORV�SURSLRV�FRQVXPLGRUHV� OD� FXOWLYHQ� HQ� VXV� SURSLRV�GRPLFLOLRV� 5XWDV�GH�HQWUDGD�HQ�(VSDxD��'HVGH�$VLD��SDtVHV�FRPR�$IJDQLVWiQ��3D�NLVWiQ��1HSDO�R�OD�,QGLD�H[SRUWDQ�VX�PHUFDQ�FtD�TXH�SDVD�SRU�2ULHQWH�0HGLR��&HQWURHXUR�SD�� \� GH� DOOt� OOHJD� D� ORV� 3DtVHV� %DMRV�� GH�GRQGH�FUX]D�KDFLD�)UDQFLD�\�HQWUD�HQ�(VSDxD��'HVGH� ÈIULFD�� GHVGH�0DUUXHFRV� FUX]D� HO�HVWUHFKR��'LRV�VDEH�FyPR��\�OOHJD�D�OD�SHQtQ�VXOD���� &216802�(O� PRGR� PiV� KDELWXDO� GH� FRQVXPLUOR� HV�IXPDUOR� FRQ� HO� WDEDFR�� SHUR� WDPELpQ�PDVFD�GR��HQ�LQIXVLRQHV�R�LQFOXVR�FRPR�FRQGLPHQWR�HQ�ODV�FRPLGDV� (IHFWRV�� 1R� FDXVD� WROHUDQFLD� �QHFHVLGDG�GH� DXPHQWDU� OD� GRVLV� SDUD� ORJUDU� HO� PLVPR�HIHFWR��� 6X� VXVSHQVLyQ� QR� RULJLQD� VtQGURPH�GH�DEVWLQHQFLD��µPRQR¶��DXQTXH�OD�GHSHQGHQ�FLD� SVtTXLFD� HV� KDELWXDO� HQWUH� TXLHQHV� OD�FRQVXPHQ�FRQ�IUHFXHQFLD��SHUR�QR�WDQ�DFXVD�

GD�FRPR�HQ�HO�FDVR�GHO�WDEDFR��HO�DOFRKRO�RFRFDtQD�/RV�HIHFWRV�VRQ�ORV�VLJXLHQWHV�\�VH�SUROJDQ� HQWUH� �� \� �� KRUDV�� ORFXDFLGDG�\� HXIRWHQGHQFLD�D�OD�ULVD��DQVLHGDG��KDPEUH��DOWHFLRQHV�GH�OD�PHPRULD��GHVRULHQWDFLyQ��GLVQXFLyQ�GH� OD� DWHQFLyQ� \� GHO� WLHPSR�GH� UHFLyQ�\�HQURMHFLPLHQWR�RFXODU��(Q�FRQVXPLUHV� RFDVLRQDOHV� SXHGH� SURYRFDU� YyPLWRVDWDTXHV�GH�SiQLFR��(Q�IXPDGRUHV�FUyQLFRVKDQ� GHVFULWR� DOJXQRV� HIHFWRV� VHFXQGDUFRPR� ULHVJR� GH� DERUWR�� UHWUDVR� GH� OD� PHWUXDFLyQ�� UHGXFFLyQ�GHO� Q~PHUR� GH� HVSHUPWR]RLGHV« &LIUDV�� (O� FDQQDELV� HV� OD� GURJD� PiV�WHQGLGD��0iV�GH����PLOORQHV�GH�SHUVRQDVOD�8QLyQ�(XURSHD�VRQ�FRQVXPLGRUHV�KDELWOHV�R�HVSRUiGLFRV� 5HFHWDV��(Q�HO�PHUFDGR�H[LVWHQ�DOLPHQSUHSDUDGRV�FRQ�FDQQDELV�� FRPR�SDVWDV�� DUFHV�� FDUDPHORV� R� FHUYH]DV�� $GHPiV� KQXPHURVDV� UHFHWDV� TXH� OR� DGPLWHQ� HQWUH�LQJUHGLHQWHV��� WRUWLOOD�� WDUWD�GH� IUXWDV� �HQWLGDVH� QDUDQMDV�� OLPRQHV��PDQ]DQD�� HWF���� WDGH�FKRFRODWH��SHUR�GHO�GH�YHUGDG���PDQWHTOOD��JDOOHWDV��VDOVDV�«��� 3523,('$'(6�7(5$3e87,&$6�&LHQWtILFRV� HVSDxROHV� KDQ� ORJUDGR� UHYHFRQ� FDQQDELV� DOJXQRV� WXPRUHV� FHUHEUDOHVUDWDV�� (VWD� SURSLHGDG� FXUDWLYD� HVWi� WRGDSHQGLHQWH� GH� H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ� HQ� WXPRKXPDQRV�� (O� Q~PHUR� GH�PpGLFRV� SDUWLGDUGH�ORV�WUDWDPLHQWRV�WHUDSpXWLFRV�FRQ�FDQQDKD�DXPHQWDGR�HQ�ORV�~OWLPRV�DxRV� 2WUDV�SURSLHGDGHV��x DFW~D� FRPR�EURQFRGLODWDGRU� HQ�HQIHUPRV�GH�DVPD�x HYLWD� QiXVHDV� \� YyPLWRV�� HVWLPHO� DSHWLWR� \� UHYLJRUL]D� DO� HQIPR� GH� FiQFHU� WUDWDGR� FRQ� TPLRWHUDSLD�x DFW~D� FRPR� PLRUUHODMDQWH� HQ�DWDTXHV�HSLOpSWLFRV�\�HVSDVPRx FRQWUD� OD� DQRUH[LD� \� OD� GHSUHVL\D�TXH�HVWLPXOD�HO�DSHWLWR�\�GLQKLEH�HO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�x DQXOD� OD� SUHVLyQ� LQWUDRFXODU� HQ�HQIHUPRV�GH�JODXFRPD�x PLWLJD�HO�GRORU���� /(*,6/$&,Ï1� �12� 72'2� (/�027(�(6�25e*$12��(Q� QXHVWUR� SDtV�� OD� SRVHVLyQ� GH� FXDOTXFDQWLGDG��SRU�PtQLPD�TXH�VHD��VH�FDVWLJD�OD� YtD� DGPLQLVWUDWLYD�� SXGLHQGR� OOHJDU� DSHQDO�HQ�FDVR�GH� WUiILFR��/D�PXOWD�SRU�SRVLyQ�RVFLOD�HQWUH�ORV�����¼�\�ORV������¼�/D�©OH\�&RUFXHUDª�TXH�UHJXOD�HO�FRQVXGH�HVWH� WLSR�GH�VXVWDQFLDV��VDQFLRQD�³HO�FVXPR�GH�HVWXSHIDFLHQWHV�HQ�OXJDUHV�S~EOLFDVt� FRPR� OD� WHQHQFLD� LOtFLWD� GH� WDOHV� VXVWFLDV� DXQTXH� QR� HVWXYLHUDQ� GHVWLQDGDV�WUiILFR��1R� VH� VDQFLRQD� HO� FRQVXPR� SULYDSRUTXH� YD� HQ� FRQWUD�GH� ORV�GHUHFKRV� IXQPHQWDOHV��SHUR�VH�FDVWLJD�OD�REWHQFLyQ��SRVLyQ� R� WHQHQFLD� GH� FXDOTXLHU� FDQWLGDG�FDQQDELV� R� GHULYDGRV� GH� pVWH´�� (VWR� SXUHVXPLUVH�HQ�OR�TXH�SDVD�FRQ�WRGDV�ODV�OH\³0LHQWUDV�TXH�QR�WH�YHDQ�SXHGHV�KDFHUOR´�

//44,,558833'')) //±±44 _�_�SS OOIIXXUUII[[KKTTZZUUYY

HF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

�OD�RQ�ULD��UD�PL�DF�GR�� \��VH�LRV�QV�D�H[�� HQ�XD�WRVUR�D\�VXV�pQ�UWD�XL�UWLU�� HQ�YtD�UHV�LRV�ELV�ORV�XOD�HU�XL�ORV�V�yQ��HV�ORV�1�LHU�SRU�� OD�VH�PR�RQ�RV��DQ�DO�GR�GD�VH�GH�HGH�HV��

127$�� (VWH� LQIRUPH� TXLHUH� FRODERUDU� D�DXPHQWDU� QXHVWUR� FRQRFLPLHQWR� VREUH� ORV�HIHFWRV�\�FRQVHFXHQFLDV�GHO FRQVXPR�R�SRVH�VLyQ GH� OD�PDULKXDQD��1R�QRV�FRQIXQGDPRV��OD� PDULKXDQD� HV� XQD� GURJD� \� FRPR� WDO� VX�FRQVXPR� DFDUUHD� FRQVHFXHQFLDV�� 5HFXHUGD��HV�WX�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG��£TXH�OR�VHSDV���*5$66

** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **0,&52&8(17260H�SHGLVWH�XQ�UHFXHUGR��\�QR�VDEtD� TXp WUDHUWH�� 3HQVp� HQ�WUDHU� OD� VRPEUD� GH� OD� HQFLQD�TXH�QRV�FRELMDED�SDUD�HO�YHUD�QR�HQ�OD�SOD]D��SHQVp�TXH�VHUtD�ERQLWR� OOHYDUWH� XQ� SHGD]R� GHO�WHMDGR�GH�OD�LJOHVLD��R HO�FKDUFR�GH� OD� IXHQWH� GH� OD� DODPHGD��+DVWD� TXHUtD� KDEHU� FRJLGR� HO�VRQLGR�GH� ODV�PDQ]DQDV� FXDQ�GR�FDtDQ�PDGXUDV�SRU�HO�SUDGR��2� OD� PLUDGD� SHUGLGD� GHO� JDWR�GH� GRxD� (QULTXHWD�� TXH� VLHP�SUH� WH� URQURQHDED� FXDQGR� SD�VDEDV�� ¢WH� DFXHUGDV"�� £3HQVp�HQ� WDQWDV� FRVDV� 4XH� DO� ILQDO�QR�VDEtD�TXp�KDFHU�3RU� HVR� KLFH� HVWH� SRHPD�� \�HVSHUR� TXH� WH� JXVWH�� SRUTXH�WRGR�OR�TXH�PH�WUDtD�UHFXHUGRV�GH� WL�� OR� KH� GHMDGR� HQFHUUDGR�HQ�XQ�ED~O��\�OD�OODYH�OD�WLUp�DO�IRQGR�GHO�UtR��GRQGH�QRV�EDxi�EDPRV� FXDQGR� HQ� YHUDQR QRV�DSUHWDED�HO�FDORU�*DEULHO�0HULQR

Page 4: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH�

&&$$5577$$$�$�8811226�6�&&22//((**$$6�6�<�<�227755226�6�112�2�77$$117722/OHJXp�DO�,QVWL�HVWH�FXUVR��\D�TXH�PLV�SDGUHV�SRU�UD]RQHV�TXH�QR�YLHQHQ�DO�FDVR�WXYLHURQ�TXH�WUDVODGDU�VH� KDFH� XQRV� DxRV�� \� PL� KHUPDQD� PD\RU� \� \R� SRU�VXSXHVWR�FRQ�HOORV��&XDQGR�OOHJXp�REVHUYp�XQDV�FXDQ�WDV�FRVDV�TXH�KDFtDQ�TXH�HVWH� LQVWLWXWR�PH�SDUHFLHUD�SRFR�DFHSWDEOH��SHUR�LQWHQWp�EXVFDU�OD�UD]yQ�GH�OR�TXH�RFXUUtD� \� OOHJXp� D� OD� FRQFOXVLyQ�� TXL]iV� HUUyQHD�� GH�TXH� WRGR� WHQtD�XQD�H[SOLFDFLyQ� FRKHUHQWH�� (VWD� HV� DO�PHQRV�OD�TXH�\R�HQFRQWUp�(QWUp� HQ� OD� %LEOLRWHFD�� YL� GRV� RUGHQDGRUHV� FRQ�DOXPQRV�³QDYHJDQGR´�SRU�,QWHUQHW��£TXp�SDVDGD���PH�GLMH��SHUR�HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�GDGR�HO�SURIH�GH�WXUQR�OOD�Py� OD� DWHQFLyQ� D� XQR� GH� HOORV� SRUTXH� QDYHJDED� SRU�FKDWV� \� SiJLQDV�� GLJDPRV�� GH� DGXOWRV�� (Q� GHILQLWLYD��SHQVp��VL�HVWDPRV�HQ�XQ�FHQWUR�HGXFDWLYR��OD�ILQDOLGDG�GH�FRORFDU HVWRV�HTXLSRV�VXSRQJR�TXH�VHUi HGXFDWLYD��DVt�TXH�HPSHFp�D�HQWHQGHU�SRU�TXp�ORV�KDEtDQ�FRORFD�GR�DOOt�(QWUp�HQ�PL�FODVH��KDEtD�XQ�GLFFLRQDULR�HQ�OD�PHVD�GHO� SURIHVRU�� OR� DEUt� SRU� FXULRVLGDG� \� KDEtD� SiJLQDV�DUUDQFDGDV� \� WRGR� GHVKHFKR� SRU� GHQWUR�� $FXGt� GHV�SXpV�D�EXVFDU�D�XQ�FRPSDxHUR�D�RWUD�FODVH�\�REVHUYp�TXH� DOOt� QR� KDEtD� GLFFLRQDULR�� £TXp� GHVYHUJ�HQ]D���SHQVp�� HQ� XQDV� FODVHV� Vt� \� HQ� RWUDV� QR�� R� TXL]iV� HQ�HVD�FODVH�\D�KDEtD�VLGR�GHVWUR]DGR�GHO�WRGR�2WUR�GtD�REVHUYp�FyPR�ORV�DOXPQRV�GH�HVWH�LQVWL�WXWR� WHQtDQ� HO� SULYLOHJLR� GH� QR� WHQHU� TXH� VDOLU� SDUD�KDFHU� IRWRFRSLDV� HQ� ODV� OLEUHUtDV�� FRPR� OHV� RFXUUH� DO�FRP~Q�GH� ORV�PRUWDOHV��VLQR�TXH�D�YHFHV��FXDQGR�QR�KDEtD� SURIHV�� ORV� FRQVHUMHV� VH� ODV� KDFtDQ�� FODUR� HVWi�SDJDQGR�ORV���FpQWLPRV�SHUWLQHQWHV��SXHV�SDUHFH�TXH�pVH� IXH� HO� SUHFLR� HVWDEOHFLGR� HQ� HO� &RQVHMR� (VFRODU��3HUR��EXHQR��D�YHFHV�DOJXQRV�SULYLOHJLRV�QR�VRQ�ELHQ�HQWHQGLGRV�\�ODV�HVSHUDV�VLHQWDQ�PDO��DXQTXH�GLJR�\R��PiV� VH� WDUGDUtD� EXVFDQGR� OD� OLEUHUtD�� £YD\D� SDUHDGR�PiV�PDUHDGR�)XL� DO� VHUYLFLR� \� REVHUYp� FyPR�XQRV� FRPSDxHURV��HQWUH�FRPLOODV��VDFDEDQ WRGR�HO�SDSHO�GHO�SRUWDUUROORV�\�OR�WLUDEDQ�HQ�OD�WD]D��PH�TXHGp�XQ�SRFR�VRUSUHQGLGR�\� PDUFKp� VLQ� GHFLU� QDGD�� $O� GtD� VLJXLHQWH�� HQ� XQD�DSUHWXUD�� IXL� DO� VHUYLFLR� \� KHPH� DTXt� TXH� QR� KDEtD�SDSHO��FODUR��HO�GtD�DQWHULRU� OR�KDEtD�YLVWR�WLUDU�SRU�HO�UHWUHWH�� \� WXYH� TXH� LU� DSUHVXUDGDPHQWH� D� SRU� XQD�KRMD�GHO�FXDGHUQR��\�JUDFLDV�TXH� OD�HQFRQWUp�D�PDQR�SRUTXH� VL� QR�� ¢TXp� KDJR"� 3XHV�PH� FDJR�� <�PH� SUH�JXQWR��¢SRU�TXp�FXDQGR�YL�HO�GHVDJXLVDGR�QR�OR�LPSH�Gt"� $O�PHQRV� TXH� GHMDUDQ� SDSHO� SDUD�PLV� DSUHWXUDV��SHUR�FRPR�VH�SUHVHQWy�GH�LPSURYLVR��OH�HFKp�OD�FXOSD�DO�LPSURYLVR�2WUR�GtD�HO�SURIH SLGLy�ERUUDGRU��£+DEtD�GHVDSDUH�FLGR�PLVWHULRVDPHQWH��)XL�FRQ�XQ�HXUR�D�FRQVHUMHUtD�\�PH�SUHVWDURQ�XQR��DO� ILQDOL]DU� OD� FODVH�GHYROYt�HO�ER�UUDGRU� \�PDUDYLOORVDPHQWH�PL� HXUR� YROYLy� D� HVWDU� HQ�PL� EROVLOOR���� \� \R� TXH� FUHtD� TXH� PH� OR� FREUDEDQ����£TXp�PDO�SHQVDGR�PH�HVWR\�KDFLHQGR�<D�VHJXLUp�REVHUYDQGR�PXOWLWXG�GH�GHWDOOHV��SHUR�QR� VHUi� TXH� 48,=È6� (/� ,167,7872� /2� +$*$026�32&2�$&(37$%/(�72'26�/26�48(�/2�+$%,7$026"�(O�1RYDWR)) )) )) )) )) )) )) )) )) )) )) )) ))

&8$'526 '(�È1*(/�&(625�'(�(67(�,167,7872��4(1�/$�6$/$�'(�(;326,&,21'(�%(1$9(17(�+$67$ (/9,(0%5(�

&$57$�',5,*,'(VWD�FDUWD�TXLHUH�UHVSRQGHU�D�OD SUUR� DQWHULRU� LED GLULJLGD� D� ODV� VHxRUDVSUHJXQWDED�SRU�TXp�QR�VH�SRQH�SDSHO�H3XHV�DTXt�WH�YR\�D�GDU�\R�OD�UHVSX/DV�VHxRUDV�GH�OD�OLPSLH]D�QR�SRQGD� PiV� \� QDGD� PHQRV� TXH� SRUTXH� KDTXH� VH� HQFXHQWUDQ� ORV� UROORV� HQWHURV�YiWHU� DWDVFiQGROD�� \� SDUD� GHVDSURYHGLQHUR� SXHV� VLPSOHPHQWH QR� VH� SRQHQWXDO�GHVJUDFLDGDPHQWH��SDJDQ�MXVWRV�SR<�JUDFLDV�D�HVDV�VHxRUDV�GH�OD�OLPXQDV�FODVHV� OLPSLDV�� D� ODV�TXH� OOHJiLV�HVWXGLDU��R�HVR�GHEHUtDLV�KDFHU��$�ODV�VHxRUDV�GH�OD�OLPSLH]D�OHV�GFLWR� SRU� HO� WUDEDMR� WDQ� YDOLRVR TXH� KUHFRQRFLGR��VHJXUR�TXH SRUTXH�VH�DVRFQRPEUH�GH�³VHxRUDV�GH�OD� OLPSLH]D´ OOD�HVFDVD�FRQVLGHUDFLyQ�TXH�OD�WUDGLFLyWUDEDMR�TXH�KDFHQ�ODV�PXMHUHV��)HOLFLGD<2

))''88::

''99 ?�?�66 //44::;;88''99

3iJ� �

5'(5$��352)(�8(�32'e,6�9(5�(6�&$-$�'8(52�'Ë$����'(�12�

$�$�,,5566HJXQWD TXH�HQ�HO�Q~PH�� GH� OD� OLPSLH]D�� \� TXH�Q�ORV�EDxRV�HVWD�HQ�SDSHO�KLJLpQLFR��QD�� KDELGR� PXFKDV� YHFHV�PHWLGRV� HQ� OD� WD]D� GHO�FKDUORV� \� PDOJDVWDU� HO���$TXt�� FRPR� HV� KDEL�U�SHFDGRUHV�SLH]D��KR\�HQ�GtD�WHQpLV�FDGD�GtD� \�RV�SRQpLV� D�R\�ODV�JUDFLDV�\�OHV�IHOL�DFHQ�� 8Q� WUDEDMR� SRFR�LD�D�PXMHUHV��HO�SURSLR�R�LQGLFD��\�\D�VDEHPRV�Q�KLVSiQLFD�KD�GDGR�DO�GHV�VHxRUDV�

Page 5: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�

$IHUUDGD�D�XQ�VHQWLPLHQWRGHO�TXH�\D�QR�VR\�GXHxD�pO�YDJD�HQ�PL�VHU�SXOXOD�SRU�VX�FXHQWD�<�PH�GXHOH�HO�FRUD]yQ\�PH�GXHOH�WX�DXVHQFLD�QR�SXHGR�ROYLGDUWH�VLHQWR�WX�SUHVHQFLD�<�WH�YHR�HQ�WRGDV�SDUWHV�WDQWR�GHQWUR�FRPR�IXHUD�WH�YHR�HQ�PLV�RMRV�WH�YHR�HQ�PLV�SXHUWDV�<�HVSHUiQGRWH�D�WL�HVSHUDQGR�XQD�UHVSXHVWD�WH�YHR�VRQULHQGR�VRQULHQGR�SRU�HOOD�<�PLV�RMRV�VH�QXEODQ�VH�OOHQDQ�GH�QLHEOD�W~�GHVDSDUHFHV�EXVFDV WX�JUDQGH]D�\�\R�\D�QR�OR�VR\�\�HVR�PH�DWRUPHQWD�SRUTXH�WH�GHMp�LU�FD\HQGR�HQ�OD�WULVWH]D�SRU�QR�YROYHUWH�D�YHU�PH�WUDWp�FRQ�GXUH]D�<�DTXt�PH�WLHQHV�XQ�DOPD�HQ�HVSHUD�HVSHUDQGR�TXH�DOJXLHQDEUD�XQD�SXHUWD�<�SXHGD�VDOLU�GH�DTXt�GH�WRGD�HVWD�PLVHULD�SRUTXH�QR�WH�SXHGR�ROYLGDUQL�VDFDUWH�GH�PL�FDEH]D�³<28�0$.(�0(�)((/�),1(´�'HGLFDGR�D�)�0��

XLU"�7LELR�YDFtR�D�VRPQROHQFLDTXt�PL�SUHVHQFLD�RURVR�DOEHGUtR��VDOyQ�WDQ�IUtR�O�WLHPSR�WLUDQR�¢ V�VLUYLy�HO�YHUDQR�xRU�HQ�OD�QLHYH�PXQGR�WDQ�EUHYHxDGRU�HQ�YDQR"8,6�&(518'$

3RUTXH�QR�SXHGR�VHJXLU�DGHODQWH�SRUTXH�\D�QDGD�WLHQH�VHQWLGR�SRUTXH�PH�QLHJR�D�FRQWURODUPH�SRUTXH�QDGLH�HV�QDGLH�VLQ�XQ�DPLJR�<�DQWH�OD IDOWD�GH�FRPSHWHQFLDHQWUH�ODV�PHQWHV�VRPEUtDV�HQFXHQWUR�TXH�PL�DXVHQFLDVHUi�FDXVD�GH�DOHJUtDV�<�FDLJD�VREUH�Pt�PDO�UD\R�\�OD�JHQWH�JULV�PH�GHVSUHFLH�VLHQGR�PL�SHFDGRHO�PRWLYR�GH�PL�PXHUWH�<�WRGR�VH�HVIXPD\�WRGR�VH�DOHMD�OD�PXHUWH�SURIXQGDOODPD�D�XQD�SXHUWD�<�FDUH]FR�GH�YDORU�SHUR�OR�GHVHR�FRQ�WRGD�PL�DOPD�FRQ�WRGR�PL�GRORU�Vp�TXH�D�Pt�QR�PH�OODPD�<�FDQVDGD�GH�WDQ�WHQXH�OX]�\�UHQGLGD�DQWH�ODV�WLQLHEODV�HQ�PL�SOHQD�MXYHQWXGUXHJR��OODPD��SRU�IDYRU��D�PL�SXHUWD�

<2&$67$

VVUUKKYY wwGG

([LVWR��ELHQ�OR�Vp��3RUTXH�OH�WUDQVSDUHQWD(O�PXQGR�D�PLV�VHQWLGRV6X�DPRURVD�SUHVHQFLD��0DV�QR�TXLHUR�HVWRV�PXURV��$LUH�LQILHO�D�Vt PLVPR��1L�HVDV�UDPDV�TXH�FDQWDQ(Q�HO�DLUH�GRUPLGR��4XLHUR�FRPR�KRUL]RQWH3DUD�PL�PXGD�JORULD7XV�EUD]RV��TXH�FLxHQGR0L�YLGD�OD�GHVKRMDQ��9LYR�XQ�VROR�GHVHR��8Q�DIiQ�FODUR��XQiQLPH��$IiQ�GH�DPRU�\�ROYLGR��<R�QR�Vp�VL�DOJXLHQ�FDH��6R\�PHPRULD�GH�KRPEUH��/XHJR��QDGD��'LYLQDV��/D�VRPEUD�\�OD�OX]�VLJXHQ&RQ�OD�WLHUUD�TXH�JLUD��/8,6�&(518'$

rP"rP"�RVWR��GH�TXH�HVWUHOD"�XPD�DUGH�QR�YHQWR��

¢'yQGH�K,QJUiYLG5HWLHQH�D7RGD�P(Q�HVWH5HLQR�GH'H�TXp�QR2K�UXLVH6L�VyOR�XQ�&LxH�DO�VR/

PHF�

'RQGH�Y'RQGH�Y'H�TXH�U$SHQDV�

HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

$V�RXWUDV��ILFR�D�RXYL�ODV�HVFRUUHU�GD�SHGUD��$SHQDV�XPD�HP�VLOrQFLR�EULOKD��$V�RXWUDV�PRUGHP�XP�FRUDomR�GH�KRPHP��6y�SURPHWLGR�j�WHUUD��(8*e1,2�'(�$1'5$'(

Page 6: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�P

(O�LQYLVLEOH�YDKR�GH�OD�YLGDGH�LQWHPSRUDOHV�GLRVHV�HQ�OHWDUJRTXH�KXPHGHFH�HO�FDPLQR�HVWUHFKR�\�ODUJRTXH�ERUGHD�OD�FUHVWD�UHWRUFLGDPH IXHU]D�D�GHVFDUJDU��PiV�TXH�FRQYLGD�OD�LPDJLQDGD�UHDOLGDG�TXH�FDUJR�QR�FRQVLJXLHQGR�D�FDPELR��VLQ�HPEDUJR�PiV�TXH�HO�OHYH�UR]DU�GH�OD�LQWXLGD�5HVWRV��WDO�YH]��GH�XQ�WHPSOR�DO�VRO�SRQLHQWH�ODV�FRORVDOHV�URFDV�PLVWHULRVDVPH�LPSRQHQ�XQ�VLOHQFLR�UHYHUHQWHIUHQWH�D�ODV�H[LVWHQFLDV�QXPLQRVDVTXH�SUHVLHQWH�YLEUDQGR�DOOt�PL�PHQWH�WHQVD�DQWH�HO�JUDQ�HQLJPD�GH�ODV�FRVDV�

2)(/,$v v v v v v(Q�HVWD�SHTXHxD�SRHVtD<R�GHVHDUtD�H[SUHVDU/D�EHOOH]D�GH�XQ�VHQWLPLHQWR$O�TXH�OODPDQ�³$0,67$'´�1R�TXLVLHUD�VHU�SHVDGD��1L�WDPSRFR�PROHVWDU�6yOR�TXLHUR�PLV�LGHDV$�XVWHGHV�FRPXQLFDU�/D�DPLVWDG�HV�XQ�WHVRUR�/D�DPLVWDG�HV�XQ�DPRU�/D�DPLVWDG�HVWi�D�WX�ODGR�������\�QXQFD�GLFH�DGLyV�8Q�YHUGDGHUR�DPLJR(V�DOJR�GLJQR�GH�HQYLGLDU�6L�OR�WLHQHV��QR�OR�SLHUGDV�1R�OH�GHMHV�HVFDSDU�<R�KH�WHQLGR�VXHUWH'H�JUDQGHV�DPLJDV�HQFRQWUDU�/D�DPLVWDG�OODPy�D�PL�SXHUWD<�\R�OD�GHMp�SDVDU�5HFXHUGD�VLHPSUH�PL�FRQVHMR��QR�VH�WH�YD\D�D�ROYLGDU��VL�OD�DPLVWDG�HVWi�FRQWLJR�KD]PH�FDVR��QXQFD�OD�GHMHV PDUFKDU�3DUD�WRGDV�YRVRWUDV��PLV�DPLJDV��3DUD�OD�0$)<$�v v v v v v

0H�YHV�YHQ\�JLUDV�OD�F\R�EDMR�OD�\�SLGR�XQD$xRV�FRQFPLQXWRV�FRPL�FRUD]yQSDUD�SRGH6LHPSUH�SSDUD�YROYHOR�TXH�QXQSHUR�\D�HVW~�OR�VDEHVpFKDPH�GH$/2( 9� � �

� � �6HU�KRPE8Q�SRFR�G$OLPHQWDUFRQ�HO�HQ6HU�KRPEHV�WHQHU�X~ ~ ~

6655++99 ­­''

LU��WH�WRFDV�HO�SHORDEH]D�PLUDGD��PH�DSR\R�HQ�OD�EDUUD�FHUYH]D�

HQWUDGRV�HQ�PLQXWRV�QFHQWUDGRV�HQ�VHJXQGRV��FRQYHUWLGR�HQ�WLHPSRU�UHJDOiUWHOR�HGt�YROYHU�DWUiVU�D�HPSH]DUFD�VXFHGLy��GHPDVLDGR�WDUGH��ELHQ«�PHQRV�(5$� � � � � �$EUt�ORV�RMRV\�DOOt�PH�HQFRQWUDED�WXPEDGD�HQ OD�DUHQD�HFKDGD�HQ�OD�SOD\D�$OOt��\R�VROD�EDLODQGR�HQ�OD�RVFXULGDGHVFXFKDQGR�ORV�UXJLGRV�GHO�PDU�DUURSDGD�SRU�OD�QRFKHXQDGD�SRU�VXV�YRFHV�

�DFHUTXp�D�OD�RULOODUUDVWUDGD�SRU�OD�QDGD�QGH�PL�PHQWHSHUDED�ROYLGDGD�PDUHD�PH�LQFOLQDED�V�RODV�PH�PHFtDQ�PLUDGD�SHUGLGDQD�VRPEUD�LQILQLWD�DOHMDED�GH�OD�SOD\D�DELVPR�PH�HVSHUDEDD�ULVD�DSXxDODEDXDQWR�PiV�PH�DOHMDED�V�GHVSHUWDED�

DF0H\�DGRHVOD�/DOD�\�XVHXQXQ\�FPi

HF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

1,%$� � � � � �2675$6UH��VHU�PXMHU��VHU�DQWH�WRGR�H�WHUQXUD��IXHU]D��IXHJR��ORV�SiMDURVLJPD�LQWDFWR�GH�OD�OXQD�UH��VHU�PXMHU���OR�LPSUHVFLQGLEOHQD�SHUOD�HQ�ODV�HQWUDxDVÈ1*(/(6�'$/Ò$~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Page 7: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV�

7,%,$6�/8&(6���+DEODURQ�GXUDQWH� ODUJR�WLHPSR�GH�WHPDV� LUUHVROX�EOHV��KDVWD�TXH�$PDUDQWD�KDEOy�D�,QpV�GH�OD�YLVLWD�GH�DTXHO�GtD��/H�FRQWy� ORV�SRUPHQRUHV�VLQ�TXH� OD�DEXHOD�PRVWUDUD� HO� PiV� PtQLPR� VLJQR� GH� DOHJUtD�� $PEDV�FRPSDUWtDQ� HO� PLVPR� SDVDGR� HQ� HO� SURVWtEXOR�� \� HO�PLVPR�PLHGR� LUUHYHUHQWH� D� OD�PXHUWH�� \� QLQJXQD� GHHOODV� FRQFHEtD� SDUD� Vt� ORV� IDYRUHV� R� SULYLOHJLRV� TXH�VXSRQtD�OD�FHUFDQtD�D�XQR�GH�ORV�JUDQGHV�� ,QpV�FRQWy�D�VX�YLVLWDGRUD� ODV�~OWLPDV�QXHYDV�VREUH�HO�SUREOHPD�GH� OD� 3OD]D� GH� 0D\R� FRQ� HO� PLVPR� JHVWR� LQFHQVDULR�GHVGH� KDFtD� GRV� GpFDGDV�� +DEtD� SHUGLGR� WUHV� KLMRV� \�GRV�QLHWRV�HQ�DTXHO�LQILHUQR�GH�OD�GLFWDGXUD�GH�OD�VLQ�UD]yQ��6HJXtD�WHUFD�\�YDOLHQWH�HQ�VX�EDWDOOD�GH�HVFOD�UHFLPLHQWR�� DXQTXH�� FDGD� YH]�PiV�� VH� YHtD� DFXFLDGD�SRU� OD� VROHGDG� \� HO� SHVR� GH� VXV� DxRV�� +DEtD� VXIULGR�YDULRV�LQWHQWRV�GH�DVHVLQDWR��WRGRV�IUXVWUDGRV��TXH�QR�ORJUDURQ�DPLQRUDU�XQ�iSLFH�VX� tPSHWX�� � �&DVL�GH�QR�FKH��$PDUDQWD� YROYLy�D� VX�FDVD�DUUDVWUDQGR�GRORU�HQ�OD�HVSDOGD�\�OD�OHYH�FRMHUD�TXH�VXIUtD�WRGRV�ORV�RWRxRV��(Q�VX�FDEH]D�VHJXtDQ�QDGDQGR�ODV�SDODEUDV�GH�FRQVH�MR�GH�,QpV��LULVDQGR�DQJXVWLD�\�PLHGR��(QWUy�HQ�OD�FDVD�\�IXH�GLUHFWD�DO�EDxR��6H�GHWXYR�IUHQWH�DO�HVSHMR��FUH�\y�REVHUYDU�TXH�XQD�QXEH�GH�GHVFRQFLHUWR� YHODED�HO�JHVWR� DSUHVXUDGR� GH� VX� LPDJHQ�� 1XQFD� TXLVR� VDEHU�ODV�GLUHFWULFHV�GH�OD�PXHUWH�HQ�VX�FD]D��VLHPSUH�WXYR�XQ� UHVSHWR� VHSXOFUDO� D HVD� ILJXUD� DSiWULGD� TXH� YLVLWD�VyOR� XQD� YH]� HQ� OD� YLGD�� \� VLHPSUH� QRWLFLDV� GH� HOOD�OOHJDURQ�SDUD�DWRUPHQWDUOH�ORV�GtDV��6X�GHFUpSLWR�URV�WUR�GHQRWDED�HO�JpOLGR�DOLHQWR�GH�OD�PXHUWH�KDFLpQGROH�FRVTXLOODV� HQ� OD� QXFD�� 6H� DSDUWy� YLROHQWDPHQWH� GHO�FULVWDO�\� VH� IXH�DO� FXDUWR�GRQGH�VH�PHWLy�HQ� OD� FDPD�DSUHVXUDGD��FRQ�ORV�RMRV�DELHUWRV�HQ�PLWDG�GH�OD�RVFX�ULGDG�DEVRUEHQWH�\�UHVEDOiQGROH�OiJULPDV�SRU�OD�DUUX�JDGD�SLHO�GH�VXV�PHMLOODV���$TXHOOD�YH]�HPSH]y�D�QRWDU��OD� SUHVHQFLD� GH� HOOD�� GH� OD�PXHUWH�� /D� LPDJLQDED� HQ�WRGDV�SDUWHV��(VFRQGLGD�HQ�ORV�ULQFRQHV��GHWUiV�GH�ODV�SXHUWDV��HVSLDQGR�FDGD�XQR�GH�VXV�JHVWRV��FDGD�PR�YLPLHQWR�GH�RMRV��$OFDQ]DED�D�YHU�VX�IRUPD�HVFXUULGL�]D�� VX� KXLGD�SUHFLSLWDGD��/D� YHtD� HQ�HO� FRPHGRU� WUDV�KDEHU�GHUUDPDGR�XQ�IUDVFR�GH�PHQWD�VREUH�ODV�IORUHV��HVWDED�HQ� WRGDV�SDUWHV��PXOWLSOLFDGD�� GHVGREODGD�FR�PR� VX� HVWHOD�� HQ� OD� FDVD�� HQ� OD� FLXGDG�� HQ� WRGR� HO�PXQGR� GH� ORV� TXH� VLHQWHQ�� � $KRUD� OD� RtD� MDGHDQWH��WUDWDQGR� GH� GHUUXPEDU� ODV� SDUHGHV� SDUD� SHQHWUDU�KDVWD�VX�FXDUWR�\�HVWUDQJXODUOD��SDUD�FODYDUOH�DJXMDVKLUYLHQWHV� HQ� ORV� SiUSDGRV�� SDUD� TXHPDUOH� HO� SHFKR�FRQ�VXV�PDQRV�DO�URMR����1R�GXUPLy�HQ�WRGD�OD�QRFKH��(O� IDQWDVPD� VLJXLy� DSXQWDQGR� D� VX� JDUJDQWD� FRQ� OD�SXQWD� GH� VX� JXDGDxD� KDVWD� TXH� VH� OHYDQWy� H� LQLFLy��D~Q� HQ� FDPLVyQ�� XQD� FDUWD� FX\R� GHVWLQDWDULR� VHUtD�HOOD�� HO� Q~FOHR� GH� VXV� WRUPHQWRV�� 1R� VH� H[FXVy�� QL�SLGLy�IDYRUHV�QL�GHPRUDV��VLPSOHPHQWH�HVFULELy�FDUD�D�FDUD�FRQ�OD�PXHUWH��WUDWDQGR�GH�HYLWDU�SRU�PiV�WLHPSR�ODV�SHUVHFXFLRQHV�\�ODV�DWURFLGDGHV��7HUPLQy�OD�FDUWD�\�OD�JXDUGy�HQ�OD�FDUSHWD�VHSLD��MXQWR�D�ODV�RWUDV�FDUWDV�\� IRWRV� DO� DPSDUR� GHO� ROYLGR�PRPHQWiQHR�� � (Q�HO�EDUULR� OD�VHJXtDQ�PLUDQGR�FRPR�XQD�YLHMD� ORFD��YtFWL�PD� GH� SDUDQRLDV�� ORV� QLxRV� OH� JULWDEDQ� \� OH� WLUDEDQ�SLHGUDV�PLHQWUDV�ODV�PXMHUHV�WULFRWDEDQ�PLUDQGR�KDFLD�HO�VXHOR�\�KDEODQGR�HQ�YR]�EDMD� SHUR�HVR�OH�HUD�LQGL�IHUHQWH��$�OR�~QLFR�TXH�WHPtD�HUD�D�OD�PXHUWH�\�QR�DO�UHFKD]R��(OOD�FRQ�HOOD�PLVPD��VLQ�QDGLH�HQWRUSHFLHQGR�HO�IOXLU�GHO�WLHPSR��6yOR�HVFULEtD��QR�KDFtD�PiV�YLGD�GH�DQLPDO�FRWLGLDQR��DFRPSDxDGD�GH�SDSHO��ODSLFHUR�\�XQ�YDVR�GH�YLQR�HQ�HO�TXH�ODV�SHQDV�VH�FRQIXQGtDQ�\�TXH�

OD�VXPtDOD�PXHUHQ�VDQJWH�OHV�UHULRU�� VtPOLEURV�IX\DFtDQ�FRPR�VFDUWD�\�WXPEUH�XQ�KRPORV� DxRRUTXtGH�FRQ

6R\�XVDEHU�¢D�SULPH/DV�SORV�OXQOD� FDIHWHQHPRTXH�YH(VSHUDIHFWD�0XFKy

))88

++''))//±±4�4�22 //::++88''88 //'' � �� �** //((;;005�5�_�_� � � �� � �

�SQWLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

�HQ�XQ�VRSRU�GH�GXOFH�LQFRQVFLHQFLD�HQ�HO�TXH�WH�QR�DFHUWDED�D�HQWUDU�SRU�PLHGR�D�DKRJDUVH�UH��1XQFD�SRQtD�IHFKD�HQ�ODV�FDUWDV��VRODPHQ�JDODED�XQD�JRWD�GH�SHUIXPH�HQ�OD�SDUWH�VXSH�EROR� LQHTXtYRFR� GH� WLHPSRV� \� HVWDGRV�� � /RV�HURQ�VX�HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR�HQ�OD�MXYHQWXG��DKRUD�ROYLGDGRV� HQ� HVWDQWHUtDV� \� FDMDV� GH� FDUWyQ��LPSOHV� UHFXHUGRV�GH�DQWHULRULGDG�� � �*XDUGy� OD�VH�DVHy��FRQ�OD�HGDG�QR�KDEtD�SHUGLGR�OD�FRV�GH�DGHFHQWDUVH�HO�URVWUR��VL�QR�SDUD�HQFRQWUDU�EUH��Vt�SDUD�SDUHFHU�XQ�SRFR�PHQRV�YtFWLPD�GH�V�� $FDEy� GH� DWXVDUVH� HQ� HO� GpELO� FDEHOOR� XQD�D�\�VDOLy�D�OD�FDOOH��D�FDVD�GH�,QpV��WLQXDUi� ,]LHO

35(*817$�¢6,1�5(638(67$"QD�DOXPQD�GH�HVWH�&HQWUR�\�PH�JXVWDUtD�SRU�TXp�OD�%LEOLRWHFD�QR�VH�DEUH�ORV�OXQHV�UD�KRUD"HUVRQDV�TXH�QR�WHQHPRV�FODVH��FRPR�\R��HV�D�SULPHUD�KRUD��QRV�WRFD�TXHGDUQRV�HQ�WHUtD� SDUD� SDVDU� HO� WLHPSR�� <� HV� TXH� QR�V� OD� SRVLELOLGDG� GH� YHQLU�PiV� WDUGH� SRU�QLPRV�HQ�DXWRE~V��R� TXH� VH� UHVSRQGD� D� HVWD� FXHVWLyQ� TXH�D�YDULDV�SHUVRQDV�DV�JUDFLDV�y y y y y y

Page 8: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQ

686866885555226�(6�(1�1�/$�1/$�122&&++((+D\�VDQJUH�HQ�HO�DOIpL]DU��1R�SDVDUtD�QDGD�VL�OD�YHQWDQD�HQ�FXHVWLyQ�QR�HVWXYLHUD�HQ�XQ�QRYH�QR�SLVR��SHUR� WDO�\�FRPR�HVWiQ� ODV�FRVDV�SRGUtD�FRQVLGHUDUVH�DOJR�H[WUDxR��&XDQGR�OOHJXH�OD�SROL�FtD�QRWDUiQ�TXH�QR�KD\�VDOLGD�GH�HPHUJHQFLD��QL�FDGiYHU�HQ�HO�FDOOHMyQ�\�HPSH]DUiQ�D�KDFHU�SUH�JXQWDV��\�HVR�QR�HV�EXHQR�SDUD�PL� ³SURIHVLyQ´��/XHJR��FXDQGR�XQ�IRUHQVH�LQIRUPH�TXH�HO�FXHUSR�KDOODGR�UHFRVWDGR�HQ�HO�VRIi�HVWi�³VHFR´�FRPR�OD�PRMDPD��HPSH]DUiQ�D�KDFHUVH�PiV�SUHJXQWDV�\�DOJXLHQ� FRQ� FROPLOORV� DFDEDUi� VXPDQGR� GRV� \�GRV�\�PH�PHWHUp�HQ�XQ�EXHQ�OtR��\D�TXH�KD�VLGR�DOJXLHQ� D� TXLHQ� \R� FUHp� HO� TXH� KD� RUJDQL]DGR�WRGR�HVWH� IROOyQ��$Vt�TXH� WHQJR�TXH�HQFDUJDUPH�SHUVRQDOPHQWH� GH� OD� OLPSLH]D�� VL� QR� TXLHUR� TXH�DOJXLHQ�GH�PL�³FRPXQLGDG´�DFDEH�FRQYLUWLHQGR�D�PL�FUHDFLyQ�\�D�Pt�PLVPR�HQ�FHQL]DV�DO�DPDQH�FHU�� <� DXQTXH� DKRUD� PLVPR� PH� LPSRUWD� XQD�PLHUGD� OR� TXH� OH� VXFHGD� D�PL� ³FKLTXLOOR´�� \R� OH�WHQJR�DSHJR�D�PL�SHOOHMR�/R� SULPHUR� HV� OR� SULPHUR�� 'HVWUR]R� HO� OXJDU�HQ�HO�PD\RU�VLOHQFLR�SRVLEOH��4XHGD�DOJR�GH�VDQ�JUH�HQ�HO�FDGiYHU��DVt�TXH� OD�HVSDU]R�SRU� WRGDV�SDUWHV�FRQ�FXLGDGR�GH�QR�GHMDU�PDUFDV�GH�FDO]D�GR��(QWUH�WRGR�HVWH�EDUXOOR�FRMR�OR�TXH�HQFXHQWUR�GH�YDORU�FRQ�OD�HVSHUDQ]D�GH�TXH�DOJ~Q�KDVWLDGR�SROLFtD�GH�KRPLFLGLRV�OR�FRQVLGHUH�XQ�FDVR�GH�XQ�\RQTXL�DVDOWDQGR�XQ�DSDUWDPHQWR�\�HQFRQWUDQGR�GHQWUR� D� VXV� GXHxRV�� (O�� WUXFR� QR� UHVLVWLUi� XQ�HVFUXWLQLR� FRQFLHQ]XGR��SHUR�DO�PHQRV� OOHYDUi�D�OD� SDVPD� SRU� HO� FDPLQR� HTXLYRFDGR� VL� DO� ILQDO�PRQWDQ�XQD�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�HQ�FRQGLFLRQHV�/XHJR�WRPR�HO�FXHUSR�\�OR�DUURMR�SRU�OD�YHQ�WDQD�� (VSHUR� XQRV� VHJXQGRV� SDUD� HVFXFKDU� HVH�³DJUDGDEOH´�JROSH�FRQWUD�HO�IUtR�FHPHQWR�GHO�FD�OOHMyQ��TXH�FRQR]FR�ELHQ�GHVSXpV�GH�WDQWRV�³WUD�EDMRV´���$KRUD�PH�FRQFHQWUR�XQ�PRPHQWR��GHV�KDFLpQGRPH� GH�PL� IRUPD� KXPDQD�� <� VL� DOJXLHQ�HVWi�PLUDQGR�KDFLD�OD�YHQWDQD�GHVGH�OD�TXH�FD\y�HO� FXHUSR� VyOR� YHUi� XQ� PXUFLpODJR� SHUGLpQGRVH�HQ�OD�QRFKH�<D�YHV��VR\�XQ�PXUFLpODJR�PX\�FDEUHDGR��SH�UR�GHVGH� OHMRV�HVDV�FRVDV�QR�VRQ�IiFLOHV�GH�GLV�WLQJXLU� 0$/.$9

+ROD�7HQJR�WD(O� ViEDGR�SHQVp�TXH�QYL�TXH�QR��7DOJR� JUDQGHTXH�HVSHUDEGH]D� HQ� HOOFXDQGR�WH�FGH�HQ�PHGLVRQ�WRQWHUtDXQD� FLFDWUL]LQWHQWR�GH�DTXH�GLJR��<QR� WHQJR�PGRV�NLORV�\�PH�DOHJUR�PFRQPLJR� WHDQWHV�� QL� VLPRWLYR�DSDPHQWLUD�TXHTXH�QXQFD�KHUHV�HO�PLVDXQ�DVt� WH�TDIHUUp�D�WX�SFXOSDEOH�SRVR\��<� WH�DDFXHUGHV�GHKDEHU� VLGR�PLHQWRV��*5

))88++''))//±±4�4�22 //::++88''88 //'�'�_�_�JJ OOHH[[PPUU

WLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

QWDV�FRVDV�TXH�GHFLU�TXH�QR�Vp�SRU�GyQGH�HPSH]DU��FXDQGR� D� ODV� RFKR� QR� WH� KDEtDV� SUHVHQWDGR�� ELHQ�R�KDEtDV�TXHULGR�LU��R�OR�KDEtDV�ROYLGDGR��SHUR�\D�~�GLMLVWH�TXH�D�ORV�TXH�OR�SDVDPRV�PDO�QRV�HVSHUD������ D�Pt� \D� QR�PH� HVSHUD� QDGD� JUDQGH�� OR� ~QLFR�D�VH�KD�HVIXPDGR��VXSRQJR�TXH�W~�WLHQHV�WX�JUDQ�D�� <R� QR� WHQJR� JUDQGH]D� TXH� YDOJD�� \� ELHQ� GLMH�RPHQWp�TXH�HVWDED�EXVFDQGR�HO�PRGR�GH�TXLWDUPH�R��1XQFD�GHELVWH�GHFLU�TXH�QR�GLMHUD�WRQWHUtDV��1R�V��SRGtD�KDEHUWH�PRVWUDGR�PL�EUD]R�L]TXLHUGR�FRQ�� D� OD� DOWXUD� GH� PL� PXxHFD�� TXH� HVWi� DKt� SRU� XQ�FDEDU�FRQ�WRGR��GH�PRGR�TXH�QR�VRQ�WRQWHUtDV� OR��FODUR�TXH�PH�YLVWH�IODFD��D�SHVDU�GH�OR�TXH�WH�GLMH�LV����y����.J��GH�DQWHV��KH�SHUGLGR�DOJR�PiV�GH�PHGLR�\�VLJR�HQ�GHVFHQVR��$�WL�VH�WH�YH�PX\�IHOL]��XFKR�SRU�WL��7~�GLMLVWH�TXH�HO�WLHPSR�TXH�HVWXYLVWH�� KDEtDV� DEDQGRQDGR���� \R� PH� DEDQGRQp� PXFKR�TXLHUD� WH� FRQRFtD� HQWRQFHV�� \� DKRUD� QR� HQFXHQWUR�UHQWH�SDUD�UHFXSHUDUPH�D�Pt�PLVPD��<�PH�SDUHFH��FUH\HUDV�TXH� WH�TXHUtD�SRU� WX� ItVLFR��HVR HV�DOJR�H�GLFKR�QL�PHQFLRQDGR�VLTXLHUD��<�\R�YHR�TXH�QR�PR�GH�DQWHV�� VH� QRWD�HQ� WX� IRUPD�GH�KDEODU��SHUR�XLHUR�PXFKR�SRUTXH�FUHp� IDOVDV�HVSHUDQ]DV�\�PH�HUVRQD��SHUR�HQ�QLQJ~Q�FDVR�TXLHUR�TXH�WH�VLHQWDV�U�HOOR��¢YDOH"�/D�FXOSD�HV�VyOR�PtD�SRU�VHU�FRPR�JUDGH]FR�PXFKR�TXH�PH� OODPHV�SRU� WHOpIRQR�\� WH��Pt�WDQWR�FRPR�GLFHV��HVR�PH�KDFH�PX\�IHOL]��3RU�PtR�XQ�GtD� \� SRU� WHQHUPH�SUHVHQWH� HQ� WXV� SHQVD�$&,$6� <2&$67$

Page 9: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�H

(VWD�VHFFLyQ�HVWi�KHFKD�SDUD TXH�RV�SRGiLV�FRPXQLFDU��RMR��FRPXQLFDU��QR�LQVXOWDU�QL�SRQHURVPHQVDMHV�R�GHGLFDWRULDV�HQ�HO�EX]yQ��/RV�PHQVDMHV�QR�GHEHQ�VHU�PX\�ODUJRV \�QR�RV�SDVpLV�FRQ�ORSUHSDUDGR��$Vt�TXH�\D�VDEpLV��HPSH]DG�D�³PHQVDMHDURV´�\�UHFRUGDG�TXH�ORV�SULPHURV�TXH�OO3DUD áá;;ÚÚ++ ����*UDFLDV�SRU�VWDU�DK¾�ST�VL�QR�QR�����XIII�QR�Vº VL�DSUREDULD�DOJXQD \�EXHQR�QR�VROR�OR'H�-DYL�SDUD�ORV�FFRRPPLLTTXXHHUURRVV��WHRUHPD�GH�OD�UHDOL]DFLÃQ�GH�XQ�FÃPLF��VL�7��WLHPSR����:��WUDEDMRFÃPLFV�3DUD�((GGXX ��o�o�&&��VL�IXHUD�³QJHO�HQ�HO�FLHOR�YLYLU¾D��SHUR�SRU�EHVDUWH�D3DUD�66DDÈÈO�O�\�)\�)DDQQQQ\\��SDUD�GRV�JUDQGHV�DPLJRV��SDUD�TXH�GHMHQ�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�D�XQ�ODGR�\�YXHOYDQIXQGLGD�3DUD�$$OORRQQHH��/DV�OHÃQLGDV�WLHQHQ�TXH�HVSHUDU��[R�WUDQNL��[N�\D�HU³V��*UDFLDV�SRU�HO�VLWLR�TX�(VWDV�VRQ�DOJXQDV�GH�ODV�UHYLVWDV�TXH�WHQpLV D�YXHVWUD�GLVSRVLFLyQ�HQ�OD�%"""""""""""""""��SRU�$U08<�,17(5(6$17( �� ZZZ�PX\LQWHUHV

5HSRUWDMH�FHQWUDO� /RV�QXHYRV�YLUXV�8QRV�YLYHQ�HVFRQGLGRV�HQ�OD�VHOYD��RWURV�\D�KDQ�OOHJDGR�D�ODV�FLXGDGHV�\�XQRV�FXDQWRV�VRQ�DQVLDGRV�SRU�ORV�ELRWHUURULVWDV��/D�FLHQFLD�VH�SUHSDUD�SDUD�HQIUHQWDUVH�D�ORV�YLUXV�HPHUJHQWHV�*UDQGHV�PRQWDxDV� 5DVFDFLHORV�QDWXUDOHV�'HO�DJXD�GH�VXV�FXPEUHV�GHSHQGH�OD�PLWDG�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�PXQGLDO��SHUR�VRQ�XQR�GH�ORV�HFRVLVWHPDV�PiV�DPHQD]DGRV�GH�OD�7LHUUD�$UTXHRORJtD��0RPLDV�HQLJPiWLFDV�/D�HVFULWRUD�+HDWKHU�3ULQJOH�GHVFLIUD�ORV�VHFUHWRV�GH�ODV�PRPLDV�HQ�VX�QXHYR�OLEUR�(O�HQLJPD�GH�ODV�PRPLDV��GHO�TXH�DYDQ]DPRV�XQ�LQWHUHVDQWH�FDStWX�OR�

+LVWRiUDEH0LHQWPHGLHHQ�P$QLP(VWH�UWD��KD6X�SLDFDED-XVWL/D�IDOGHIHQ+R\�H3VLF9LYLPDOJXQUDEOHLQYHV'(6&8%5,5�(/�$57( ��������������ZZZ�UHYLVWDDU5HSRUWDMH�FHQWUDO� )HOLSH�9,�HQ�OD�&RUWH�GH�)HOLSH�9�&XDWUR�H[SRVLFLRQHV�FHOHEUDQ�HQ�0DGULG�OD�OOHJDGD�GH�ORV�%RUERQHV�D�(VSDxD�KDFH�WUHVFLHQWRV�DxRV��/DV�FLWDV��HQ�OD�&DVD�GH�ODV $OKDMDV��OD�5HDO�$FDGHPLD�GH�6DQ�)HUQDQGR��HO�3DODFLR�5HDO�\�HO�0XVHR�GHO�3UDGR��GRQGH�HO�3UtQFLSH�GH�$VWXULDV��IXWXUR�)HOLSH�9,��SRVD�HQ�H[FOXVLYD�SDUD��'HVFXEULU�HO�$UWH��DQWH�HO�UHWUDWR�GHO�UH\�TXH�LPSODQWy�HQ�QXHVWUR�SDtV�HVWD�GLQDVWtD�GH�RULJHQ�IUDQFpV�

(O�G8QD�HH[WHQDQWLJILJXUD

/$�$9(1785$�'(�/$�+,6725,$ ���������� Z5HSRUWDMH�FHQWUDO� (O�PLVWHULR�GH�7XW�$QM�$PRQ�6X�UHLQDGR�IXH�EUHYH��SHUR�HO�GHVFXEULPLHQWR�GH�VX�WXPED�LQWDFWD��KDFH�DKRUD����DxRV��KD�FRQYHUWLGR�D�7XW�$QM�$PRQ�HQ�XQR�GH�ORV�IDUDRQHV�PHMRU�FRQRFL�GRV��6X�IDEXORVR�WHVRUR��VX�PLVWHULRVD�PXHUWH�\�OD�PDOGLFLyQ�DVRFLDGD�D�VX�QRPEUH�KDQ�KHFKR�GHO�MRYHQ�UH\�XQ�PLWR��TXH�D~Q�VLJXH�JXDUGDQGR�LQFyJ�QLWDV�\�GHVSHUWDQGR�SDVLRQHV�

/D�U/D�H[���DxyVHRVORV�FR/D�Y/D�HVPXMHLQFyP

SSKKTTYYGGPPKKY �Y �_�_�88++<< //99::''99

V�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� �

�D�SXQWD�SHUHMLO���SDUD�HOOR�SRGpLV�GHMDU�YXHVWURV��TXH�SRQpLV�SRUTXH�DTXt�WHQHPRV�OD�WLMHUD�\�HO�WtSH[�HJXHQ�VRQ�ORV�TXH�PiV�SURQWR�VH�SXEOLFDUiQ���GLJR�SRU�HVR����\D�VDEHV���MPP�����ELOLQJËH�['''��!��PD\RU�TXH��WLHPSR�OLEUH� �MRGLGR�SD�KDFHU�O�LQILHUQR�EDMDU¾D��D�KDEODUVH��%XHQR��QR�Vº��D�OR�PHMRU�HVWR\�FRQ�H�HVW³V�JXDUGDQGR�����6R�KRW�LQ�KHUH�������3LEOLRWHFD�GHO�©/HyQ�)HOLSHª�JRVDQWH�HVULD��(O�OHJDGR�TXH�QRV�GHMDURQ�ORV�V�UDV�(XURSD�VH�GHEDWtD�HQ�HO�RVFXUDQWLVPR�YDO��ORV�VDELRV�iUDEHV�IXHURQ�OD�UHIHUHQFLD�DWHPiWLFDV��PHGLFLQD���DOHV��$OLJiWRU�HQ�SHOLJUR�HSWLO��XQR�GH�ORV�PiV�DQWLJXRV�GHO�SODQH�ELWD�HQ�ORV�KXPHGDOHV�GHO�VXU�GH�((�88��HO�JHQHUD�XQ�JUDQ�QHJRFLR�TXH�FDVL�KD�GR�FRQ�pO�FLD� (UURUHV�MXGLFLDOHV�VD�LGHQWLILFDFLyQ�GH�WHVWLJRV�R�XQD�PDOD�VD�SXHGHQ�OOHYDU�D�XQ�LQRFHQWH�D�OD�FiUFHO��O�$'1�UHVXHOYH�PXFKRV�FDVRV�RORJtD� 0HQWH�GH�OtGHU�RV�HQ�VLVWHPDV�MHUiUTXLFRV�HQ�ORV�TXH�RV�LQGLYLGXRV�SRVHHQ�XQD�WHQGHQFLD�LPSD��KDFLD�HO�DVFHQVR��3VLFyORJRV�\�QHXUyORJRV�WLJDQ�TXp�OHV�KDFH�HVSHFLDOHV�WH�FRPLRV�GHO�0HGLWHUUiQHR�VSOpQGLGD�PXHVWUD�UH~QH�HQ�%DUFHORQD�OD�VD�VHULH�GH�LPiJHQHV�\�REMHWRV�TXH�ODV�XDV�FLYLOL]DFLRQHV�HODERUDURQ�VREUH�OD���OD�VLPERORJtD�\�HO�PLWR�GHO�WRUR�

ZZ�HOPXQGR�HV�ODGK�HYROXFLyQ�GH�$WDSXHUFD�FDYDFLyQ�PiV�IDPRVD�GH�(VSDxD�FXPSOH�RV��(Q�HVWH�WLHPSR��ORV�QXPHURVRV�UHVWRV��KDOODGRV�HQ�HO�\DFLPLHQWR�KDQ�UHQRYDGR�QFHSWRV�VREUH�OD�HYROXFLyQ�KXPDQD�LXGD�GH�/XLV�,��£YD\D�MR\D�SRVD�GHO�HItPHUR�UH\�GH�(VSDxD�IXH�XQD�U�LQFXOWD��FDSULFKRVD�\�SXHULO��8QD�FULDWXUD�RGD�\�GHVGLFKDGD�D�VX�YH]�

Page 10: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�HV

$TX¾�SRGUºLV�WHQHU�QRWLFLD�GH�ORV�YLUXV�P³V�UHFLHQWHV�TXH�QRV�HVW³Q�DWDFDQGR��DV¾�FRPR GH DOJXQDV�S³JLQDV�LQWHUHVDQWHV7DPELºQ SLGR�YXHVWUD�D\XGD�SDUD�TXH�QRV�GLJ³LV�WRGDV�DTXHOODV�S³JLQDV�:HE�TXH�FUH³LV�TXH�P7DPELºQ�SRGUºLV�SXEOLFDU OD�GLUHFFLÃQ�GH� YXHVWUDV�SURSLDV�SDJLQDV�:HE SDUD�TXH�WRGR HO�PXQGR�ODV SXHGD�HFKDU�

KWWS���ZZZ�SHHYLVK�FR�XN�VODQJ�D�KWP$TXt�SRGpLV HQFRQWUDU�SDODEUDV�GHO�XVR�FRUULHQWH�HQ�LQJOpV��LQFOXVR�ODV�SDODEURWDV�TXH�WRGRV�EXVFiLV�KWWS���ZZZ�VSLULWRQOLQH�FRP$TXt�SDUD�ORV�DILFLRQDGRV�D OD�ZLWFKFUDIW �PDJLD� \ SDUD ORV�TXH�FUHDQ�TXH�OR�VXHxRV�WLHQHQ�XQ�VLJQLILFDGR��SRGUiQ HQFRQWUDU�FyPR�GLULJLUORV�\�FDPELDUORV��7DPELpQ�IyUPXODV�GH�LQFLHQVR�\�MDERQHV���(VR�Vt��HVWi�WRGR�HQ�LQJOpV�

<�<�QQR�RR�RV�V�RRSRSRUU��KWWS���ZZZ�FLEHUPX[RV�HO�PHMRU�FLEHUVXV�OXFHV�YHUGHV�KWWS���ZZZ�LHVSDOD�SiJLQD�GH�OD�SHxD�*KWWS���ZZZ�IODQN)ODQNHU�KD\�PRQWyQ�GKWWS���ZZZ�WXUQWGMLQJ���9�,�5�8�6��©7UR\DQRVª� 061SZV�7URMDQ8QR�GH�PLV�³DPLJRV´�TXH�XWLOL]DED� WDPELpQ HO�061�0HVVHQJHUOOD�H[H´�� (VWH� PLQ~VFXOR DUFKLYR� GH� ��.%�� TXH� HQ� LQJOpV�³061SZV�7URMDQ���XQ�WUR\DQR��$Vt�GHVGH�HO 061�0HVVHQJHU��HFXHQWD�GH�+RWPDLO�(O� DUFKLYR HQ�FXHVWLyQ�QR�Vp�H[DFWDPHQWH�FRPR�IXQFLRQD�� SHXVXDULR D�WUDYpV�GH�XQD�YHQWDQD�IDOVD�GHO�0HVVHQJHU� \�OXHJR�DOJ~Q�OXJDU��SUREDEOHPHQWH DO�H�PDLO�GHO�©K�FN�Uª�¢<�FyPR�SXHGHV SUHYHQLUWH�GH�HVWR"�/R�SULPHUR��QL�VH�RV�RFXUUDLQFOXVR�GH�XQ�DPLJR��7DPELpQ FXDOTXLHU�DQWLYLUXV�GHWHFWD�DXWRP

(/�&216(-2�'(/�'(6,17(5e68QD�YH]�PiV�VH�FHOHEUDUiQ�ODV�HOHFFLRQHV�DO�&RQVHMR�(VFRODU�R�WDPELpQ�OODPDGFRQVHMR� GHO� ³GHVLQWHUpV´�� ¢6DEHPRV� TXp� HV� HO� &RQVHMR� (VFRODU"� 3UiFWLFDPHQWH� QVDEH�OR�TXH�HV�R�ODV�IXQFLRQHV�TXH�WLHQH��SHUR�QR�SRGHPRV�QHJDU�TXH�HV�XQD�LQVWLWXLPSRUWDQWH�HQ�HVWH�FHQWUR�FRPR�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�FHQWURV�GH�HGXFDFLyQ��WDQ�LPSRUWDQWH�HV�DQXQFLDGR�SRU�ORV�PHGLRV�GH�PDVDV��LQFOXLGD��OD�RPQLSUHVHQWH�WHOHYLVLyQ��7RGRV�ORV�DOXPQRV�VRQ�OODPDGRV�D�YRWDU�SDUD�HOHJLU�HQWUH�VXV�FRPSDxHURV�FDGDWRV��DTXHOORV�TXH�OHV�UHSUHVHQWHQ�HQ WDO�FRQVHMR��SHUR�D�PHQXGR�ORV�DOXPQRV�TXSUHVHQWDQ�FRPR�FDQGLGDWRV�EXVFDQ�XQD�VLWXDFLyQ�GH�FRPRGLGDG�\�SULYLOHJLR��VLQ�QLQWLSR�GH�LQWHUpV�SRU�UHSUHVHQWDU�D��VXV�FRPSDxHURV��³EDVWDQWH�WLHQHQ�FRQ�UHSUHVHQWD�HOORV�PLVPRV´��/RV�GHPiV�DOXPQRV�YDQ D�YRWDU�HQ�VX�PD\RUtD� VLQ� FRQRFLPLHQWVLTXLHUD�GH�ODV�SHUVRQDV�TXH�VH�SUHVHQWDQ��VLPSOHPHQWH�XQRV�QRPEUHV�HQ�XQ�SDSORV�TXH�YRWDQ�DO�D]DU�\�HVWR�OR�KDFHQ�SRUTXH�ORV�FDQGLGDWRV�QR�VH�GDQ�D�FRQRFHU�HOORV�PLVPRV�QL�VXV�SUR\HFWRV�H�LGHDV��FODUR�HVWi�TXH�QR�ODV�GDQ�D�FRQRFHU�SRUTXH�FRQ�VHJXULGDG�QR�ODV�WLHQHQ��3RU�RWUR� ODGR��SDUD�H[SOLFDU� OD�JUDQ�DVLVWHQFLD�GH�DOXPQRV�D� OD�YRWDFLyQ�VyOR�TXH�YHU�TXH�VH�UHDOL]D�HQ�KRUDULR�GH�FODVH�\�PXFKRV�SRU�SHUGHU�XQRV�PLQXWRV�GH�FKDFHQ�OR�TXH�KDJD�IDOWD��6L�ODV�YRWDFLRQHV�VH�UHDOL]DUDQ�HQ�KRUDULR�GH�UHFUHR�QR�LUtDYRWDU�PiV�TXH�ORV�FDQGLGDWRV�TXH�VH�SUHVHQWDUDQ�\�ORV�FXDWUR�DPLJRV�tQWLPRV�&RQ�WRGR�HVWR�QR�TXLHUR�GHVSUHVWLJLDU�DO�&RQVHMR�(VFRODU��XQ�yUJDQR�H[WUHPDPHQWH�QHFHVDULR�SRU�TXH�VH�VLW~D�HQ�OD�FLPD�GHO�RUJDQLJUDPD�GH�HVWH�FHQWUR�R�GH�FTXLHU�RWUR��6LPSOHPHQWH�GHVGH�HVWD�VHFFLyQ�VH�PDQLILHVWD�OD�QHFHVLGDG�GH�WHQHU�EXHUHSUHVHQWDQWHV�� FRQ� LGHDV� FODUDV� \� UHQRYDGDV� \� FRQ� JDQDV� GH� WUDEDMDU� SDUD� HO� EFRP~Q�(VSHUR�TXH�ORV�QXHYRV�PLHPEURV�GHO�&RQVHMR�(VFRODU�WHQJDQ�HVWDV�FDUDFWHUtVW\� VL� QR� ODV� WLHQHQ� OR�PHMRU� TXH�SXHGHQ�KDFHU� HV� DEDQGRQDU� HO� FDUJR�KR\�PHMRU�PDxDQD� 3('52

¤¤OOTTZZKKXXTTKKZZ++ ¥ �¥ �?�?�..;;335588

�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

SRUB,;$+�WDQWR�GH�PS��R GH�LQWHUºV�|VRFLR�FXOWXUDO}��HWF��HWFwHUHFHQ�OD�SHQD�VHU�YLVLWDGDV�XQ�YLVWD]R��4XLºQ�VDEH��TXL]³ VRQ�IXWXUDV�L�EHVW�OOYYLLGGppLLV�V�GGH�H�SSDDVVDDU�U�PDWUL[�WN /D�SiJLQD�GH�&LEHUPDWUL[��SDUD�GH�%HQDYHQWH��SDUD�RWURV��PX\�VLFRGpOLFR�SRU�QD�HV�SJDUUDIRQ 'DURV�XQD�YXHOWLOOD�SRU�DUUDIyQ GH�%HQDYHQWH��HU�OLVW�GD�UX (Q�HVWD�SiJLQD�SHUVRQDO�GH�H�GLY[��9LVLWDUOD��PHUHFH�OD�SHQD��DEOHV�GU 3DUD�ORV�TXH�OHV�JXVWH�HO�WHPD�GH�

��PH�SDVy�XQ�DUFKLYR�OODPDGR�³FKRUUDGL�VH� OODPD ³&RRO�H[H´� HV� UHDOPHQWH� HO�O ©K�FN�Uª SXHGH WRPDU�HO�FRQWURO�GH�OD�UR� OR�TXH�KDFH�HV�FDSWXUDU HO� ORJJLQ GHO��VXSXHVWDPHQWH�PDQGD�OD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�D��DFHSWDU�HQYtRV�GH�DUFKLYRV� ³�H[H´��iWLFDPHQWH�HVWH�WUR\DQR�

R�HO�DGLH�FLyQ�TXH�QG L�H�VH�J~Q�DUVH�R�QL�HO�D�QL�D�FDVL�KD\�ODVH�Q�D�GD�XDO�QRV�LHQ�LFDV�TXH�

9(17$-$6�'(�6(5 08-(5����6L�WH�FDVDV�\�WH�VHSDUDV����������SDUD�WL��������/D�PD\RUtD�GH�ODV�PXMHUHV�VRQ�KHWHURVH[XDOHV������(O�DXWRE~V�VLHPSUH�WH�SDUD�����&RQ�OD�H[FXVD�GH�OD��LQGLVSRVLFLyQ�IHPHQLQD��WRGR�HV�SHUPLVLEOH�����/OHYDV�OD�PHMRU�UHODFLyQ�FRQ�WXV�SDGUHV�����6L�HUHV�GHVRFXSDGD�HV�PHQRV�WUDXPiWLFR�����1R�SLHUGHV�HO�WLHPSR�WUDWDQGR�JDQDU�FDPSHRQDWRV�GH�I~WERO�TXH�QR�H[LVWHQ����6L�YDV�D�EDLODU���SXHGHV�EDLODU�FRQ�WXV�DPLJDV����1R�WH�WLHQHV�TXH�PDWDU�D�JROSHV�SRU�XQ�FKLFR����$XQTXH�WHQJDV����KHUPDQRV�VLHPSUH�HUHV�OD�PLPDGD�GH�OD�IDPLOLD����6L�WH�TXHGDV�HPEDUD]DGD�OD�FXOSD�HV�GH�HO����&DGD���FiUFHOHV�������VRQ�SDUD�KRPEUHV�������3DUD�ORV�FDVDPLHQWRV�QR�WLHQHV�TXH�WUDMHDUWH����6RQ�PiV�FRPSUHQVLYDV����1R�WH�PXHUHV�GH�OD�HQYLGLD�VL�XQD�DPLJD�SURJUHVD����(QWUH�XQ�ODGUyQ�KRPEUH�\�PXMHU��HO�VRVSHFKRVR�HV�HO�KRPEUH����1R�GLFHV�WRQWHUtDV�FXDQGR�HVWDV�FRQ�DOJXLHQ�TXH�WH�JXVWD����7LHQHV�PiV�YDULHGDG�GH�URSD�TXH�HO�KRPEUH����6L�WH�SHJDQ���HO�HV�XQ�K��GH�S��6L�OH�SHJDV�HV�HQ�GHIHQVD�SURSLD����1R�WH�WLHQHV�TXH�KDFHU�WUDWDPLHQWRV�SRU�LPSRWHQFLD� �FRQWLQXDUi"�

Page 11: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF

3DUD�ORV�DOWRV��SDUD�ORV�EDMRV��SDUD�ORV�GH�%DFKLOOHUDWR��SDUD�ORV�GH�OD�(�6�2���SDUD�ORV�GH�FLHQFLDV��SD3DUD�7RGRV��2V�SURSRQJR�HVWRV�DFHUWLMRV�SDUD�TXH�RV�HVWUXMpLV�ODV�QHXURQDV ��³4XLHQ�ODV�WHQJD�R�ODV�XVH´��QR�GDURV�S62/8&,21(6�D�ORV�DFHUWLMRV�GHO�Q���

$TXt�WLHQHV�GRV�HFXDFLRQHV��0RYLHQGR�WDQ� Vy�� SDOLWR� KD]� TXH� OD� HFXDFLyQ� VHD� YHUGDGHU¢&XiO�KD\�TXH�PRYHU"7LHQHV� DTXt� UHSUHVHQWDGR� XQ� iUERO�� FRQ� WDVyOR� PRYHU� �� SDOLWRV� VH� FRQYLHUWH� HQ� XQ� SH¢&XiOHV�KD\�TXH�PRYHU"�6H� SUHVHQWD� XQD� VXSHUILFLH� TXH� VH� TXLHUH� FRYHUWLU� HQ� GRV� FXDGUDGRV�� XQR� SHTXHxR� \� RWUJUDQGH��7DQ� VyOR�PRYLHQGR���SDOLWRV�� ¢&XiOHVRQ"

�VROXFLRQHV�HQ�HO�SUy[LPR�Q~PHUR�

''))++88:: //00559 �9 �?�?�ZZKKGGZZXXUU

UD�ORV�GH�O HWUDV���SDUD�ORV�SURIHV��SDUD�ORV�FRQVHUMHV«�RU�YHQFLGRV�\�HVSHUpLV�DO�SUy[LPR�Q~PHUR��££68(57(��

08(9(1�

%/$1&$6�

<�'$1�0$

7(�(1�

'26�-8*$

'$6�

62/8&,Ï1

����7[D

����5E�����

�7D��PDWH

OR�D��Q�]��Q�R�V�

//$�$�&&220033$$ffÌÌ$�$�11$$&&,,2211$$/�/�''(�(�77(($$77552�2�&&//ÉÉ66,,&&2�2�3355((66((1177$$���'21�-8$1�7(125,2�GH�-RVp�=RUULOOD9(56,Ï1�<�',5(&&,Ï1��0$85,=,2�6&$3$5527HDWUR��©5(,1$�62)Ë$ª%(1$9(17(���'(�129,(0%5(�������+25$6

�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

Page 12: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

��SRU�$5*26/DV�6LHWH�0DUDYLOODV�GHO�0XQGR�$QWLJXR�&$3Ë78/2�,9��(O�7HPSOR�GH�$UWHPLVD�\�HO�&RORVR�GH�5RGDV,9����7(03/2�'(�$57(0,6$�8Q�DWDTXH�GH�ORV�FLPHURV HQ�HO�VJ�9,,�D�&���D�eIHVR�SURGXMR�OD�GHVWUXFFLyQ�GHO�DQWLJXR�WHPSOR�HQ�KRQRU�GH�$UWHPLVD� (O� UH\�GH�/LGLD��&UHVR��TXH�SRU�DTXH�OORV� WLHPSRV� UHLQDED� WDPELpQ�HQ�eIHVR��GHFLGLy�FRQVWUXLU�RWUR�WHPSOR�SDUD�KRQ�UDU�D�$UWHPLVD��OR�PiV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFR�GH�HVWD� VHJXQGD� FRQVWUXFFLyQ� HUD� HO JUDQ�Q~PHUR�GH�FROXPQDV�TXH� OR�DGRUQDEDQ�\�VRVWHQtDQ��XQ�WRWDO�GH�����/D� GHVWUXFFLyQ� HQ� HVWH� FDVR� YLQR� GH�PDQR�GHO KRPEUH��(URVWUDWR��XQ�SDVWRU�

MMXXGGLLLLOOZZOO _�_�YYIIUUVVKK

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

TXLVR�DIDPDUVH�SRU� LQFHQGLDU�HO� WHPSOR�\�OR�FRQVLJXLy��GHVWUX\y HO�WHPSOR�HQ�HO�����D�&�$OHMDQGUR� 0DJQR� OR� UHFRQVWUX\y� WUDV�RFXSDU� eIHVR \� FRQRFHU� TXH� FXULRVD�PHQWH�KDEtD�VLGR�GHVWUXLGR OD�QRFKH�GH�VX�QDFLPLHQWR�(Q� OD� DFWXDOLGDG� XQD� FROXPQD�UHSUHVHQWD� HO� TXH� HQ� WLHPSRV� IXH� HOPD\RU�WHPSOR�GHO�PXQGR�DQWLJXR�,9����(/ &2/262�'(�52'$6��³/RV�JLJDQWHV WDPELpQ�VH�DUURGLOODQ´&RQVWUXLGR�HQ�HO�����D�&���IXH�FRQVLGHUDGR OD�~OWLPD�PDUDYLOOD GH�OD�DQWLJ�HGDG��(VWDED�VLWXDGR�HQ�5RGDV��HQ�OD�DFWXDO *UHFLD��HQ�HO�DUFKLSLpODJR�GHO 'RGHFDQHVR

(Q�KRQRU�D +HOLRV��WUDV�OD�YLFWRULD�IUHQWH�D�'HPHWULR�,�GH�0DFHGRQLD��SRU�SDUWH�GHO�SXHEOR�GH�5RGDV��VH�FRQVWUX\H�HVWD�HVWDWXD�GH����PHWURV�GH�DOWXUD��'LULJLy�ODV�REUDV�&KDUHV�GH�/LQGRV�� GXUDQWH� ��� DxRV�� \� SDUD� HOOR� XWLOL]y� KLHUUR� SDUD� OD�HVWUXFWXUD�\�OiPLQDV�GH�EURQFH�SDUD�HO�H[WHULRU�/D� OH\HQGD QHJUD TXH� SHUVLJXH� D� ODV� �� PDUDYLOODV� GHO�PXQGR DQWLJXR�KL]R TXH�HO�*LJDQWH�GH�5RGDV�WDPELpQ�GHV�DSDUHFLHUD�� SXHV HQ� HO� ���� D�&�� XQ� WHUUHPRWR� UHVTXHEUDMyVXV� URGLOODV� \� WXPEy DO� FRORVR� VREUH� ODV� DJXDV� GHO (JHR��6HJ~Q�HO�RUiFXOR� ORV�UHVWRV�QR�GHEtDQ�WRFDUVH�\�DVt�VH�KL]R�KDVWD�HO�����G�&��FXDQGR�ORV�PXVXOPDQHV�VH� ORV� OOHYDURQ�D�6LULD�

Page 13: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�

KKR�R�SS[[XXU�U�JJK�K�RRGGY�Y�GGTTUUZZGGIIOOUUTTKKYY

HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

Page 14: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

&,1(� ,16201,2*pQHUR��7KULOOHU3URWDJRQLVWDV��$O�3DFLQR�� 5RELQ�:LOOLDPV�� +LODU\�6ZDQN�� 0DXUD�7LHUQH\�� 0DUWLQ�'RQRYDQ�� 3DXO�'RROH\1DFLRQDOLGDG��86$������'XUDFLyQ������PLQXWRV&DOLILFDFLyQ��0D\RUHV�GH����DxRV'LUHFWRU��&KULVWRSKHU�1RODQ*XLyQ��+LOODU\�6HLW]3URGXFWRU� %URGHULFN�-RKQVRQ�� -RKQ�)RUPLFKHOOD�� 3DXO�-XQJHU�:LWW�� $QGUHZ�$��.RVRYH�� (GZDUG�0F'RQQHOO'LVWULEXLGRUD��7UL�3LFWXUHV$UJXPHQWR��©,QVRPQLRª HV�XQ�UHPDNH�GHO�ILOP�QRUXHJR�GHO PLVPR�WtWXOR�TXH�SURWDJRQL]y 6WHOODQ�6NDUVJDUG�HQ�������5HWRPDQGR�VX�SDSHO�$O�3DFLQR�LQWHUSUHWD�D�:LOO�'RUPHU��XQ�HQFDOOHFLGR�GHWHF�WLYH�GH�/RV�ÈQJHOHV�TXH�YLDMD�MXQWR�D�VX�FRPSDxHUR�+DS�(FNKDUW�DO�SXHEOR�GH�1LJKWPXWH��HQ�$ODV�ND��SDUD�LQYHVWLJDU�HO�DVHVLQDWR�GH�XQD�DGROHVFHQWH��7RGDV�ODV�SLVWDV�DSXQWDQ�DO�QRYHOLVWD�:DOWHU�)LQFK��SHUR�OD�RSHUDFLyQ�GH�YLJLODQFLD�UHVXOWD�XQ�IUDFDVR�\�(FNKDUW�PXHUH��PLHQWUDV�)LQFK�FRQVLJXH�HVFDSDU��$JRELDGR�SRU�ORV�VHQWLPLHQWRV�GH�FXOSD�\�SRU�VX�LQFDSDFLGDG�SDUD�GRUPLU�EDMR�HO�VRO�GH�PHGLDQRFKH�GH�$ODVND��'RUPHU�VH�HQIUHQWD�FRQ�HO�EULOODQWH�)LQFK�HQ�XQ�SHOLJURVR�MXHJR�SVLFROyJLFR�TXH�DPHQD]D� FRQ�GHVWUXLU� VX�HVWDELOLGDG�PHQWDO��6X�~QLFD�D\XGD� VHUi�XQD� LQH[SHUWD�DJHQWH�GH�SROLF

GD�OtQJXDJHO�&DPSRV������3DODEUDV�TXH�PXLWR�DPHLTXH�WDO�YH]�DPH�DLQGD(ODV�VkR�D�FDVD��R�VDO�GD�OtQJXD3RFRV�VRQ�ORV�SRHWDV�²$QGUDGH�HQWUH�HOORV² TXH�WLHQHQ�DORMDGD�HQ�VX�FDVD�D�OD�%HOOH]D�\�OD�YDQ�GHMDQGR�DVRPDU�SDXODWLQDPHQWH�D�VXV�YHUVRV��/D�DSDUHQWH�VHQFLOOH]�GH�VXV�LPiJHQHV��OD�OLPSLH]D�GH�VX�SDODEUD�QRV�OOHYD�D�FUHHU�HQ�OD�SRHVtD�FRPR�OXJDU�GH�TXLHWXG�\�UHODMR���3HUGRQDGPH�OD�WUDQVSDUHQFLD���3HUGRDL�PH�D�WUDQVSDUHQFLD��(VD� HV� OD� WUDQVSDUHQFLD� TXH� SHUPLWH� OD� YLVLyQ� GHO� RWUR� ODGR� GHO�DOPD�GHO�SRHWD�TXH�SHUPDQHFH�LQVWDODGR�HQ�XQD�HVWDQFLD�OXPtQLFD���1kR�SRGHULD�YLYHU�RQGH�D�OX]���IRVVH�HVWUDQJHLUD������1kR� Vy�DV� FRLVDV�� �� RV�SUySLRV�DQLPDLV� �� EULOKDP�GH�XPD� OX]�DFDULFLDGD��5HFRUGDQGR�D�.HDWV�VH�SODQWHD�OD�GXGD�GH�OD�YRFDFLyQ�GHO�SRHWD�¢6HUi�OD�YRFDFLyQ�GHO�SRHWD�XQD�HOHFFLyQ�HQWUH�ULTXH]DV"720È6�1e6725�0$57Ë1(=

XP�YHUVR�EDVWD�PLQKD�YLGD�ªQGUDGH

(;326,&,Ï1�'(�3,1785$'(È1*(/�&(5'(5$XFDFLyQ�3OiVWLFD�GHO�,�(�6��/HyQ�)HOLSH GH�%HQDYHQWH�/XJD DMD�'XHUR'HO� �+RUD �����KRUDV�V�

$OXPQRV�GHO�,QVWLWXWR�YLHQGR�OD�H[SRVLFLyQ 5DID��ÈQJHO��$VXQ�\ (QFDUQD

JJKKYYJJK�KK�KR�R�UUPPU�U�JJKKR�R�ZZXX OO llTTMM[[RRU��U�� JJKKYYJJK�KK�KR�R�UUPPU�U�JJKKR�R�ZZXXOO llTTMM[[RRUU

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $

©1R�SUDWR�GD�EDODQoD�SDUD�SHVDU�QR�RXWUR�D(XJpQLR�GH�$

$xR32(6Ë$�(XJpQLR�GH�$1'5$'(/D�VDO�GH�OD�OHQJXD���2�VDO�(GLFLyQ�ELOLQJ�H��7UDGXFFLyQ�GH�ÈQ����SiJV��+LSDULyQ��0DGULG

tD�ORFDO�� &,1(5$0$

�3URIHVRU�GH�'LEXMR�\�(GU��6DOD�GH�([SRVLFLRQHV�GH�&3DVDMH�6DQ�1LFROiV%HQDYHQWH��DO����GH�1RYLHPEUH�GH����ULR��/DERUDEOHV�GH�������D��6iEDGRV�GH����D����KRUD

Page 15: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG ± $GPCXGPVG KWWS���FHQWURV��SQWLF�PHF�HV�LHV�OHRQ�IHOLSH� 3iJ� ��

*,/$

$*(1'$ !����GH�1RYLHPEUH��/D�8QLGDG�&LQROyJLFD �SHUURV�DGLHVWUDGRV��GH�OD�*XDU�GLD�&LYLO� UHDOL]DUi�XQD� FKDUOD�H[KLELFLyQ�SDUD�HO��HU &LFOR�GH�(62 HQ� VX�SDWLR� ! /D�$VRFLDFLyQ� GH�$\XGD� DO� 3XHEOR� 6DKDUDXL RIUHFHUi� XQDV� FKDUODV HQ�8VRV� 0~OWLSOHV�� VREUH� OD� FXOWXUD� GH� HVWH� SXHEOR� \� VX� VLWXDFLyQ� HQ� ORV�FDPSDPHQWRV� GH� UHIXJLDGRV� HQ� ORV� TXH� VH� YHQ� REOLJDGRV� D� YLYLU� GHVGH�KDFH����DxRV��ORV�VLJXLHQWHV�GtDV�xx �� GH�GLFLHPEUH��SDUD����(62�$�MXQWR�FRQ ���(62�$�%xx �� GH�GLFLHPEUH��SDUD����(62�% MXQWR�FRQ ���(62�&�'�xx /DV� PLVPDV� FKDUODV� SDUD� ��� GH� (62� VH� VXVSHQGHQ�KDVWD�HO����WULPHVWUH� !�7$//(5(6�� <D�HVWiQ�HQ�PDUFKD�� 7DOOHU�GH�$MHGUH]� 7DOOHU�GH�$UWHVDQtD� 7DOOHU�GH�7HDWUR \�&UHDFLyQ�GHO�*UXSR�GH�7HDWUR� &RUR�GHO�©/HyQ�)HOLSHª �QHFHVLWD�VRSUDQRV��� )RWRJUDItD� 3HUPDQHFHUi�DELHUWR�HO�SOD]R�GH�LQVFULSFLyQ�GXUDQWH�HVWH�SULPHU�WULPHVWUH��6L�VH�IRUPD�XQ�JUXSR�ODV�DFWLYLGDGHV�FRPHQ]D�UiQ�HQ�HO�VHJXQGR�WULPHVWUH� !�6$/,'$6�','È&7,&$6�� /D�VHPDQD GHO����DO����GH�QRYLHPEUH��DOXPQRV�GH��� % GH�(62�GHVDUUROOD�UiQ�HO�SURJUDPD�GHO�0�(�&� ©&(17526�'(�('8&$&,Ï1�$0%,(17$/ªHQ�HO�&($0�GH�9LpUQROHV��&DQWDEULD���DFRPSDxDGRV�SRU�HO�SURIHVRU�0DQXHO�)OyUH]�� $VLPLVPR��DOXPQRV�GH����&�GH�%DFKWR��SDUWLFLSDUiQ�GHO ���DO����GH�QR�YLHPEUH HQ�HO�SURJUDPD�GHO�0�(�&��©5(&83(5$&,Ï1�<�87,/,=$&,Ï1�('8&$7,9$�'(�38(%/26�$%$1'21$'26ª HQ�*UDQDGLOOD��&iFHUHV���DFRPSDxDGRV�SRU�HO�SURIHVRU�0DQXHO�)OyUH]� !�$&7,9,'$'(6�62%5(�/$�&2167,78&,Ï1�xx ��GH�'LFLHPEUH��&RQIHUHQFLD�VREUH�³7HRUtD�&RQVWLWXFLRQDO´ D�FDUJR�GH�OD�OHWUDGD�&ULVWLQD�)HUQiQGH]�9LIRUFRV��SDUD����$���%���&���'�GH�%DFKLOOHUDWR�\�&LFORV�GH�*UDGR�0HGLR�D����K��HQ�8VRV�0~OWLSOHV�xx ��GH�'LFLHPEUH��'HEDWH�VREUH�ORV�3RGHUHV�GHO�(VWDGR D�FDUJR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDQWHV� GHO� /HJLVODWLYR�� (MHFXWLYR� \� -XGLFLDO� UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH��SDUD����$���%���&���'�GH�%DFKLOOHUDWR�\�&LFORV�GH�*UDGR�6XSHULRU�D����K��HQ�8VRV�0~OWLSOHV� !�$&7,9,'$'(6�'(�&,(55(�'(�75,0(675(�xx (Q�'LFLHPEUH��HQ�GtD�D~Q�SRU�FRQILUPDU��VH�OOHYDUi�D�FDER�OD�FRQIHUHQFLD�GHO�SRHWD�$QWRQLR�&ROLQDV�³3DQRUDPD�/LWHUDULR�$F�WXDO´�HQ�HO�6DOyQ�GH�$FWRV�GH�/RV�6DXFHV�� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �(O����GH�1RYLHPEUH�VH�FHOHEUDUi�HO�'tD�,QWHUQDFLRQDO�&RQWUD�OD�9LROHQ�FLD�D�0XMHUHV� /RV�GHOHJDGRV�KDQ�RUJDQL]DGR�XQD�FRQFHQWUDFLyQ�GH���PL�QXWRV�HQ�HO�SULPHU�UHFUHR��HQ�OD�TXH�VH�GDUi�OHFWXUD�D�XQ�WH[WR�HODERUDGR�SRU�ORV�DOXPQRV�\�WHQGUi�OXJDU�XQD�©VXHOWD�GH�SDORPDVª�HQ�WRUQR�DO�ROLYR�� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

''--++44**'' � �� �..;;335588 � �� �.. //99::5588 //''99

/$�&58'$�5($/,'$'2V�YR\�D�FRQWDU�XQD�KLVWRULD��pUDVH�XQ�YH]�XQD�SDUHMD�GH�IHOLFHV�HQDPRUDGRV�TXH�LJXDO�TXH�FXDO�TXLHU�RWUD�SDVDEDQ�MXQWRV�HO�PD\RU�WLHPSR�SRVLEOH��HVWDEDQ�SHQVDQGR�VLHPSUH�HO�XQR�HQ�HO�RWUR� VH�GDEDQ�FRQWLQXDV�PXHVWUDV�GH�FDULxR�\�YLYtDQ�VX�FXHQWR�GH�KDGDV�SDUWLFXODU�+DVWD�HQWRQFHV�WRGR�SDUHFtD�QRUPDO��\�H[WHULRUPHQWH�OR�HUD��(O�FDVR�HV�TXH�HVD�UHODFLyQ�VLJXLy�DGHODQWH�\�XQ�GtD�DFDEy�HQ�XQD�XQLyQ�³GHILQLWLYD´�7UDV� XQ� WLHPSR� ODV� FRVDV� FDPELDURQ�� \�SRFR� D�SRFR� IXH�DSDUHFLHQGR� DOJ~Q� TXH� RWUR�JHVWR� GH�GHVSUHFLR��DOJXQD�PDOD�FRQWHVWDFLyQ��DOJXQD�PDOD�PLUDGD�\�GH�DKt�VH�SDVy�D�XQ�OLJHUR�HPSXMyQ��D�XQD�ERIHWDGD�GH�YH]�HQ�FXDQGR��<�DVt�OD�EROD�GH�QLHYH�VH�IXH�KDFLHQGR�PiV�\�PiV�JUDQGH�KDVWD�TXH�HOOD�SRU�ILQ�VH�GHFLGLy�D�GHQXQFLDUOH��SHUR�SDVy�OR�GH�VLHPSUH��HVWDV GHQXQFLDV�VH�IXHURQ�DPRQWR�QDQGR�HQ�HO�DUFKLYR�GH�OD�SROLFtD� KDVWD�XQ�WRWDO�GH�WUHFH��GH�ODV�FXDOHV�GRFH�VH�SRGUtDQ�FRQVLGHUDU�GHQWUR�GH�OR�³QRUPDO´��SHUR�OD�~OWLPD�QR�KDEODED�GH�PRUDWRQHV��EUHFKDV�R�GRORUHV��VLQR�GH�XQD�PX�MHU�HQFRQWUDGD�PXHUWD�HQ�XQ GHVFDPSDGR�D�FDXVD�GH�XQD�EUXWDO�SDOL]D�FX\R�FXOSDEOH�D~Q�VLJXH�HQ�OLEHUWDG�<�GHVSXpV�GH�WRGR�HVWR��\R�PH�SUHJXQWR��¢KDVWD�FXiQGR�YR\�D�WHQHU�TXH�VHQWLUPH�MRGLGDPHQWH�DYHUJRQ]DGR�GH�VHU�XQ�KRPEUH"�� -$,0(&252�³/(Ï1�)(/,3(´�3DUWLFLSDUi�HO����GH�GLFLHPEUH�HQ�HO�HQFXHQWUR�QDYLGHxR�GH�FRURV�HVFRODUHV��TXH�VH�FH�OHEUDUi�HQ�6LPDQFDV��9DOODGROLG��£'DUiQ��VHJXUR� OD�QRWD��OD�EXHQD�QRWD��2V�TXHUHPRV�

Page 16: LA MANDRAGORA Nº 4 - AÑO 3 #32

$xR� , , , a 1��� a�1RY LHPEUH � �����

&2/$%25$�+��'��5��.GxP�(GNKRG � $GPCXGPVG

/HEUHOHV�FRQ�WLULWDV��$QJHOLWRV�EODQFRV��3tFDURV�QRYHOHV��'HVYHUJRQ]DGRV��4Xp�Vp�\R���(VWDPRV�DQWH�XQ�IOLUWHR�SUHFR]��DQWH�OD�YLGD�PLVPD�TXH�QRV�KDFH JXLxRV�FyPSOLFHV \�QRV�LQFLWD D�OD�VRQULVD�DGXOWD�\�GHVFDUDGD� ¢(VWDPRV�R�QR�HVWDPRV"����GLVSXHVWRV�D�UHtU��-D��MD��MD����²UtH�XQR�FRQ�OD�ERFD�GHPDVLDGR�DELHUWD�\�OOHQiQGRVHOH GH�PRVFDV��-H��MH��MH����²UtH�RWUR�D�PHGLD�DVWD��RFXOWDQGR�VXV GLHQWHV�GH�KHFKXUD�LUUHJXODU� (O�GHO�ItQ