l1 jameel ee407 renewable energy systems

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*

EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources

EE407:Renewable Electrical Energy ResourcesLecture-1Jameel AhmadAssistant Professor [email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology


Course InformationLecture: EE407, Lectures Monday and Wednesday 2:40pm-4pm, SEN 603Class website: www.moodle.umt.edu.pkClass Instructor: Jameel Ahmad, Assistant Professor , Email: [email protected] Hours on office doorGrading: Home work + Quizzes (25%), Midterm (25%) Final 50% Exam(comprehensive)5-7 Homework and 5-7 quizzesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Textbook(s) for the courseRequired Textbook:Wind Energy ExplainedTheory Design and Application JF Manwell


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Renewable and efficient power systems by Gilbert M Masters

Renewable Energy Resources Third ed. John Twidell and Tony WeirReference Books


Grading PolicyAssignments+Quizzes: 25%Mid Term: 25%Final Exam (Conceptual): 50%EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Course Outline:Lecture 1: Introduction to the courseLecture 2: Renewable energy systems types, current status and futureLecture 3: Energy in the wind, types of wind turbines and their characteristicsLecture 4: Assessment of annual energy output of wind turbine using bins methodLecture 5: Wind turbine aerodynamicsLecture 6: Mathematical modeling of wind energy conversion systemsLecture 7: Control of wind energy conversion systemsLecture 8: Variable speed wind turbines and their grid interfaceLecture 9: Grid interconnection standards and Economics of WECSLecture 10: Wind diesel hybrid power systemsLecture 11: Solar energy systemsLecture 12: Photovoltaic cell, modules, panels and their characteristicLecture 13: Photovoltaic system engineeringLecture 14: Power electronics and control of PV systemsLecture 15: Maximum power point tracking in PV systemsLecture 16: Energy storage technologiesLecture 17: Introduction to solar water pumping systemsLecture 18: Micro-hydro powerLecture 19: Micro-hydro sizing and electromechanical systemLecture 20: Micro-hydro power electrical system and controlLecture 21: Ocean energy systemsLecture 22: Wave energy conversion systemsLecture 23-25: students project presentations - ILecture : students project presentations - II


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Module #1: Overview of Energy Consumption Lecture A: The need for Alternative Energy Sources Lecture B: When will we run out of oil? Lecture C: Exponential Growth and the Need for Energy Conservation Lecture D: Fundamentals of Electricity and Electricity Generation

Module #5: Energy from the Earth: The Oceans, Geothermal and Biomass Lecture A: Energy From the Oceans Lecture B: Energy from Geothermal and Biomass: Feasible? Lecture C: Implications and Summary

Module #2: Solar Energy Lecture A: Basics of Solar Energy Lecture B: Solar Thermal Power and Photovoltaic Technology Lecture C: Solar Collection and Energy Transport Lecture D: Large Scale Solar Energy Production

Module #3: Energy Storage and Transportation Lecture A: Energy Storage Facilities Lecture B: The Viability of Natural Gas Lecture C: Alternative Fuels and Transportation Lecture D: Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen

Module #4: Wind and Hydro Lecture A: Wind Energy and Production Line Facilities Lecture B: Wind Power II: Western Regional Potential Lecture C: Overview of Hydroelectric Power Lecture D: Cheap Energy vs Environment: The Salmon Issue


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*THE CONCEPT OF ENERGYEnergy can be described as the capacity to do work.Energy can be stored within systems in various forms.Energy can be converted from one form to another and transferred between systems.The total amount of energy is conserved in all conversions and transfers.


Non-Renewable Energy SourcesConventionalPetroleumNatural GasCoalNuclearUnconventional (examples)Oil ShaleNatural gas hydrates in marine sedimentEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Renewable Energy SourcesSolar photovoltaicsSolar thermal powerPassive solar air and water heatingWindHydropower BiomassOcean energyGeothermalWaste to EnergyEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Dr. Sammia ShahidIntegration of Alternate Energy ResourcesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Energy is the Blood in Todays EconomicsThe five main forms of energy are:HeatChemicalElectromagneticNuclearMechanical

Two States of Energy are:KineticPotential



EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Availability vs. UtilityElectrical Energy is most useful. Can be converted into all the other types of energy. Thermal Energy is most available. Can be produced in almost any location by burning fuels.Chemical Energy is most easily stored. Can be converted into thermal or electrical energy easily.


What are fossil fuels ?A fuel is any substance used as a source of energy, including heating, transport, electricity generation and other uses.

Most of the worlds energy is provided by the burning of fossil fuels.

Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuelsbecause they are natural combustible substances formed originally from dead plants and animals.



Oil originates from the chemical decomposition of microorganisms that got buried under geologic formations in the sea millions of years ago.In some cases the sea retreated, which explains why oil is also found on land.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


-Oil was a gift from nature.-It took millions of years to produce-When its gone, its gone forever



An oil well isnt like a cars fuel tank.With a car you can drive at full speed until the moment you run out of fuel.

Thats because your tank is a hollow cavity. The fuel fills the bottom of the tank and theres nothing preventing it from being pumped out.



But an oil well isnt a hollow cavity.Its a large deposit of stones or sandstone sandwiched between two layers of impervious rock. The hollow spaces between the stones or sand are filled with thick and viscous oil.

A pipe is lowered into the mixture of oil and stones or sand and the oil is pumped up.It takes time for oil to ooze from zones of high pressure to the zone of low pressure near the pipe.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


In order to extract the oil from an oil field, a large number of wells are drilled.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


There Are No More Giant Oil Fields Being DiscoveredIn spite of advanced exploration technology we are finding smaller and smaller oil fieldsEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


for each barrel of oil that is being discoveredWere consuming 4 barrelsThe Partys Over, Richard HeinbergEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Saudi saying:My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet airplane. His son will ride a camel.



The advantage and disadvantages of using fossil fuel


Advantages Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply. Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy. Gas-fired power stations are very efficient. A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhereEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Disadvantages

Pollution Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect", warming the Earth. Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. We can reduce this before releasing the waste gases into the atmosphere.

Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.

Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


What is Nuclear Power?

Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines.

Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuelsEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


How it works

Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat.



Advantages

Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


DisadvantagesIt is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. It is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster. People are increasingly concerned about the safety.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Energy ResourcesRenewable (16%)

SolarWindFalling, flowing waterBiomass

Non-renewable (84%)

OilNatural gasCoalNuclear powerEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


SOLAR ENERGY EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Direct and Diffuse solar radiationEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Solar Technologies for Electricity GenerationEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Solar Electricity TechnologiesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Advantages Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. In the United Kingdom, solar power isn't much use except for low-power applications, as you need a very large area of solar panels to get a decent amount of power.

Low efficiency (5-15%); Very high initial costs; lack of adequate storage materials (batteries); High cost to the consumer EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Tidal Power

The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy - around 20% of Britain's needs. Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful electrical power is not easy. There are eight main sites around Britain where tidal power stations could usefully be built.

Only around 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal power stations.



How it works: Tidal Barrages These work rather like a hydro-electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Advantages Once you've built it, tidal power is free. It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste. It needs no fuel. It produces electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain. Tides are totally predictable.



Disadvantages A barrage is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages. Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out.



Hydro Power

We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind corn.

The first use of water to generate electricity was in 1882 on the Fox river, in the USA, which produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from "hydro", the Greek word for water. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Notice that the dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top, because the pressure of the water increases with depth.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Advantages

Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Electricity can be generated constantly.

No pollution; Very high efficieny (80%); little waste heat; low cost per KWH; can adjust KWH output to peak loads



Disadvantages

The dams are very expensive to build. However, many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation, so building costs can be shared. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


GeothermalThe centre of the Earth is around 6000 degress Celsius - hot enough to melt rock. Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius.

In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 metres you go down.

In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface.

Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating.

The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means "heat". EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


How it works Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam. We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.

There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Advantages Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution, and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment. No fuel is needed. Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free. It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can be taken from the energy being generated EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Disadvantages The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station. You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them. The type of rock above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill through. Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades. Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Wind FarmEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Alternate TechnologiesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Batteries

Electrical Energy Storage Devices

Battery Types

Primary Non-Chargeable (Disposable) Batteries

Secondary Chargeable BatteriesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Leclanch Cells (zinc carbon or dry cell)Alkaline CellsMercury Oxide Cells Zinc/MnO2 CellsAluminum / Air CellsLithium Cells Liquid cathode lithium cellsSolid cathode lithium cellsSolid electrolyte lithium cellsLithium-Iron CellsMagnesium-Copper Chloride Reserve Cells Primary Disposable Batteries


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Leadacid CellsZinc/MnO2 Cells (Mechanical Recharging)Nickel/Cadmium CellsNickel/Metal Hydride (NiMH) CellsLithium Ion CellsRechargeable Alkaline Manganese Cells

Secondary Rechargeable Batteries


Fuel Cellan electrochemical energy conversion deviceTo convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity.

Battery: the other electrochemical device that we are all familiar. A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it converts those chemicals into electricity too. This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" and you either throw it away or recharge it. EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Animation of PEMFC


Types of Fuel CellsEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Hydrogen Fuel-cell CarEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Decentralized Power SystemEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Energy Crisis in PakistanEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Energy Resources Available To Us

Indigenous Resources of Oil & Gas

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Solar & Wind EnergyEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Primary EnergySupplies By SourceEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Pakistan Indigenous Natural ReservesEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


What has gone wrong?Failure to build dams resulted not a single Mwproduced in 9 years.

IPPs have been struck with cash flow problems.

Oil prices have soared high. Today debt runs in billions.EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Mega projects are .. distant realitiesBig businesses .. are no more feasibleWhat is available at the shelf aremicro businesses

Go microGo indigenousand build people upEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


How to reverse the power crisis


Alternative SourcesWindWind is a source of cheap power for speeds above 5m/s.

Some projects of Alternative Energy Development Board 50Kw at Nooriabad


WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTSEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*02004006008001000120014001600198919911993199519962000150 kW225 kW300 kW500 kW600 kW1650 kWcapital costs ( $/kW )capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, site preparation controls and land


Advantages & DisadvantagesAvailable on large scale; supplemental power in windy areas; best alternative for individual homeowner

Highly variable source; relatively low efficiency (30%); more power than is needed is produced when the wind blows; efficient energy storage is thus required EE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


Alternative SourcesSolarPakistan is an ideal country for solar power.

Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy & Technology has conducted substantial R&D.


Alternative Sources Small Hydro Electric Power

Suitable terrains are available where this is a desirable option2 head, 250gpm, Produces 2,500watts


Immiscible Stream Power Generator Only 13 head,12dia propeller,Produces 200watts



Garbage Power

Example: Fauji Cement12t/hr



Community Bio-Gas Plant 85cum50 Farm families Gas:70cum/day Power:30KW


FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTSEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*Wind1980 1990 2000 2010 2020PVcents / kWh1980 1990 2000 2010 202040 30

20 10 0100

80

60

40

20

0BiomassGeothermalSolar thermal1980 1990 2000 2010 20201980 1990 2000 2010 2020cents / kWh10

8

6

4

2 0 70605040302010 015 12

9

6

3 01980 1990 2000 2010 2020all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollarsSource: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)


PERSPECTIVESUnderstanding of the scientific principles underlying renewable resources is essentialAwareness of the role that renewables can play is importantChallenges in the integration of renewables are majorEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*


TOPICAL OUTLINEEngineering aspects of alternative source generation technologies: thermodynamics considerations; solar resource and solar array systems; wind resource and wind generation systems;hydro, geothermal, closed system fuel cells; role of power electronic circuits in renewable technologies; economics of various technologies;environmental attributes CO2 emissions etcEE407 Renewable Electrical Energy Resources*




Jameel AhmadJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsFall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel AhmadGood morning everyone. Fall 2013 Communication Systems*Jameel AhmadFall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel AhmadJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsFall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Non-renewable energy sources include fossil fuels and nuclear sources that are essentially finite in the earths crust. These represent the energy resource endowment for current and future generations.

These resources can be classified further as conventional and unconventional. Unconventional resources are not currently exploited at significant levels generally because they can not be economically extracted and/or refined.

Oil shale is source rock that has not yet released its oil. In the 1970s it was thought to be the answer to US energy self-sufficiency. Oil shale is pulverized and heated to 500 -1000 C (pyrolyzed, but the oil requires further upgrading before a refinery can use it as a feedstock.

Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment are a mixture of methane and H2O frozen into solid crystalline state at water depths of approximately 500m. It is derived from the decay of organic matter trapped in the sediment. It has been estimated that this resource is as large as 2x all known fossil fuels.

Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel AhmadFall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*A bit about oil. This slide shows the occurrence of oil under the earths surface. Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Oil is replaced at the rate of a few thousand barrels per day but in human timescale this is insignificant. So, the question we need to know the answer to in order to plan, is, how much oil do we have?Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*In the next couple of slides, I hope to briefly show you how an oil well functions.Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*With a car you can simply step on the accelerator to increase the flow rate of fuel. If you try to pump the contents of an oil field too fast, you can permanently impede its ability to produce oil in the future.

Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*More evidence. A giant oil field is one holding 500million barrels or more. Incidentally this is about 6 days of global consumption.Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*The consumption versus production gap is widening. If you take 4 out of your bank account for every 1 you put in, how long will it take before the creditors come after you?Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Ill leave it to the Saudis (the oil Kings) to say it best.Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Fall 2013 Communication SystemsJameel Ahmad*Its up to us. I will with this quote from Dr Rob Millar Professor of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia.Peak Oilers are typically characterized as a pessimistic bunch or prophets of doom. While there may be some truth to this, I believe that there is much opportunity and reason for optimism. Rather than focusing only on what I see as futile and costly attempts to continue to grow the supply of liquid fuels, efforts must be redirected to the demand side: efficiency (doing more with less); conservation (just doing less); designing compact, walkable urban communities; emphasizing public transit including electric light rail; switching to biofuels and other renewable energy sources; relocalising organic food production, and so on. These are all very desirable actions that will be necessary not only to mitigate the effects of Peak Oil, but also to reduce green-house gas emissions and to shrink our ecological footprint, while developing a more livable and sustainable society. It is heartening to see just such efforts being made here at UBC as outlined in the recent Sustainability Issue of UBC Reports. In fact, if Peak Oil helps us to accelerate these efforts, then it could turn out to be just about the best thing that ever happened to us.

Fall 2013 Communication Systems

l1 jameel ee407 renewable energy systems

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