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KPDS PARAGRAF SORULARI

1992–2006

Bu çalışma, 1992 ile 2006 yılları arasında yapılmış KPDS sınavlarına ait paragraf sorularından

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www.dilforum.com ALL PARAGRAPHS KPDS

[email protected] by Efe Cevher 1

İÇİNDEKİLER 1992 MAYIS KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 2 1992 KASIM KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1993 MAYIS KPDS............................................................................................................................................................. 9 1993 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 12 1994 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 16 1994 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 19 1995 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 22 1995 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 25 1996 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 29 1996 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 33 1997 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 38 1997 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 41 1998 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 47 1998 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 53 1999 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 58 1999 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 64 2000 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 69 2000 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 75 2001 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 81 2001 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 87 2002 MAYIS KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 90 2002 KASIM KPDS........................................................................................................................................................... 96 2003 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 101 2003 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 106 2004 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 111 2004 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 116 2005 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 121 2005 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 126 2006 MAYIS KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 131 2006 KASIM KPDS......................................................................................................................................................... 136 CEVAP ANAHTARI -1.................................................................................................................................................... 141 CEVAP ANAHTARI -2.................................................................................................................................................... 142 CEVAP ANAHTARI -3.................................................................................................................................................... 143 CEVAP ANAHTARI -4.................................................................................................................................................... 144 CEVAP ANAHTARI -5.................................................................................................................................................... 145



1992 MAYIS KPDS

When it was formed many million years ago the earth was a liquid. It is still cooling and many miles below the hard crust is still hot. However, in some places the heat is closer to the surface. These places are associated with volcanic activity or hot sulphur springs. By drilling deep into the earth’s crust we can reach rocks that are much warmer than those at the surface. Pumping water down into contact with these rocks and extracting the steam so produced is a source of energy that can be used to produce electricity. It is called geothermal energy.

1. It is explained in the passage that under the

hard surface of the earth there ----.

A) exists a hot core which can be used as a source of energy

B) seems to be a great deal of volcanic activity which threatens life

C) is a hot liquid layer which has never been drilled

D) could be a number of hot sulphur springs, the main cause of volcanic activity

E) has never been sufficient heat to melt rocks

2. According to the passage, geothermal energy ----.

A) has been used by man for millions of years

B) can be produced both plentifully and cheaply

C) is a by-product of extensive volcanic activity

D) is the result of the contact of water with the hot rocks below the earth’s surface

E) is recognised as the only form of energy that would never be exhausted

3. We can infer from the passage that the earth’s

crust ----.

A) has completely stopped the process of cooling underneath

B) is a constant source of geothermal energy

C) is not suitable for any kind of drilling

D) is constantly warming and cooling due to volcanic activity

E) varies in thickness from place to place



The Japanese have a special way of making decisions. They call it the consensus system. This is how it works. When a firm is thinking of taking a certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to discuss the proposal and give their opinions. The purpose is to reach consensus (general agreement). As soon as everyone agrees on the right course of action, the decision is taken. Because of this method, a group of workers, rather than a person, is responsible for company policies. One advantage of this is that decisions come from a mixture of experience from the top, the middle and the bottom of an enterprise. Another advantage is that junior staffs frequently suggest ideas for change. A disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making can be slow.

4. In view of the explanation given in the passage,

the consensus system ----.

A) can be defined as a collective decision making process

B) has a number of drawbacks that can not be overcome

C) is rapidly falling out of favour as a result of the economic recession

D) gives undue importance to the views of the junior staff

E) has already led to the laying off numerous workers

5. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the Japanese style of decision-making in industry ----.

A) policies can go into effect more speedily

B) the working conditions can be improved much more efficiently

C) the workers find themselves at the mercy of their employers

D) the interaction between the management and the workers has reached a low ebb

E) tends to take a long time before any action is agreed upon

6. According to the passage, the most striking feature of the Japanese consensus system is that ----.

A) the introduction of changes into a firm’s policy-making is more or less impossible

B) decisions are taken fast and accurately

C) it is the point of view of management that prevails

D) everyone, from the top to the bottom, in a firm has a fair share in decision-making

E) workers are denied the right to discuss proposals in detail



Rabies is a very frightening disease because once symptoms develop it is always fatal. The disease is caused by a virus and it affects many species of animals, particularly dogs, jackals, foxes and bats. In Britain no indigenous case of human rabies has been reported since 1902 but it is widespread among animals in most parts of the world. Unfortunately, in the last 30 years the disease has been spreading across Europe from the East, especially in foxes, and has now reached Northern France. For this reason strict animal quarantine laws are in force in Britain and it is rightly regarded as a serious offence to attempt to evade them.

7. As it is pointed out in the passage, what makes

rabies so dangerous a disease is that ----.

A) quarantine regulations concerning the disease are disregarded by most people

B) very few people can recognise the symptoms

C) as soon as it manifests itself in the patient it is already too late for any treatment

D) it is now threatening the whole of Europe

E) during the last thirty years it seems to have become indigenous even in England

8. The passage suggests that the British

government has already taken strict measures to ----.

A) ban the import of animals from France and other countries

B) discourage the keeping of pets in Britain

C) deal with the recent outbreaks of rabies, especially in foxes in Britain

D) ensure that no rabies enters the country

E) make sure that rabies patients will receive affective treatment

9. It is clearly stated in the passage that, for nearly

a century ----.

A) thanks to new diagnostic techniques rabies has been confined to dogs, jackals, foxes and bats

B) strict quarantine laws have been in effect in Britain

C) rabies has been one of the most frightening diseases in Europe

D) there have been remarkable advances made in the treatment of rabies

E) no one in Britain has contracted rabies

When we turn to the problem of fishing, we see that through a UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the world’s nations have indicated that they recognize the risks of over-fishing. Nations can now declare 200-mile exclusive economic zones and exclusive fishing zones and control the catch at a level that is sustainable. Developing nations seem to be beginning to benefit from the new fisheries regime which offers the promise of allowing them to manage fishing resources for optimum that is long-term, benefits.

10. We can understand from the passage that the

statutory measures taken by the UN, regarding fishing ----.

A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the near future

B) have had no beneficial impact on the situation

C) have been welcomed by all the member countries

D) came into effect too late to be of any use whatsoever

E) have unfortunately served the interests of only the developed countries

11. One major benefit arising out of the 200-mile

exclusive fishing zone is, as we understand from the passage, to ----.

A) ensure that an ever increasing quantity of fish shall be caught

B) keep under control the amount of fish caught

C) exploit the marine resources through international cooperation

D) help developing countries to improve their inefficient economies

E) prevent new fisheries from coming into being

12. It is stated in the passage that in the

management of fisheries, ----.

A) no consideration should be given to the size of the catch

B) one cannot plan ahead to the future

C) the introduction of restrictive measures should be avoided

D) one should give importance to future rather than to present gains

E) the 200-mile zone policy can be ignored



The exact number of people who died in the cyclone that struck Bangladesh last year will probably never be known. Winds reaching 145 miles per hour hammered the country’s low-lying south-eastern coast for nine hours, at one point driving a wall of water roughly 20 feet high across the area – one of the most densely populated places in the world. It was the strongest storm ever recorded in the region. The official news agency reported that 125.000 victims had been confirmed dead, but it was believed that the toll was actually much higher.

13. One can infer from the passage that one reason

why so many lives were lost in the cyclone was because ----.

A) most of the population had no decent housing

B) the Bangladesh government had failed to foresee such a disaster

C) the country had still not recovered from the previous similar cyclone

D) it struck only a very narrow stretch of land

E) the area struck was one of the most overcrowded in the world


official figures given regarding the death toll ----.

A) didn’t reflect the actual extent of the tragedy

B) overestimated the number of victims

C) were much higher than the authorities expected

D) included only those drowned

E) exceeded the number of those who survived the disaster

15. The passage aims to impress on the reader ----.

A) the extent of suffering experienced by the people in Bangladesh

B) the magnitude of the cyclone’s destructive force

C) the inadequacy of the relief work sent in

D) the extent of poverty and misery in Bangladesh

E) the frequency with which such disasters hit the world

Written communication is the basis of much communication in business. This includes letters, reports, memoranda, notices, telex, and fax messages. Although written communication is a slower form of communication than verbal or oral, it provides a record of what is being discussed so that disagreements are avoided and accuracy can be checked; it will also be more detailed than other forms of communication, with the possibility of technical points being explained and interpreted.

16. From the passage it is clear that one of the

advantages of written communication is that ----.

A) no elaborate equipment is involved

B) it is one of the fastest forms of communication

C) one has a reliable document to which one can always refer

D) it can be used only in business

E) it requires almost no effort and very little time

17. The main concern of the passage is to ----.

A) establish the advantages of written communication over oral in business

B) explain the technical points involved in written communication

C) emphasize the drawbacks of written communication

D) differentiate between the uses and abuses of various types of communication

E) draw attention to the fact that the business world no longer uses written communication

18. It is pointed out in the passage that written

communication ----.

A) is always open to dispute

B) takes various forms, ranging from letters to telex and fax messages

C) is mostly seen in the form of reports

D) does not require any interpretation whatsoever

E) often leads to serious controversies



1992 KASIM KPDS

Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 90% of Nigeria's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialisation was boosted after I973 following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria lost important income. Oil production peaked in 1974 when output reached 112 million tonnes.

1. It is pointed out in the passage that the sharp

rise in oil prices in 1973 ----.

A) had less effect on Nigeria’s economy than might have been expected

B) contributed greatly to industrial development in Nigeria

C) coincided with a considerable fall in oil production

D) provided Nigeria with a high revenue well into the late 1980s

E) put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria’s oil reserves

2. It is understood from the passage that only a

fraction of Nigeria exports ----.

A) are goods other than crude oil

B) would be needed to support industrial development

C) were affected by the fall in oil prices in the 1980s

D) were oil-related

E) have benefited from price increases

3. According to the passage, so long as the

current rate of oil production is maintained ----.

A) world oil prices are not expected to rise significantly

B) Nigeria’s industrial development plans will soon be fully realised

C) Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2.000

D) Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues

E) the variety of goods exported from Nigeria will increase

Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. It usually passes with time - but the time can seem endless. Activities giving companionship and a new interest can help. But for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about the causes of the depression helps most. People with depression need to be listened to and encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They may need professional counselling as well as the support of family and friends.

4. In overcoming depression the support of friends

and family ----

A) can best be directed into giving good advice

B) is the only solution

C) may cause more harm than good

D) never contributes to any improvement in the patient

E) is not always sufficient

5. The writer suggests that people with depression

----.

A) should not be allowed much social activity

B) should rely solely on professional counselling

C) need, more than anything else, someone to listen to them

D) ought to remain alienated from society for a long time

E) receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy

6. According to the passage some people ----.

A) seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get over depression

B) suffer from depression over long periods of time

C) refuse to get professional counselling

D) suffering from depression have been cured through the good advice of friends

E) with depression don’t want to talk about their problems



Many art museums and galleries and many individuals in the world faced financial problems in 1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. On the surface, things seemed to continue as before, with important exhibitions in major museums attracting large crowds. But smaller galleries and the artists whose work was shown by their resourceful proprietors fared less well, and over the long term it is the work of young artists that determines the course of art for the future.

7. The point made in the passage is that the

recession in the 1970s ----.

A) forced many young artists to give up their profession

B) led to the immediate closure of several major museums in the West

C) was one of the most serious in economic history

D) didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world

E) meant exhibitions were regarded as unnecessary luxuries

8. One can infer from the passage that if a

generation of young artists is lost ----.

A) this would not have a damaging effect on art museums and galleries even in the long run

B) the future development of art will be greatly hampered

C) recession in the art market would not last very long

D) smaller galleries would benefit from it

E) the organisation of exhibitions would be even more costly

9. According to the passage, the people in the art

world who were most strongly affected by the recession ----.

A) were young artists and the owner of art galleries

B) tried to balance their losses by buying up the work of young artists

C) were the well established art dealers

D) decided to stop holding exhibitions altogether

E) resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting large crowds to their galleries

Computers should never have acquired the exalted status they now have. Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most advanced have less brain power than a three-year-old. They do, however, score on single-mindedness. The three-year-old uses his brain not only to think but also to do tasks like seeing, hearing and running about, which need incredibly rapid and sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions - we too run on electricity. But the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or re-organises the world banking system, which is very much easier. That's why man’s dream of robot servants is still a long way off.

10. The main point made by the passage is that the

human brain ----.

A) is much inferior to any known computer

B) is infinitely more complex and powerful than any computer

C) reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three

D) is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been thought

E) has been entirely reproduced in computer form

11. It is explained in the passage that the efficiency

of the computer ----.

A) will soon make it possible for man to be served by robots

B) depends on the speed with which the data are fed

C) can best be appreciated in the decision making positions

D) is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time

E) depends upon sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions

12. The author feels that computers ----.

A) are becoming unaffordable as they get more advanced

B) have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards

C) have been unnecessarily overrated

D) will be a major force behind all future progress

E) are capable of doing all the tasks the human brain performs even more efficiently



The dramatic growth of the world’s population in the twentieth century has been on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth has occurred since 1950 and is known as the population ‘explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increased from 2,5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the century this figure will have risen to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level-out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less developed countries is beginning to slow down.

13. According to the passage, at no period in

human history has there been ----.

A) so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world

B) a sharp decline in population like the one since 1980

C) a universal fear about the future of man

D) as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now

E) a population explosion of the magnitude of the one in this century

14. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase

in the world population ----.

A) is a highly encouraging sign for the general economy

B) is expected to continue even faster until 2050

C) will not continue into the next century

D) has been going on noticeably since 1950

E) has been much faster in the industrialised countries

15. It has been forecast that, by the middle of the

next century ---- .

A) various measures will have been taken to encourage population growth

B) the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher than that in previous years

C) the world population will be stabilised at around 10 to 15 billion

D) the rate of increase will still be rising

E) the rate of population increase will have doubled the 1950 rate

Many substances, whether man-made or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however, emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. But some other substances cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use or disposal of products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed of properly. The right way to deal with them is usually through controls over their supply, use and disposal.

16. According to the passage, the threat of certain

substances to the environment ----.

A) is far less than that to man

B) could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls

C) has been unnecessarily overemphasised

D) has to date been completely ignored

E) can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams

17. The author points out that the danger posed to

man by many substances ----.

A) is unrelated to environmental pollution

B) is even greater than generally admitted

C) continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems

D) is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams

E) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal

18. The passage is concerned with the question of

----.

A) how the harmful effects of certain substances can be brought under control

B) why industrial waste streams have caused so much pollution

C) whether man made substances or natural ones cause more pollution

D) what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances

E) who is responsible for taking the required measures



1993 MAYIS KPDS

The practical advantages of prefabrication are two-fold: It is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is important in these days because of the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested.

1. Since land is extremely valuable it is important

that ----.

A) costs do not continue to rise

B) the building materials should also be expensive

C) people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication

D) building costs be reduced to a minimum

E) it does not remain out of use for long

2. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is

that ----.

A) fewer skilled workmen are required

B) this method is much cheaper than standard methods

C) less land is required

D) buildings can be put up much faster

E) there is more scope for experiment

3. When a building is constructed from standard

parts that have been well tested ----.

A) there is no scope for originality

B) the costs will naturally be excessively high

C) new methods of construction are overlooked

D) one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory

E) one is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation

Computers can store vast amounts of information in a very small space and are used by the banks to keep accounts, print out statements and control transactions. They are also used by the police to keep personal records, fingerprints and other details. In the rapidly developing field of robotics computers are now being used to control manual operations done by mechanics. These, too, are taking over work, previously done by people in the manufacture of cars, in weaving and in other industries. Computers play an important role in controlling artificial satellites, decoding information and communications generally. They are used to predict the weather with increasing accuracy.

4. One can conclude from the passage that ----.

A) computers have become an indispensable part of our life

B) despite great advantages in computer techniques, they are not proving as useful as once was hoped

C) weather forecasts carried out by computers are not reliable at all

D) robotics has long been a field of keen scientific interest for man

E) computerised banking has led to an increase in unemployment.

5. The author points out that ----.

A) industry is turning back to traditional methods of production

B) the police use computers to make sure that their records are not tested

C) the principal use of computers is in space industry

D) computers are too complex for everyday use

E) the use of robots, directed by computers, is becoming widespread in industry

6. The passage is not concerned with ----.

A) the application of computers in industry

B) how computers are manufactured

C) the conservation of information by computers

D) the role played by computers in crime detection

E) the use of computers in communications and the transfer of information



Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries, it would seem that these trends will continue. About 30 countries - most of them African - can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high CO2 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many cases, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support.

7. Of all the countries in the world it is those in

Africa ----.

A) which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth

B) that are most threatened by food shortages

C) which are environmentally most at disadvantage

D) that are most conscious of the need to preserve this environment

E) in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development.

8. It is argued that in the passage that ----.

A) changes in the world climate are increasing the problems of food production

B) agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages

C) with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so

D) the conservation of land resources is of minor importance

E) any effort must be made to prevent the co2 level from rising.

9. According to the passage it is anticipated that

----.

A) the per capita income in African countries will continue to increase

B) food production will double in the years ahead

C) the present situation concerning population growth and population will soon improve

D) all the African countries will soon solve all their population problems

E) unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine.

Psychology is literally the study of mind (or soul) but its areas has broadened somewhat in the last century as we have learned that one cannot consider the mind as totally isolated from the body, and it now includes the study of human personality and behaviour. It is important to realise that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientist rather than as medical experts and do not necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of the brain and mental processes.

10. As can be inferred from the passage,

psychology ----.

A) has in time developed as a branch of medicine

B) has always been confined to the study of the mind

C) primarily concentrates on the study of animal behaviour

D) mostly deals with mental abnormalities

E) is not concerned with the mind alone, but also with human personality and behaviour

11. In the passage attention is drawn to the fact that

----.

A) psychologists give great importance to the study of mental processes for medical purposes

B) psychologists are basically scientists

C) the body and the mind are separate entities in the eyes of psychologists

D) the human mind can best be understood through the study of animal behaviour

E) there have been no noticeable developments in psychology since the last century

12. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.

A) a close cooperation between psychologists and medical experts is essential

B) the study of human behaviour alone is what interests present day psychologists

C) as a branch of science, psychology is no longer to be understood in its literally sense

D) the mind and the body function independently

E) in recent years psychologists have concentrated mostly on the study of the mind



Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms and it is given for many reasons. Underdeveloped countries need aid to provide finance for development projects; to provide foreign exchange with which imports for development purpose can be bought; and to provide the trained manpower and technical knowledge they lack. The motives of the donor are not always humanitarian. “Aid” can take a military form; it can be used to support an incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be wasted on ill-conceived or prestige projects, or cause the government simply to relax on its own efforts.

13. In the passage, it is argued that the reasons

behind the aid given to the underdeveloped countries ----.

A) are always of a military nature

B) are varied in purpose and in effect

C) can be disregarded altogether

D) invariably involve humanitarian principles

E) relate only to the technical needs of the recipient country

14. One infers from the passage that what is

generally referred to as “aid” ----.

A) usually leads to the overthrow of the government of the recipient country

B) is, in fact, monetary support for development projects only

C) is actually one country’s intervention in another country’s internal affairs

D) does not necessarily benefit the recipient country

E) can really be regarded as a waste of resources

15. According to the passage, unless they receive

aid, underdeveloped countries ----.

A) will lose their world-wide prestige

B) often face military coups

C) will be at the mercy of donor countries

D) will have to rely on foreign technical advice for many years to come

E) cannot provide money and human resources for development

Both as a profession and a science, economics lost considerable prestige during the recession of 1974-75. The crisis that seized the western industrialised countries including Japan was of a character not to be found in economics textbooks. Rate of inflation exceeding 10% a year coupled with declining production and high levels of unemployment. Hitherto, peacetime inflation had been associated with high employment and an overactive economy, while high rate of unemployment went with the recession or depression. The next combination was apply called stagflation.

16. The term stagflation can be defined as ----.

A) the combination of high inflation and economic recession

B) inflation in an overactive economy

C) high unemployment in spite of high levels of production

D) a decrease in the rates of inflation

E) high levels of peacetime inflation

17. The economic crisis of the mid-1970’s ----.

A) followed the same pattern as earlier economic crisis

B) caused economy to overactive

C) caused people to lose faith in economics

D) had little effect on the industry of developed countries

E) was characterised only by high inflation and low production

18. The main subject of the passage is ----.

A) the growing unpopularity of economics as a science

B) the relationship between unemployment and recession

C) the industrial decline of Japan and some Western countries

D) the unusual nature and extensive effects of the economic crises of the 1970’s

E) how to combat high inflation and unemployment



1993 KASIM KPDS

There are twelve and a half acres of land for each man, woman, and child in the world today. However, only three and a half acres of this land can be cultivated. If the population of the world reaches six billion by the year 2000, there will be only one and a half acres for each person. Man just increases his production of food. One scientist has said that the world could support ten billion people if better agricultural methods were used everywhere. The supply of food can also be increased by the control of plant diseases, and by the irrigation of desert lands. By using these ways and others, man can feed himself and his fellow men.

1. The passage emphasises that the growth of the world population ----.

A) makes food production a vital question

B) must not be allowed to continue at the present rate

C) is no longer a cause for international concern

D) has now made it necessary to cultivate all the desert lands in the world

E) has jeopardised the farmlands in the world.

2. The writer suggests that, by the end of the century, the amount of the arable land available ----.

A) will be doubled in size through the irrigation of desert lands

B) per person will drop to three and a half acres from twelve and a half

C) will be fully adequate for the support of a ten billion world population

D) per person will fall from three and a half acres to one and a half

E) will continue to diminish and, hence, famine will be inevitable

3. According to the passage, the world food problem can be solved ----.

A) by a fair and even distribution of available arable land throughout the world

B) only if new ways of overcoming plant diseases can be discovered

C) simply by cultivating desert lands in an efficient way

D) so long as the population does not exceed ten billion at the most

E) if various effective measures are taken, such as the improvement of farming techniques



Though there has always been a certain amount of concern about pollution since the start of the Industrial Revolution, this was largely an interest of relatively limited numbers of concerned people. But during the 1960s there was a great upsurge of anxiety which was reflected internationally by the calling of the Stockholm UN Conference. In response to the rising public pressures, action has been taken mainly in the industrial countries, even though sometimes reluctantly and with many warnings from industry and governments about the costs. However, in many areas there has been a gratifying improvement.

4. The author points out that, to some extent,

public awareness of pollution ----.

A) dates back to the first years of the Industrial Revolution

B) emerged late in the process of industrialisation

C) first appeared in the 1960s

D) was first voiced at the Stockholm UN conference

E) played a part in the rapid development of industry.

5. It is implied in the passage that both industry

and governments have ----.

A) found ways of thwarting public pressures as regards pollution

B) not always been willing, mainly for economic reasons, to take action to prevent pollution

C) come out in support of the policies recommended at the Stockholm UN conference

D) constantly been in the forefront of pollution control policies since the 1960s

E) done more than was required of them in eliminating pollution.

6. According to the passage, in spite of the lack of cooperation from industry and governments ----.

A) the UN has introduced drastic measures to ensure the prevention of any further pollution

B) the problem of pollution has now been fully solved worldwide

C) the costs of pollution control work have been less than was expected

D) the prices of goods remained the same

E) some considerable progress has been made towards controlling pollution

For nearly a decade now, the manufacturing of automobiles has been undergoing radical changes. The principle cause is the introduction of new production and management techniques, originally engineered by Toyota and subsequently applied by other Japanese car manufacturers. This is called “lean” production. It implies no less a revolution in the process of car manufacturing than the mass production Henry Ford introduced at the beginning of the century. In fact, lean production combines the advantages of craft and mass production. A vital feature of this production technique is that it achieves its highest efficiency, quality and flexibility when all activities - from design to assembly - occur in the same area.

7. It is pointed out in the passage that; in the car

industry, the traditional mass production techniques ----.

A) introduced by Ford were soon outdated

B) are popular only in Japan

C) have contributed significantly to Japanese success in this area

D) are beginning to fall out of favour

E) in fact require a higher degree of management efficiency.

8. The writer explains that, in lean production ----.

A) Japanese, companies have followed Henry Ford's example

B) there is less need for skilled workers

C) costs are kept to a minimum

D) the techniques of mass production are no longer applicable

E) the best of mass and craft production come together.

9. According to the passage, lean production

techniques work best ----.

A) in industries where specialised craftsmanship is not required

B) not only in car manufacturing but also in other branches of machine production

C) in a country like Japan where the skilled work force is limited

D) when the whole production process takes place in one place

E) if management procedures do not disrupt the manufacturing process



Much in medicine which is now taken for granted was undreamed of even as recently as 50 years ago. Progress in diagnosis, in preventive medicine and in treatment, both medical and surgical, has been so rapid as to be almost breathtaking. Today a doctor retiring from active practice will among other things have seen smallpox completely eradicated, tuberculosis become curable, coronary artery disease relievable surgically. One aspect of medicine still resistant to progress in understanding is the effect of mind on body. Many of us still like to think that our bodies are just something we have got into, like cars, that ill health is simply something that has “gone wrong” in one system or another and that therefore provided we find the appropriate expert to correct the fault, we will recover.

10. According to the passage, the rate at which

medical advances have taken place during the recent decades ----.

A) was previously envisaged

B) has been underestimated

C) is quite startling

D) cannot be accounted for

E) has been subject to a great deal of controversy

11. It is pointed out in the passage that there is a

close relationship between the workings of mind and the body ----.

A) which is of little importance in the treatment of illness

B) but this has yet to be properly understood

C) which most doctors tend to overlook

D) and medical research has made great progress in this field

E) but research into this area is not likely to prove useful

12. The writer uses the “car” comparison to emphasise that most people ----.

A) tend to have a mechanical view of the human body

B) have great confidence in the medical profession

C) have the right attitude towards medical progress

D) regard surgery as an indispensable part of medicine

E) think some body parts cannot be replaced at all

National income is a measure of the total income accruing to the residents in a country in return for services rendered. It therefore consists of the sum of wages, salaries, profits and rents. But not all these income accrues to persons; for instance, companies do not distribute all their profits to shareholders and some nationalised industries earn profits. This is part of national income but not of personal income. On the other hand, some personal incomes are not payments for services rendered. Such incomes are called transfer incomes to emphasise that their payment does not add to the national income, but only transfers income from one agent to another. Included in this category are retirement pensions, family allowances, and student grants.

13. The passage is concerned with ----.

A) the need to maintain a balance between the various types of incomes

B) methods of increasing various types of incomes

C) how incomes can be transferred from one person to another

D) the importance given to wage problems

E) the definition of various income categories.

14. By "transfer income", the writer means ----.

A) an income like a student grant, which is not paid in return for services rendered

B) the sum total of payments, including retirement pensions, distributed by companies to their employees

C) the revenues contributing to the growth of the national income

D) the circulation of money through trade and other means

E) the incomes realised by shareholders out of company profits

15. It is understood from the passage that the

national income ----.

A) does not benefit from the majority of financial transactions

B) mainly consists of the profits made by industry

C) relies almost exclusively on personal gains

D) does not include all income categories

E) can be increased through the nationalisation of industry



According to the United Nations sources, world population in mid-1985 was, 5,290 million, an increase of 90 million in one year. More than half of the total live in Asia (56,9 per cent). Different countries are at different stages in a demographic transition from the stability provided by a combination of high birth rate and high death rate to that provided by a combination of low birth rate and low death rate. Their recent population history and current trend of growth, the age-structure of their population, and consequently their population potential for the near future are all widely different. Most rapid growth is in Africa with rates of over 3 per cent in some countries. In most European countries the rate is less than 1 per cent.

16. It is pointed out in the passage that, of the continents of the world, it is ----.

A) Asia where population stability has been achieved most recently

B) Europe that hopes to see an increase in its population

C) Asia that accommodates the largest proportion of the world's population

D) Africa where the population growth has stabilised over recent decades

E) Africa which is the most densely populated

17. According to the passage, the demographic trend, observed in various countries ----.

A) is towards a stability with low birth and low death rates

B) involves high birth and low death rates

C) is pointing to a continued state of population instability

D) will have to be checked

E) will be reversed in the near future

18. The author points out that there is little uniformity ----.

A) in the way birth rates are being controlled among rural and urban populations

B) of population growth among African countries

C) as regards population figures in Europe

D) as far as birth and death rates are concerned

E) in the current pattern of the demographic transition of the various countries of the world



1994 MAYIS KPDS

Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon more than 20 years ago, researchers have been busy trying to verify that claim. But so far, they've found little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds - in fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't. But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis.

1. The passage makes the point that Dr Pauling's

view as regards vitamin C -----.

A) has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis

B) has caused a revolution in medical studies

C) aroused very little interest among medical experts

D) was based on the results of years of research

E) has not been verified scientifically

2. According to the passage, coughing and

sneezing ----.

A) should be taken seriously and treated accordingly

B) are the early symptoms of bronchitis

C) are now being effectively treated without vitamin C

D) can be reduced with the help of vitamin C

E) do not respond to any treatment whatsoever

3. During the last two decades there has been a

great deal of scientific effort made to ----.

A) convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C

B) prove that the common cold can be prevented by vitamin C

C) establish a connection between coughing and bronchitis

D) study the adverse effects of vitamin C

E) demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels of vitamin C

Since early times it has been assumed that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals may know things, the argument goes, but they don't know that they know. Or do they know? Recent research reports suggest a startling depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet 'prove' the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case for at least considering it.

4. It is pointed out in the passage that traditionally,

animals are believed to -----.

A) behave not instinctively but logical

B) have an intelligence comparable with man’s

C) imitate man in many ways

D) act on instinct

E) know exactly what they are doing

5. It is pointed out in the passage that modern

research forces one to consider ----.

A) why animals behave differently under different circumstances

B) the possibility of intelligence in animals

C) the means by which animal behaviour can be improved

D) how animals can be made to acquire new skills

E) animals to be the equal of man in intelligence

6. The passage makes it quite clear that, in the

light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour ----.

A) have been totally disproved

B) have been confirmed

C) have to be reconsidered

D) were indeed based on scientific fact

E) should never have been questioned



The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108 institutions of higher learning, many of which had obtained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries, universities were designed primarily for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice.

7. According to the passage, in the early years of

the universities, ----.

A) most students wanted to train for a profession

B) the Church disapproved of much of their teaching

C) Western European governments were not at all interested in education

D) medicine was the most popular subject for study

E) the majority of students came from upper class families

8. it is pointed out in the passage that, since most

of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church ----.

A) state authorities granted them various rights

B) the number of students they admitted increased rapidly

C) the academic level of the education they offered was extremely high

D) law naturally became one of the major subjects offered

E) the education offered was free of charge

9. As explained in the passage, real professional

skills ----.

A) were taught during the university years

B) were normally acquired through a period of apprenticeship

C) gained importance in the universities only after 1600

D) were acquired by nearly all university students

E) were taught only to the children of nobility

The effects of sleep loss are subject to a number of popular misconceptions. The belief that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth. According to the results of a recent survey on the subject, adults average about 7 to 7 1 / 2 hours of sleep per night, and many individuals function effectively with 5 to 6 hours of sleep. In fact, 20 percent of the population (slightly more in men) sleep less than 6 hours per night. Another significant fact is that sleep time decreases with age.

10. According to the passage, the popular

assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is essential ----.

A) is only true for the elderly

B) has been supported by scientific evidence

C) is actually a fallacy

D) is only true for 20 percent of the population

E) is very rarely disputed

11. The survey referred to in the passage indicates

that as people get older and older ----.

A) they sleep less and less

B) they require more sleep than formerly

C) their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours

D) they rarely sleep less than 7 hours

E) sleep loss ceases to be a problem

12. It is pointed out in the passage that a sleep time

under 8 hours ----.

A) is not recommended in the survey

B) invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency

C) does not necessarily reduce a person's efficiency

D) causes a number of complications in old people

E) is common among women but not among men



Until recently, many archeologists took the view that civilized communities first arose in Egypt, though only a very short time before a similar development In Mesopotamia: a more recent opinion is now that the earliest advances may have taken place in Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is necessary to bear in mind that geographical conditions in both regions were not identical, and it can in fact be stated that in Mesopotamia environmental factors were not as wholly favourable as in the valley of the Nile.

13. According to a more recent view, the beginnings

of the development of civilisation ----.

A) have only recently been a major preoccupation among archaeologists

B) were wrongly assumed to be in Mesopotamia

C) were apparently not affected by geographical conditions

D) in Egypt were greatly hampered by unfavourable environmental factors

E) seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather than, as once thought, in Egypt

14. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nile

valley and Mesopotamia ----.

A) have never attracted the attention of historians

B) were equally suitable for the rise of civilisation

C) could not have been the home of our earliest civilisations

D) do not share the same geographical conditions

E) are no longer as fertile as they used to be in early times

15. From the passage we can understand that ----.

A) our opinions of early history may sometimes need to be revised

B) archaeologists have never regarded either Egypt or Mesopotamia as the cradles of civilisation

C) geographical conditions play an important role in the decline of civilisations

D) the early civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia were not similar at all

E) archaeology has not, until recently, been concerned with this part of the world

Dates and periods are necessary to the study and discussion of history, for all historical phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced by the sequence of events. Periods especially, are retrospective conceptions that we form about past events; they are useful to focus discussion, but very often they lead historical thought astray. Thus, while it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have deluded many scholars and millions of newspaper readers into supposing that during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and again during certain decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or acted more or less in the same way- till at last Victoria died or the Middle Ages came to an end. But in fact there was no such sameness.

16. The author argues that, contrary to common

assumption, the behaviour of people ----.

A) was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the Victorian Age

B) was not uniform, at all, in any given period

C) is a subject that should also be studied by historians

D) in any given period is always the same

E) is unrelated to the age they live in

17. The division of history into periods ----.

A) is both useful and deceptive

B) is avoided by modern historians

C) was rejected in the Victorian Age

D) has been in use since the Middle Ages

E) serves no useful purpose at all

18. According to the passage, the study of history

----.

A) began in the Middle Ages and reached its height in the Victorian Age

B) has changed greatly in our time

C) requires a knowledge of dates and periods

D) includes a great variety of interrelated subjects

E) should concentrate on the reconstruction of past events



1994 KASIM KPDS

Society is, regrettably, less interested in the individual than in the position which he occupies. One almost never asks a person “Who are you?”, but one constantly asks “What do you do?”. For one reason or another, people are assorted into various categories which determine the roles they are to play in society. This assorting process, called social differentiation, goes on in all societies. Women as a class have a status distinct from that of men, and children have a status unlike that of adults.

1. The constant use of the question, “What do you

do?” ---- .

A) shows that for women, work is of minor importance

B) suggests that the working day receives a large part of our attention

C) is disliked by working women

D) suggests that people give more importance to position than to personality

E) implies that we live in a very materialistic world

2. In the passage the term “social differentiation”

means the process by which ---- .

A) women alone are put into a special category

B) an individual is assigned his role in society

C) children are given the same status as that of adults

D) the individual comes to acquire a new role in society

E) the personality is analysed

3. The passage is largely concerned with ----.

A) the status and the role people have in society

B) the conflict of the various groups in society

C) women’s problems in a male-centred society

D) the generation gap between adults and children

E) the importance of the question “Who are you?”

Mercury has a number of interesting properties and a variety of industrial uses. It expands at a constant rate through the range of temperatures at which it is a liquid. Because of this property and because it does not cling to glass, mercury is often used in thermometers. At ordinary temperatures it evaporates very slowly and can thus be left in an open container for long periods of time. For this reason it is used in one type of barometer. Mercury is a good electrical conductor and is used in sealed electrical switches. An electric current passing through mercury vapour causes it to give off light, hence its use in certain kinds of lamps.

4. In the passage, it is pointed out that mercury ----.

A) never ceases to be a liquid

B) is used primarily in the making of barometers

C) is of limited use since it is a poor conductor of electricity

D) has certain special qualities that make it a very useful substance

E) has certain unpleasant characteristics

5. Mercury is often used in thermometers ----.

A) because it never turns into a solid

B) since, so long as it is a liquid, it expands at a constant rate

C) as it is unaffected by temperature change

D) since it is attracted to glass

E) even though it shows a tendency to evaporate slowly even in an enclosed space.

6. Mercury vapour will give off light ----.

A) when an electric current is passed through it

B) if left to evaporate slowly

C) but no use has been found for this property

D) so it is a good conductor of electricity

E) and is commonly used to light up electrical switches



Protoplasm, which is the fundamental basis of life, is constantly undergoing physical and chemical change. Life, therefore, is the resultant of these constantly occurring changes. There are two great groups into which living things may be classed: plants and animals. Both the plant and the animal kingdoms are very extensive. It is customary, therefore, to regard the science of life under two comprehensive heads, namely, botany which is the study of plants, and zoology which is the study of animals. Both subjects are subdivided into various specialised sections.

7. It is pointed out in the passage that life is the

outcome of ----.

A) the interaction between plants and animals

B) change from a physical to a chemical state of being

C) physical change taking place in the animal world

D) the constant change, both physical and chemical, occurring in protoplasm

E) constant transformations in the plant world


science of botany ----.

A) is less specialised than that of zoology

B) deals with a limited number of plants

C) is concerned with the plant world

D) is a subsection of zoology

E) fundamentally concentrates on the study of protoplasm

9. The author points out that the study of living

things, although carried out under various specialised headings, ----.

A) emphasises the importance of genre and species

B) depends upon extensive field research

C) is mainly related to zoology

D) takes physical rather than chemical changes into consideration

E) actually involves two basic fields of science

Many observers, including policy makers, mistakenly assume that economic competition between nations must result in winners and losers. It has been demonstrated, however, that international trade increases the wealth of all participants, even those with lower productivity than their trading partners. The real issue, it appears, is the way international competition affects all kinds of goods that any country produces. It seems that the proper role of government is to ensure that its people are prepared to compete in those industries in which they could or should have an advantage.

10. According to the passage, economic

competition ----.

A) does not affect industrial activity

B) only benefits the richer nations

C) should be regulated at an international level

D) is beneficial to everybody involved

E) may lead to lower productivity

11. The author suggests that nations should

compete ----.

A) to improve their balance of payments

B) in line with the principles of international law

C) with nations of parallel economic standing

D) with those whose industrial production is the highest

E) in those industries in which they have an advantage

12. The author emphasises the idea that

international trade ----.

A) is not one nation’s gain and another’s loss

B) should be the major concern of all developing countries

C) does great damage to those countries with lower productivity

D) should not be the concern of policy makers

E) has lost its momentum in recent years due to economic recession



Those who visit the Mediterranean are invariably impressed with its unity. Everywhere it is the same, for the shades of difference here is less important than the resemblances. Yet this unity is the result of aggressive contrast; sea and mountain, sea and desert, sea and ocean! In these respects the Mediterranean is very different from either central Europe, or high tablelands of Asia, the Syrian and Saharan deserts, or even the Atlantic Ocean.

13. What distinguishes the Mediterranean from the

other parts of the world is ----.

A) that it is characterised by high tablelands

B) the fact that the landscape varies greatly from part to part

C) that it is surrounded by vast deserts

D) the combination of features, everywhere, is the same

E) that it is attracting more and more visitors

14. According to the passage, within the general

unity of the Mediterranean ----.

A) the deserts of Syria and the Sahara have their special place

B) the contrast between the sea and the desert is exceptional

C) one is also aware of startling contrast

D) some people find a depressing monotony

E) there is very little that appeals to the eye

15. It is stressed in the passage that the

Mediterranean ----.

A) extensively resembles the rest of the world

B) is, in many ways, similar to central Europe

C) has an endless changing coastline

D) is the most crowded part of the world

E) makes the same impression on all visitors to the area

It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilisation first developed in the Middle East, where, of all the regions in the world, natural conditions offered the greatest assistance to man in his changeover from a life of nomadic wandering as a hunter to settled occupation of the soil. The regular rise of the three larger rivers, Nile Euphrates, and the Tigris; annual renewal of soil fertility by the deposition of a layer of silt; and the generally warm climate, favourable both to the growth of a rich plant-life, and to the activities of man himself, were all special inducements to the adoption of a way of life based on agriculture.

16. According to the passage, one of the striking

features of the three great rivers of the Middle East, is that ----.

A) they provide cheap transport

B) they contribute to soil fertility

C) there is little annual change in the water

D) they all run through extensive forest lands

E) they are depositing less and less silt each year

17. The passage is concerned with ----.

A) how man first began to benefit from the rivers

B) the geological features of the Middle East

C) the circumstances which contributed to the rise of civilisation in the Middle East

D) the rich plant life that existed in the Middle East in prehistoric times

E) a comparison of the nomadic and agricultural way of life

18. Before man took to a way of life based on

agriculture ----.

A) he had already settled near the Nile and the Euphrates

B) he led a nomadic existence and lived by hunting

C) warm climates did not attract him

D) the natural conditions of the world were of supreme importance to him

E) he avoided the Middle East entirely



1995 MAYIS KPDS

In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch. In law she is the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander-in-chief of the armed forces and temporal head of the Church of England. In practice, the Queen's role is purely formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. In all important respects she acts only on the advice of her ministers. However, she still plays an important role symbolically as Head of State and Head of the Commonwealth.

1. The main concern of the passage is ----.

A) how the Queen’s progress could be restrained

B) the Queen's firm control of the government through her executive powers

C) the powers the Queen has and the role she plays in the rule of the country

D) the influence the Queen has over the Church of England

E) the need for the abolishment of the monarchy in Britain

2. It is obvious from the passage that the Queen's

power ----.

A) extends through all the main institutions of the state

B) is strictly confined to the affairs of the Commonwealth

C) is controlled by the legislature

D) depends fundamentally on the support of the armed forces

E) has no legal basis

3. It is stressed in the passage that on all serious

issues the Queen ----.

A) relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary

B) does not act on her own initiative, but consults the government

C) acts in accordance with the principles of the Church of England

D) turns to the Commonwealth for advice and support

E) keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status

Of all the environmental problems facing us today, global warming is likely to have the most devastating effects. In order to combat these, the emission of harmful gases must be reduced; for this purpose, the rainforests, which absorb carbon dioxide in vast quantities must be protected. Global warming will place a premium on energy efficiency, for controlling global warming inescapably means reducing the burning of fossil fuels. The two industries that are most obviously going to be affected are the power suppliers and the vehicle manufacturers, but since energy is consumed by almost everything we manufacture, design or do, the effects will be felt everywhere.

4. It is emphasised in the passage that global

warming seems to be ----.

A) easier to control than other environmental problems

B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be

C) the most terrible of the problems facing the environment

D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the rainforests

E) reasonably under control in all parts of the world

5. The author explains that unless the burning of

fossil fuels is radically reduced ----.

A) global warming cannot possibly be held in check

B) they will soon be used up

C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate

D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved

E) the effects will be far reaching and beyond our control

6. According to the passage, power supply and vehicle manufacturing ----.

A) are two industries that do not affect global warming

B) rely heavily on fossil fuels

C) are environmentally less harmful than other industries

D) have carried the problems of global warming everywhere

E) must be strictly controlled to prevent any further pollution



The 1970s were a period of marked economic recession in the West. The effects were widespread, even the publishing sector was badly hit. Inflation continued to push up the costs of paper and printing, increasing the price of books generally and reducing the amount of money available for the publication of new and experimental work. There was a growing sense, in the world of literature no less than in other spheres of production, that this crisis must involve changes that would be neither simple nor temporary.

7. It is explained in the passage that, as a result of

the economic recession experienced in the West in the 1970s, both publishers and writers ----.

A) felt that a long and difficult period lay ahead of them

B) made huge profits from the sale of new and experimental works

C) were in agreement with the measures being introduced to check inflation

D) recognised the need to keep down book prices

E) were extremely worried about the rising cost of living

8. The writer points out that, due to growing

inflation, publishers ----.

A) took temporary measures to overcome the recession

B) ceased to publish literary works

C) introduced a number of radical changes

D) could no longer afford to bring out new and experimental work

E) refused to get involved in the crisis

9. According to the passage, the recession in

the1970s in the West ----.

A) did not have a long term effect on the economy

B) affected really all sectors, including that of publishing

C) had no impact on the inflation rate

D) was hardly felt in the world of literature

E) caused the sudden decline of various spheres of production

Built by the disconsolate Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has survived the rise and fall of many empires and it attracted looters, too; over the years they carried away the silver doors from its gates, the precious stones from its marble wall: and the gold from its graves. But those were small threats compared with the modern danger of pollution. Emissions from the coal-fired steel foundries thermal power stations, cars and an oil refinery in the industrial belt around Agra are corroding and yellowing the Taj Mahal's white marble.

10. According to the passage, the Taj Mahal

mausoleum ----.

A) is no longer richly decorated as it once used to be

B) is not in need of any extensive restoration

C) has, on several occasions, been almost completely destroyed

D) was built to be the tomb of the Emperor Shah, Jahan

E) was deliberately sited in an industrial area

11. At present, the main threat to the survival of the

Taj Mahal is ----.

A) the lack of interest in the building

B) small scale robbery

C) on-going looting

D) industrial pollution

E) damaging effects of the climate in Agra

12. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.

A) the restoration work planned for the Taj Mahal

B) the steadily worsening condition of the Taj Mahal mausoleum

C) measures taken to prevent robbery in the past

D) the various kinds of industries in the Taj Mahal area

E) historic importance and value of the Taj Mahal mausoleum



Usually educational processes involve not only learning, but teaching as well. There is, however, no logical connection in this case. Education can go on without any teaching. W e can say it was a 'real education’ for someone to take a boat out on his own, implying that he learnt something desirable without anybody having been there to teach him the lesson. There are many forms of learning that go on without teaching and ‘educative' learning does not mean that the learning must take place in a teaching situation. It may be argued that most things are learnt more rapidly and more reliably in a classroom situation. But even so, learning is not dependent upon teaching.

13. As is stated in the passage, it is generally

assumed that ----.

A) schools are not important at all in the learning process

B) teachers do not further the learning process

C) education means both learning and teaching

D) people learn most effectively by themselves

E) a good education makes teaching a priority

14. The writer himself is fully convinced that true

education ----.

A) is what everybody desires to have

B) can only be provided in a classroom

C) results from the acquisition of all kinds of knowledge

D) is an ideal which cannot be achieved in life

E) can be acquired without the help of a teacher

15. The writer seems to admit that a teacher may

often make the process of learning ----.

A) more interesting

B) quicker and more dependable

C) safer and more regular

D) a purely formal affair

E) too 'educative' to be effective

Since health care accounts for nearly one seventh of the American national economy, any attempt to reform it enters a minefield of explosive issues. President Clinton's health-care plan, many experts say, might shake up the health-insurance industry so violently that it could shrink from about 500 to as few as to 10 companies; costing thousands of jobs. Businesses complain that new health-coverage contributions would be disastrous; there is even talk that up to a million jobs will be lost as a consequence. Though the American Medical Association has so far sent signals that it would endorse the plan, the physicians themselves and the taxpayers are extremely worried about it.

16. The writer argues that President Clinton's

health-care reform policy ----.

A) is being favourably received by private doctors and taxpayers

B) has been completely rejected by the American Medical Association

C) is bound to cause a great deal of unrest and discussion

D) will boost the insurance sector

E) will create many new jobs for the unemployed


A) the rising problems of unemployment in the American economy

B) the economic problems of the American medical staff

C) the financial burden health care has on the American economy

D) President Clinton's reasons for a thorough reform in health care

E) the likely economic consequences of the new health care plan in the States

18. According to the passage, one of the major problems likely to result from the new health-care plan is that----.

A) a few physicians will find themselves without work

B) businesses will be badly affected by the health-care fees demanded of them

C) there will be a fierce competition among insurance companies for coverage of the unemployed

D) the taxpayers will not be able to receive adequate medical care

E) president Clinton's popularity will decline sharply



1995 KASIM KPDS

In one century of strenuous research a vast amount of source material about Michalengelo has been collected, reviewed, edited and annotated including letters, poems, contracts, receipts and biographies. Biographical and artistic data have been checked and rechecked, sometimes corroborating and sometimes correcting our previous ideas, and an abundance of new facts has been revealed. Long lost works have been rediscovered and every single known piece has been studied in its formal and functional aspects. The artist’s character, his daily habits, his working methods, his personal attitudes and his artistic and political opinions have been traced as well as the peculiarities of the people with whom he had contact. Thus modern history of art has formed an image of Michalengelo that is much nearer to truth than those presented by his first biographers.

1. We understand from the passage that over the

past hundred years ----.

A) a vast amount of new facts concerning Michalengelo have come to light.

B) the research carried out about Michalengelo has proved inadequate and in places irrelevant.

C) scholars have concentrated solely upon Michalengelo’s artistic creativity.

D) In spite of much research, little has been learned about Michalengelo.

E) though many new biographies have been written about Michalengelo, they are all far short of truth about him.

2. It is obvious from the passage that the source material concerning Michalengelo ----.

A) has shed light only on his daily routine life.

B) consists only of books written about him by his contemporaries.

C) has taken nearly a hundred years to be annotated and published.

D) has not received adequate critical attention.

E) not only includes his letters, poems and biographies but also documents relating to his commissions and sales.

3. According to the passage, the new data about Michalengelo ----.

A) have led to similar studies about his contemporaries.

B) have, in some instances, contradicted the traditional view of him.

C) have fully confirmed the views expressed by his early biographers.

D) have created a great deal of controversy among historians.

E) have yet to be analysed and collected.



The fact that the brain is divided into a left and a right half is not a new discovery. Once the skull is removed the division is obvious to the naked eye and it is a common feature of brains throughout the animal kingdom. What is interesting about this division in man is that each half seems to have developed specialised functions, the left side appearing to be better at some tasks and the right side better at others. The most obvious difference in functioning is that the left side of the brain receives sensations from and controls the right side of the body and vice versa. The reasons for this are still unclear. Despite a number of interesting theories there is no obvious advantage in such a crossover.

4. As the writer points out, it has long been known

that ----.

A) damage to the left half of the brain produces far more serious defects.

B) the human brain is unlike that of other animals has a very complicated structure.

C) the right side of the brain has the same functions as the left side.

D) the left side of the brain works more efficiently than the right.

E) in the animal world brains consist of two halves.

5. We can understand from the text that, in man,

each half of the brain ----.

A) is characterized by a crossover of innumerable nerves.

B) functions in full harmony with the other in all activities.

C) performs certain specialised tasks.

D) controls the corresponding side of the body.

E) can be removed without damage being caused to the other.


A) the recent history of brain studies.

B) how the body is controlled by the brain

C) the division of the brain into two halves and the way each half functions.

D) the reason why there is a crossover of nerves in the brain.

E) how the sensations of the body are transmitted to the brain.

For years the theory of higher education in the United States operated something like this: men went to university to get rich, and women went to university to marry rich men. During the 60s, as a result of the fact that this theory lost much of its popularity, as the nation began to recognize the folly of relegating women to a secondary role, women soon joined men in what once were male pursuits. This rebellious decade pushed women toward independence, showed them their potential and compelled them to take charge of their lives. Many women took this opportunity. Since then famine autonomy has been the rule not the exception at least among university women.

7. According to the passage, the view had long

been held in the States that ----.

A) the independence of women would impair the integrity of family life.

B) only rich men had the opportunity to have higher education.

C) the rights of women were first recognized at the universities.

D) a woman’s potential could be brought to the fore only through education.

E) universities were the place where women found rich husbands.

8. The writer points out that from the 1960s onwards, women in America ----.

A) became more and more dominated by men in their working life.

B) began to assert themselves in society both as individuals and professionally.

C) became less and less interested in their fight for emancipation.

D) began to go to universities in much greater numbers.

E) became aware of the fact that the universities were prejudiced against them.

9. According to the passage most American

women today ----.

A) are obsessed with their inferior status in business life.

B) are not content with the change in their lives.

C) regard marriage as outdated and potentially harmful

D) claim and enjoy a position of full independence.

E) still prefer to play a secondary role in society



The collection of foreign intelligence, which is the pursuit of a special kind of information, is an indispensable service for any government having even the most elementary international associations. Nations must devise a strategy to provide for both their security and well-being. History teaches us that responsibility cannot be met without knowledge of the political, economic and military capabilities and intentions of other nations. Indeed advance knowledge of these matters, or its absence, could well settle the fate of a great nation especially in an era when a single nation or consortium of nations is capable of smashing another society in a single stroke or of controlling it under the threat of poised catastrophe. The well-being of any great nation will depend on decisions taken by others, which must be foreseen, correctly analysed and countered.

10. As is clear from the passage a nation for its own

well-being even survival ----.

A) needs to know what is going on in other countries and what is being planned.

B) must have a good standing army to defend itself.

C) should be on good terms with several other countries as a safeguard.

D) must be prepared to counteract any internal revolt.

E) should not put much faith in foreign intelligence to maintain its security.

11. The writer points out that, in our time, it is ----.

A) a major concern in foreign intelligence to study the political and economic developments in neighbour states

B) usual for governments to rely more on military strength than on foreign intelligence.

C) possible for one nation to be completely wiped out by another or others.

D) almost possible to get reliable intelligence about other nations.

E) scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from consortium of nations.

12. In the passage foreign intelligence is regarded as ----.

A) the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the military potential of another nation.

B) essential only for the economic well-being of a country.

C) clandestine interference in the affairs of another nation.

D) the acquirement of a particular type of information.

E) a series of strategies devised to counter any military threat.



A subject in which there has been a lot of interest recently is the acquisition of language. ‘Normal’ children - that is, those who have not had a particularly rich early environment - usually begin talking after the first year of their life. By eighteen months they have a vocabulary of about half a dozen words; at two years a vocabulary of more than a hundred words. The traditional view has been that during the first year of life babies are not mature enough to learn languages. Talking, however, is only the outer manifestation of the development of the language. Long before he first utters a meaningful word a baby can be observed responding to the language of the others.

13. As pointed out in the passage the way in which

a language is acquired ----.

A) is noticeably affected by the social background of the child.

B) follows a very similar pattern in all children.

C) has rarely attracted a great deal of attention.

D) does not depend at all upon the age of a child.

E) is best observed during the first year of life

14. According to the passage one can define

‘talking” as ----.

A) the first means for a child to communicate with others.

B) the positive proof that a language is being learned.

C) the manifestation of a child’s physical development.

D) the first step towards acquiring a language.

E) a way of building up a vocabulary.

15. The passage makes the point that we now have

----.

A) a revised review of language acquisition among normal children.

B) a distorted view of how a child begins to communicate.

C) returned to the traditional theory concerning language acquisition among children.

D) a rather contradictory theory concerning the acquisition of language by two-year-olds.

E) the means and techniques to speed up vocabulary acquisition among one-year-olds.

Economic dynamics have decisively shifted from the national economy. From now on, any country and also any business, especially a large one that wants to prosper will have to accept that it is the world economy that leads and that domestic economic policies will succeed only if they strengthen or at least do not impair the country’s international competitive position. This may be the most important - it surely is the most striking - feature of the changed world economy.

16. The writer explains that one significant

development in economy has been ----.

A) the stress on the importance of domestic economic policies

B) the growing importance of national economic policies

C) a keener competition between domestic and international companies

D) that national economics are now closely interrelated with the world economy

E) the decline of competition in home markets

17. From the passage it seems that for a country to achieve economic prosperity, it ----.

A) has to encourage and support big corporations

B) must protect itself from new dynamics in domestic economy

C) has to think and plan in terms of world economy

D) must be ruthless in economic policies

E) must create competition within the domestic market

18. The passage deals with ----.

A) the growing importance of internationalism in the field of economics

B) the dangers of foreign competition in trade

C) the dynamics in the implementation of domestic economic policies

D) the question of how big business can influence the world economy negatively

E) some of the more striking features of the current economic policies.



1996 MAYIS KPDS

Today, the United States is in the grip of a second Industrial revolution. While the first, stretching from the 1870s to the 1970s, shifted the main sector of the American economy from agriculture to industry, the new revolution is shifting the economy away from traditional "smokestack" manufacturing industries to those based upon information, services and new technologies. It took the country decades to accommodate the cultural and social changes resulting from the first industrial revolution and it would be rashly optimistic to assume that Americans will not face serious stresses in coming to terms with the changes that are transforming the workplace today.


American economy ----.

A) was, at the beginning, largely an agricultural one

B) was, from the start, based on heavy industry

C) has, over the years, undergone very little radical changes

D) has recently entered a period of recession

E) has invariably kept a balance between agriculture and industry

2. The writer points out that the change in America from an agricultural to an industrial economy----.

A) was bitterly opposed by a large segment of society

B) was achieved in a very short period of time, actually only about two decades

C) made the use of information technologies indispensable

D) brought with it many new cultural and social conditions which took years to resolve

E) brought little benefit to the country as a whole

3. The author is worried that the Americans----.

A) will find the second industrial revaluation hard to cope with

B) are closing down heavy industry far too soon

C) don't pay adequate attention to conditions in the workplace

D) may turn back to an agricultural economy

E) have already lost their control over manufacturing industries

A great many books have been written on computers, computer programming languages, particularly Fortran. To produce another book on Fortran, even the newest Fortran IV, probably seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this project. However, several good reasons can be stated for doing just that. Most computer professionals will agree that the field of computer and information science has quickly become a valid discipline for academia and that rapid changes are occurring in computer programming languages. Both of these facts demand that a new direction be taken in presenting the subject.

4. From the passage we understand that the writer

is somewhat apprehensive in case ----.

A) computer sales should drop sharply

B) developments in computer programming will become more and more costly

C) his book will be felt, by many people, to be superfluous

D) computer programming should be taken over by professionals

E) programming languages should become far more complicated

5. According to the passage, publications on computer technology ----.

A) are only concerned with Fortran computer programming

B) have already reached a very high number

C) are brought out by academia for academia

D) invariably cause a great deal of public reaction

E) are largely repetitive and very costly

6. The writer of this passage feels that his new book on Fortran is justified because ----.

A) computer science is a new science with little relevant literature

B) computer professionals have not as yet recognised the changes taking place in computer science

C) it will boost the sale of computers throughout the world

D) it introduces a new approach to computer programming languages

E) it will change the concept of computer science among academia



Until the late l9th century most American museums and art academies considered watercolor an amateur pursuit or a preliminary to serious work in oils. Many American watercolorists saw the medium as a holiday diversion, using portable paint boxes and a free style to make what they called "snapshots" of their travels. In contrast, a few recognised the exceptional capacity of watercolours as a medium to provide clear and luminous colours in works that would evoke the ever changing nature of lakes and rivers they knew so well, and ultimately vie for supremacy with oil paintings in major art collections.

7. We can understand from the passage that, in

America, it was a long time before watercolours ----.

A) were taken seriously as an art form

B) fell out of public favour

C) lost their appeal and gave way to oils

D) were confined to the depiction of lakes and rivers

E) became an amateur pursuit among the ordinary people

8. According to the passage, some American artists felt that watercolour ----.

A) and oil painting were equally effective as mediums for the portrayal of human emotions

B) had been overworked for centuries

C) was only to be practised as a hobby on holidays

D) had always been superior to oil painting

E) was an ideal means for representing nature in its various shades and colours

9. The passage explains clearly how ----.

A) watercolour has revolutionised landscape painting in America

B) watercolour slowly gave way to oils in art collections

C) American museums and art galleries have collected their oil paintings and watercolours

D) watercolour has come to be recognised in America as a valid art medium

E) watercolour differs in style and execution from oil painting

"Human rights" is a fairly new name for what were formerly called "the rights of man”. It was Eleanor Roosevelt in 1940s who promoted the use of the expression "human rights" when she discovered, through her work in the United Nations, that the rights of men were not understood in some parts of the world to include the rights of women. The "rights of man” at an earlier date had itself replaced the original term "natural rights", in part, perhaps, because the concept of natural law, with which the concept of natural rights was logically connected, had become a subject of controversy.

10. The passage explains the stages by which----.

A) the United Nations carried out its procedures

B) Eleanor Roosevelt developed the idea of human rights

C) the term "human rights" came into use

D) the various "rights of man" came to be recognised

E) human rights are today being violated throughout the world

11. By referring to Eleanor Roosevelt, the author

points out that, before the 1940s, the term "the rights of man” ----.

A) had always been used in conjunction with "the rights of women"

B) had come under severe criticism

C) had long been a subject of controversy among politicians

D) had already become irrelevant in world politics

E) had often been misunderstood by some nations

12. It is pointed out in the passage that the

disagreement over the concept of natural law----.

A) was actually of no significance in many parts of the world

B) meant that the term "natural rights" was no longer acceptable

C) forced Eleanor Roosevelt to introduce the term "human rights"

D) undermined the work of the United Nations

E) was closely connected with the growing recognition of the rights of women



After 1933 the Western World realised that it was living in another age of absolutism, or rather, in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than the worst of the old absolute kings; such regimes could be seen to be enforcing a "law" that was the command hardly of a "sovereign" but of a cruel and genocidal despot. It was ordinary people who protested: "This cannot be law. Law, if it is to deserve the name of law, must respect at least some basic rights to which every human being is entitled simply because he is human."

13. According to the passage, compared with the

absolute kings of the past, modern dictators ----.

A) have been far more cruel and oppressive

B) have shown a relatively high respect for the rights of the individual

C) have received considerable support from ordinary people

D) have shown leniency in the enforcement of law

E) have always been anxious to rule by law

14. The writer suggests that a major distinctive feature of "law" is ----.

A) to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in society

B) that it disregards the rights of ordinary people

C) respect for basic human rights

D) to uphold respect for the sovereign

E) that it should make a return to absolutism impossible

15. According to the passage, the major protest

against the despots of modern times ----.

A) has been largely on account of their genocidal actions

B) began to increase after 1933

C) has largely been confined to the Western world

D) has been due to a growing fear of totalitarianism

E) has come from common people who are concerned about their basic rights



The shopping centre emerged in the early 1900s in the suburbs that encircled American cities. Suburbs of that time tended to be chiefly residential and to depend on the traditional city centres for shopping. The first suburban commercial centres had three identifiable features; they consisted of a number of stores built and leased by a single developer; they were usually situated at an important intersection, and they provided plenty of free, offstreet parking. These "shopping villages" resembled small-town shopping districts, both in their architecture which was carefully traditional, and in their layout, which integrated them into the surrounding neighbourhood. The stores faced the street and the parking lots were usually in the rear.

16. Before the introduction of shopping centres those living in the residential suburban areas----.

A) were anxious to keep commercial activities there to a minimum

B) usually preferred to go to nearby small towns in order to do their shopping

C) found parking a great problem when they went downtown to shop

D) had to go into the centre of the city to do their shopping

E) felt that shopping facilities could not be integrated into such neighbourhoods

17. A popular site for the early shopping centres in the United States was ----.

A) the very heart of a big city with roads directly serving all the suburbs

B) one near an important road junctions with enough space to provide adequate parking facilities

C) the villages bordering on the suburbs of a town, since they too would benefit from the facilities

D) a suitable point far away from two or three suburban areas

E) one that was in the hands of a single developer and architect

18. The new "shopping villages" were reminiscent of small-town shopping areas ----.

A) since many architects felt these could hardly be integrated effectively into suburban conditions

B) although the stores faced onto the parking lots, not the streets

C) as regards both the architectural style and the arrangement of the buildings

D) even though the architecture was very different

E) as most developers wanted to bring something new into the commercial activities of the region



1996 KASIM KPDS

Certain features of the motorway undoubtedly ease the strain of driving. Gradients and bends are so controlled as to obviate the necessity of sharp braking and the absence of traffic approaching from the other direction removes one of the commonest sources of accidents. Many dangers remain, however, made more terrible by the high speeds of vehicles. A collision at seventy miles an hour is almost inevitably in its results. A mechanical defect in the car or a puncture can lead to loss of control and catastrophe. The car should be completely roadworthy and tyre pressures and treads need to be checked at regular intervals.

1. The passage emphasises ----.

A) that uneven tyre pressures and poor treads are the major cause of accidents

B) The fact that speed limits on motorways should be reviewed

C) The high incidence of accidents on motorways in comparison with other roads

D) Both the advantage and the disadvantages of motorway

E) The fact that basically motorways are no different from other roads, only wider

2. As is pointed out in the passage, the design of

motorways is such that ----.

A) it should never be necessary to brake suddenly

B) catastrophes can always be averted so long as the car has no mechanical defect

C) a collision at seventy miles an hour is rarely fatal

D) the dangers of driving are minimised but not the strain

E) it is difficult to estimate whether a vehicle really is roadworthy

3. One can understand from the passage that the

majority of motorway accidents are catastrophic ----.

A) as they involve head on collisions

B) because they occur at high speeds

C) as brake defects are the cause

D) since they occur on gradients or bends

E) since the motorways themselves are not adequately policed and controlled

The Antarctic is the most remote continent in the world and the last to be discovered, but nevertheless constitutes about one tenth of the world’s land surface. So far it has escaped the worst of man’s destructive ingenuity but today it is threatened by man’s insatiable appetite for natural resources, and seems to be in danger of losing its pristine environment which serves as the perfect natural laboratory for scientists to pursue knowledge for its own sake.

4. The human qualities that are dwelt upon in this

passage are mainly man’s ----.

A) concern for the environment and his determination to protect it

B) devotion to knowledge and scientific experiment

C) concern for the underprivileged and his desire to open up new areas of natural resources for them

D) respect for man and the whole created world

E) greed and the reckless way he spoils the world


Antarctic ----.

A) is at present virtually unspoiled

B) is a very small and quite useless continent

C) has noting to offer in the way of natural resources

D) has suffered greatly from natural sources of destruction

E) has a climate so incompatible to man that it is safe from man

6. One can understand from the passage that the writer ----.

A) greatly admires man’s persistent search for fresh natural resources

B) looks forward to the time when the world will benefit from the rich natural resources of the Antarctic

C) is opposed to all scientific projects concerning the Antarctic

D) does not want to see the exploitation of the Antarctic by man

E) is rather scornful of those who pursue knowledge for its own sake



Inflation is process of steadily rising prices, resulting in a diminishing of the purchasing power of a given nominal sum of money. In other words, you can buy fewer goods for 1 pound in December than you could in January of the same year. One type of inflation is known as demand-pull inflation. This occurs under conditions of full employment, when demand exceeds supply of goods; that is to say, when people want to buy more goods than are available. The process of demand-pull inflation operates as follows. An increased demand for goods leads to an increased demand for labour, resulting in higher wages and salaries. This has the effect of increasing costs of production and thus causes increased prices. However, as wages and salaries are higher, the increased demand for goods continues, and so the cycle goes on.

7. When there is inflation the purchasing power of

any given amount of money ----.

A) remains unchanged throughout a calendar year

B) starts to increase at a steady rate

C) gradually becomes less and less

D) has to be readjusted at the end of each fiscal year

E) is completely unpredictable from month to month

8. As is pointed out in the passage, the condition of “demand-pull inflation” ----.

A) has a positive effect on production efficiency

B) occurs when there are plenty of goods but few buyers

C) invariably leads to a state of unemployment

D) can only be checked by devaluation

E) is to be found when there are plenty of would-be buyers, but not enough goods on sale

9. The writer points out that, with demand-pull inflation there is an unending cycle of ----.

A) full employment and stabilized salaries

B) higher wages and more expensive goods

C) overproduction and falling prices

D) higher wages but falling sales

E) increased prices but better quality goods



In the business world today, many companies are showing less interest in the theoretical potential of their staff and more in what they are actually doing at the time. As an alternative or supplement to judging academic credentials, many firms have developed “assessment-centres” in which employees handle simulated business problems, in a setting as close to real life as possible, to demonstrate their competence or indicate the need for training. Candidates for administrative jobs, for example, might work their way through a sample in-box. Bosses find those promoted because of their assessment-centre scores to be competent and the candidates feel the system is fair. In fact, the systems can be working well and giving satisfaction.

10. According to the passage, the trend in business

today ----.

A) is to put less and less emphasis on academic qualifications

B) remains roughly what it was at an earlier date

C) is to make all employees try their hand at administrative work

D) is to promote those who have theoretical knowledge though lacking in technical background

E) is to keep moving employees round from one job to another

11. We can understand from the passage that candidates who get poor assessment-centre scores ----.

A) are, in the majority of cases, without much theoretical potential

B) invariably lose their jobs

C) will never again be considered for promotion

D) are turned down as incompetent

E) will probably be offered further training programmes

12. It is clear from the passage that the system of

promotion on the basis of assessment-centre scores ----.

A) is proving unsatisfactory as too much emphasis is placed upon theoretical knowledge

B) it is starting to make for bad relations between management and worker

C) is proving satisfactory to employer and employee alike

D) is to be discontinued as it only tests a candidate’s ability to get through an in-box at speed

E) generally applies only to candidates with an exceptionally good academic background



In Eminent Victorians Lytton Strachey portrays four dominating personalities of the nineteenth century. He is, noticeably, free of undue reverence for the great; indeed his satirical view of life enables him to discover in them many flaws which were discreetly overlooked by previous historians. Perhaps his portrayal of General Gordon is the most controversial of all. Certainly he was a gifted and gallant soldier, but was he also an unbalanced mystic and a self opinionated eccentric? His portrait of Dr Arnold is also disturbing. Was he a wise and foreseeing educationalist and headmaster or try sternly imposing his will on the students in care? The questions thus raised are intensely provocative and make reading stimulating.

13. From the passage we understand that as a

biographer, Lytton Strachey was remarkable in his time for ----.

A) avoiding all subjects of a controversial nature

B) writing biographies not of the great but of little known people

C) concentrating his attention on the bad, even vicious people of his age

D) not giving an idealised picture of the great

E) conforming to the established norms and attitudes of his society

14. According to the passage, the biographies of Lytton Strachey are of a kind that ----.

A) unduly emphasise the faults and weaknesses of the person portrayed

B) leave the reader stimulated and in doubt as to the essential nature of the person portrayed

C) trick the reader into disliking the person portrayed

D) give the reader a great deal of unsupported gossip

E) the intelligent reader would do well to ignore

15. The main point of the passage is to ----.

A) bring to our notice how unreliable Lytton Strachey is as a biographer

B) explain why so many people have been disappointed by Lytton Strachey’s biographies

C) defend Strachey’s view of Victorian attitudes

D) compare and contrast Strachey’s portrayal of General Gordon with that of Dr Arnold

E) give an idea of the content, character and approach of the book Eminent Victorians



If the key to good nutrition is consuming a variety of foods, then vegetables can truly stand as the cornerstone of a health diet. Of all foods, they offer the most diversity. There are literally hundreds of varieties available to us, and because of careful plant breeding, today’s vegetable harvest is continually being expanded and improved. In addition, vegetables are replete with nutrients. They supply nearly all of the vitamins and minerals required for good health, many of them – especially starchy vegetables like potatoes and winter squash - contain complex carbohydrates, which furnish us with energy. Most also provide dietary fiber, and a few, such as lima beans and potatoes, can contribute significantly to our protein intake. At the same time, vegetables contain no cholesterol, have little or no fat, and are low in calories. In nutritional parlance, vegetables are “nutrient dense” – that is, their store of nutrients is relatively high for the number of calories they supply.

16. It is emphasised in the passage that vegetables

----.

A) provide us with vitamins and minerals but not carbohydrates or proteins

B) are a pleasant but unessential part of most people's diet

C) are highly nutritious and at the same time low in calories

D) have a surprisingly high calorie content

E) cannot take the place of meat in our diet

17. The author points out that the kinds of vegetable at our disposal ----.

A) are constantly increasing as new kinds are frequently being bred

B) are deceptive as the nutrient content is invariably the same

C) are unfortunately inadequate in most parts of the world

D) are not sufficient to keep anyone in really good health

E) have a dangerously high cholesterol content

18. We can understand from the passage that ----.

A) vegetables must be eaten in conjunction with foods rich in fats and minerals

B) only a limited range of vitamins are to be found in vegetables

C) potatoes are among the least valuable of the vegetables

D) the starchy vegetables are a good source of energy

E) only a small fraction of the nutrients we need for health can be derived from vegetables



1997 MAYIS KPDS

The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to be culprit and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of the arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoking.

1. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine ----.

A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart

B) is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking

C) affects animals more seriously than humans

D) has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers

E) has an adverse effect only upon the arteries

2. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ----.

A) have ruled out any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans

B) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor

C) have so far not raised any controversial opinions

D) have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body

E) indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors


A) describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effects of carbon monoxide

B) emphasises the role nicotine and vitamin D play in the heart diseases

C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate

D) compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and carbon monoxide

E) give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases

Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development, here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact.

4. The author is of the opinion that improvements

in the field of agriculture ----.

A) cannot be achieved through vocational training

B) can easily be realised

C) have already led to good results

D) are absolutely vital for productivity

E) have largely been confined to technology


agriculture community ----.

A) tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer

B) is eager for more vocational training

C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training

D) has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques

E) is not the one that welcomes change

6. The author concludes that vocational training in

agriculture ----.

A) will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society

B) will provide farmers with a wide range of opportunities

C) will be futile unless it’s backed up with various incentives

D) is regarded as a priority for social development

E) has often been underestimated by various authorities



Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionising such traditional subjects as growth economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics.

7. The author points out that the term ‘the

economics of education’ ----.

A) has only come into use in very recent years

B) has for decades been under discussion among economists

C) is of little significance in orthodox economics

D) has only been accepted in educational circles

E) is gradually disappearing from economic writings

8. According to the passage, the economics of

education ----.

A) is not connected in anyway with investment in man

B) relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity

C) has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics

D) has today come into the forefront of economic thinking

E) is one of the earliest branches of general economics

9. The author suggests that the earlier branches of

economics ----.

A) have grown steadily in importance

B) have been substantially modified through the introduction of the economics of human resources

C) have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economics of human resources

D) gave great importance to the idea of human investment

E) constituted the essence of the economics of human resources

Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard’s ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.

10. It is clear from the passage that tigers ----.

A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey

B) are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals

C) are sensitive to significant variations in temperature

D) closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength

E) rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey

11. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ----.

A) is usually the favoured habitats of the tiger

B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding

C) provides camouflage for leopards

D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels

E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey

12. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought ----.

A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it

B) hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger

C) the leopard’s hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger

D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals

E) the tiger’s senses are not particularly well developed



Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person’s head, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They, therefore, continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence.

13. As we learn from the passage, the age-old

controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment ----.

A) is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless

B) was finally received in the 1800s

C) has only recently become a subject for serious research

D) does not seem to have ceased yet

E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it is today

14. According to the passage, in the early

nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person’s mental capacity ----.

A) could never be changed

B) depended upon the head size

C) was purely heredity

D) was completely shaped by the environment

E) was fundamental to his character

15. One may conclude from the passage that a full

understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ----.

A) can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated

B) has finally been achieved by modern scientists

C) is sure to be realised within the next few years

D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future

E) will emerge through theoretical rather than experimental studies

The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for his mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of the 20th century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives readers the ‘feel’ of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His latest novel ‘World’s Fair’ shows how the events of the turbulent 1930s helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist.

16. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow’s

novel ‘World’s Fair’ ----.

A) describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist

B) is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s

C) demonstrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society

D) fails to give his readers a ‘feel’ of the 1930s in America

E) gives the account of how the thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived

17. From the passage we learn that a blend of

fiction and history ----.

A) has not always been Doctorow’s primary concern

B) is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novels

C) is a striking feature of Doctorow’s writing

D) is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself

E) is never to be found in the traditional novel

18. We see in the passage that Doctorow’s purpose

in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary ----.

A) is to build up a convicting picture of a period

B) did not achieve the result he aimed for in ‘World’s Fair’

C) has been frequently criticised by his readers

D) has not been properly appreciated except in the case of ‘World’s Fair’

E) has been shared by other 20th century American novelists



1997 KASIM KPDS

In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the following recommendations. The Developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their manufactures and semi manufactures by the elimination of quotas and tariffs. International commodity agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilise commodity prices. Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The Conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 per cent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.

1. As can be understood from the passage, the

1964 United nations Conference on Trade and Development was remarkable because ----.

A) the developing countries now had the chance, for the first time, to have free access to the markets of the developed countries.

B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilisation of world commodity prices.

C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed countries.

D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreements.

E) the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on trading matters.

2. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ----. A) each country was to benefit from compensation

schemes.

B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore.

C) developed countries should not benefit from compensation schemes.

D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect as soon as possible.

E) the poorer countries should be compensated for their general trade deficits.

3. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ----.

A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming from underdeveloped member countries.

B) considerably raised the world trade tariffs on a variety of commodities.

C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdeveloped.

D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the world’s trade barriers.

E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods of the underdeveloped countries.



In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere, around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north. Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the icepack. A portion of the ice-covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered.

4. As we can understand from the passage, it was

assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ----.

A) seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplorable.

B) could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere.

C) had a regular and unchanging coastline.

D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South Pole.

E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice-pack began to melt.

5. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook’s voyage in the 18th century that ----.

A) the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched

B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made.

C) people began to realise just how small the land mass here was.

D) multi-national projects for the exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect.

E) the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world.

6. It is clear from the passage that, following

various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic, ----.

A) Edward Bransfield joined the international project to study the ice-pack of the continent.

B) many explorers were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there.

C) explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of the continent.

D) Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area.

E) the first major, large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in 1841.



Oceanography is the scientific study of the world’s oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earth’s surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. These are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of the marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evaluation of the ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans wi

7. In the passage the writer does not dwell on ----.

A) the purpose and research concerns of biological oceanography.

B) the history of oceanography studies, and the range of these studies

C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping.

D) the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans.

E) what geological oceanography and chemical oceanography deal with.

8. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities, oceanography ----.

A) cooperates with some of the other sciences

B) focuses only on the discovery of the new energy resources in the oceans

C) benefits extensively from the findings of biology.

D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment.

E) has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other sciences.

9. We understood from the passage that over the

last hundred years or so ----.

A) many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate.

B) the oceans have been extensively exploited for food and mineral deposits.

C) British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basis.

D) scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment.

E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science.



In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies that is, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed; that industrial power should be so reduced that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive war; that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories; that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.

10. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam

Agreement ----.

A) was originally proposed by the United States.

B) was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with the Soviet Union.

C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in Europe.

D) improved the relations between the Soviet Unions and the West.

E) was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany.

11. According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was that ----.

A) the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression.

B) the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision.

C) the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued.

D) Germany’s industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level.

E) local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare.

12. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ----.

A) a European political institution to safeguard peace.

B) a step-by-step reduction of Germany’s economic efficiency.

C) the restoration of democracy throughout Europe.

D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help the recovery of industry there.

E) the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany.



The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country to country and with the type of government; the more civilised and democratic the state is, the less police intervention there is. England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established county and borough forces maintained by local police authorities throughout England and Wales.

13. It is clear from the passage that one of the major

concerns of the police is ----.

A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society.

B) to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour.

C) the enlargement of their own powers as far as is compatible with democracy.

D) to uphold the universal principles of democracy.

E) to intervene, when necessary, in matters of legislation.

14. We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ----.

A) are much stronger in country areas than in cities.

B) cannot be limited in democratic countries.

C) have been strongly criticised in England.

D) were first defined by the British government in 1829.

E) are closely related to the political regime of a country.

15. The writer tells us that, before England set up a

police force, ----.

A) various countries had already established one of their own.

B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities.

C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order.

D) the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible.

E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain.



The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as “the International Bank” or as “the World Bank” is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries; and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest on the loan, and repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank’s requirements for interest and repayment.

16. It is pointed out in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ----.

A) provide the nations with a constant source of income for its various projects.

B) bring all developing countries up to the same level of economic prosperity.

C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular, with the necessary financial support for the realisation of their major development projects.

D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic position.

E) make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries.

17. We can understand from the passage that the World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ----.

A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest.

B) it has been unanimously approved by the United Nations.

C) these countries are in a position to finance a good part of these projects.

D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for the industrialisation of these countries.

E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable interest rate on the money lent.

18. The passage gives a general account of ----.

A) why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies in favour of developing countries.

B) how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations.

C) the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries.

D) how the financial policies of the World Bank are controlled by the United Nations.

E) the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries.



1998 MAYIS KPDS

Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper in substance, an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced, such as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timber-growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland.

1. We can understand from the passage that,

throughout history, paper ----.

A) has played a vital role in the advancement of learning

B) has been a major export item for Asian countries, and for China in particular

C) has been produced from a wide range of materials

D) has been valued as a means of communication more in the West than in the East

E) has largely been used for documentation rather than for learning

2. It is obvious from the passage that today the wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ----.

A) is largely provided by the countries which produce a great deal of timber

B) is produced from a variety of substances other than timber

C) can only be produced economically with the aid of sophisticated technology

D) is normally made from raw materials locally available

E) can most readily be prepared from timber with a high fibrous content


A) explain why there has been so little change in the development of papermaking

B) describe how the West learned the techniques of papermaking

C) account for the economic implications of the paper industry

D) give a historical account of papermaking with emphasis on the main raw materials used

E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking



The great expansion in energy demand over recent years has been met to a large extent by petroleum oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts of the world are still not fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise in the price of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis which affected the economies of consumer countries. One result of this crisis has been that Britain has increased its North Sea oil production and become the fifth largest oil producing country in the world.

4. It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet its

increasing energy needs, the world ----.

A) will have to develop new sources of energy in addition to petroleum oil

B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis

C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on petroleum oil

D) has had to rely more and more on British oil

E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of energy sources

5. One can understand from the passage that further oil explorations ----.

A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices

B) are unlikely to produce any positive results

C) should be carried out both in the Middle East and in the North Sea

D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East

E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of petroleum as yet untapped

6. According to the passage, one result of the oil

crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been that ----.

A) the world has learned to reduce its energy consumption

B) Britain has become one of the leading oil producers

C) many new oil fields throughout the world have been prospected and brought into production

D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of petroleum oil in the world

E) consumer countries have had to redefine their economic priorities



In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with Panama, which gave the United States rights in perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land extending across the narrowest part of Panama for the purpose of building and running a canal. The canal built, now known as the Panama Canal, connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and is just over 80 km long. Its depth varies from 12 to 26 meters. It is constructed above sea-level, with locks and has been available for commercial shipping since 3 August 1914. An agreement was reached in 1978 for the waterway to be turned over Panama by the end of the century.

7. According to the passage, with the 1978 agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was agreed that ----.

A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly supervised by Panama and the United States

B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the United States for ever

C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of the century

D) the costs would be shared equally between Panama and the United States

E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping from all countries

8. We understand from the passage that the locks in the Panama Canal are essential ----.

A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long stretch of waterway

B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise shipping in the canal

C) lest enemy ships attempt to enter the Canal

D) even though the United States would have preferred not to build them

E) because there is a difference between the level of the Canal and that of the sea

9. As it is pointed out in the passage, the Panama Canal ----.

A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and the United States

B) has continuously caused friction between the United States and Panama

C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since it was first opened

D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at their closest point

E) has become the world’s busiest waterway for commercial shipping



When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However, experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning good systems of communication and transport and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate postdisaster period. Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication facilities, and transportation exist.

10. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part of the relief work following a disaster, ----.

A) the most difficult to organise is the fair distribution of supplies

B) mass immunisation is not usually to be recommended

C) communication facilities are among the most urgent measures to be taken

D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded

E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of the displaced population

11. We can understand from the passage that, in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ----.

A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communication facilities

B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned

C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunisation

D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity of the relief phase

E) conditions are not favourable for the implementation of an efficient immunisation programme

12. We can understand from the passage that, if

transport and communication facilities are inadequate, ----.

A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected

B) the population at risk has to be removed to a safer place

C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious

D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation

E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available



Universities are institutions of higher education whose principal objects are the increase of knowledge over a wide field through original thought and research and its extensions by the teaching of students. Such societies existed in the ancient world, notably in Greece and India, but the origin of the University as we know it today lies in medieval Europe, the word “universitas” being a contraction of the Latin term for corporations of teachers and students organised for the promotion of higher learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised under this description were at Bologna and Paris in the first half of the 12th century. Oxford was founded by an early migration of scholars from Paris, and Cambridge began with a further migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over Europe from the 14th century onwards.

13. The main concern of the passage is ----.

A) the comparison of different types of university

B) the development of the European universities from the Middle Ages to the present

C) to describe the aims and the early history of universities

D) to explain how and why the medieval university came into being

E) to emphasise the need for research in universities

14. According to the passage, one of the primary goals of a university is to ----.

A) encourage the establishment of higher education institutions

B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching and research in a wide variety of fields

C) provide students with professional training

D) supervise the research undertaken by other institutions in society

E) make arrangements for the exchange of students and scholars in the world

15. The writer points out that, although the origins

of universities can be traced to antiquity, the history of the modern university ----.

A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and Cambridge universities

B) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the word “universitas”

C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe

D) really dates from the Middle Ages

E) largely depends on the studies carried out at Bologna and Paris



Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts, that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature, which seeks to give expression to the artist’s feelings about his subject rather than to be concerned with form and reality. The romantic view is that art is nature seen through a temperament; the realist view, on the other hand, is that art is a slice of life. In painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist par excellence with his uncontrolled expression of the passions and love of the exotic. In literature the Romantic movement reached its finest form in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament in the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found at all times and places, although whether or not it becomes predominant depends on contemporary taste.

16. The writer explains that the most distinctive characteristic of Romanticism is ----.

A) an accurate description of the natural world

B) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual life

C) the expression of individual’s emotions

D) the importance it attaches to form rather than to content

E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic

17. It is suggested in the passage that as an approach to life, the Romantic view ----.

A) is constantly recurrent in the human temperament

B) has often been subordinate to Classicism

C) is out of favour in the contemporary world

D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of art

E) came into being as a reaction against Realism

18. The passage quite simply describes ----.

A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon Romanticism in literature

B) the romantic quality of Delacroix’s painting and its counterpart in literature

C) the similarities and differences between Romanticism and other literary movements

D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic temperament in the contemporary world

E) what Romanticism is and who its major exponents have been



1998 KASIM KPDS

Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school.

1. The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ----.

A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them.

B) they cease to mix socially with the poor.

C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and ways.

D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again.

E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry.

2. According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ----.

A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education.

B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor.

C) all children, regardless of their social class, should receive the same formal education.

D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities.

E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone.

3. The main argument of the passage is that ----.

A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same school.

B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school, since they learn them at home.

C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty.

D) Since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential.

E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life.



Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin Trevelyan, who is the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He avoids the flourish which characterises modern politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional, at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an audience. His face is inexpressive, solid almost. He evades making promises and is completely lacking in vision. He is a politician whose talent has never been to inspire the mob.

4. We can understand from the passage that Robin

Trevelyan ----.

A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public eye.

B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway public feeling.

C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical politician of our time.

D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister.

E) is one of those rare politicians who really understands the psychology of the people.

5. With regard to the Prime Minister’s new

righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage that one of his shortcomings as a politician is ----.

A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party.

B) his inability to follow someone else’s lead.

C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a vision.

D) his tendency to scorn public opinion.

E) his fondness for modern political manners.

6. In this passage, the writer has set out to ----.

A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present Prime Minister.

B) criticise modern British politics in the person of the Prime Minister.

C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time.

D) account for the failure of the Prime Minister’s previous adviser

E) present a concise study of the political personality of the Prime Minister’s new adviser.

Work is central in British culture. When someone asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean ‘What work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a paid job?’. Yet many people without a paid job work at other kinds of productive activities. Women, notably, perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term ‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work, some of which can take more time and energy than we put into our paid employment from the voluntary working in the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued as this; some people value leisure more, and work only as much as they need in order to provide basic necessities.

7. The writer suggests that people tend to regard

the word ‘work’ as ----.

A) referring only to paid employment.

B) being limited only to voluntary work.

C) relating only to physical effort.

D) interchangeable with “leisure”.

E) an activity with an end-product.

8. The writer points out that, unlike the case in

Britain, in some cultures ----.

A) work in any form is highly respected.

B) unpaid activities such as housework make up virtually the whole of a woman’s day.

C) voluntary work is held in high respect.

D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary importance.

E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their basic necessities.

9. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ----.

A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones.

B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones.

C) are always assigned to women rather than to men.

D) are not readily available in Britain.

E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to work.



Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their wide spread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is not , however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what is deviant drinking behaviour.

10. It is pointed out in the passage that

psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because ----.

A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with them.

B) people with problems find them helpful

C) their effects have been proved to be harmless

D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs and legally obtainable

E) society at large regards them as harmful

11. According to the author, the consumption of alcohol in the world ----.

A) is particularly widespread among members of sub-cultures

B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group

C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class

D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour

E) made the practices and behaviour of sub-cultures in society more uniform

12. The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups ----.

A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced

B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs

C) as regards why businessman drink so much

D) as to why Italians and Jews have different drinking habits

E) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed



In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about improving women’s position, ending male privilege and doing away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal opportunities legislation was enacted in many countries, and the voice of the women’s movement was heard criticising discrimination between the sexes in every sphere of working life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of job segregation and inequality. The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality with men while others pursue the revaluation of women’s skills and ‘womanly’ virtues.

13. It is pointed out in the passage that many people in the early 1970s ----.

A) realised that a majority of women were not genuinely interested in job segregation

B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could improve the position of women in society

C) actively took part in women’s demonstrations against male aggression and dominance in the workplace

D) confidently expected the elimination of the inequality existing between the sexes

E) were scarcely aware of there being any discrimination between the sexes

14. According to the author, legislation against gender discrimination ----.

A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the improvement of women’s position in society

B) has been grossly neglected especially in less prosperous countries

C) has, in many countries, already made the position of women fully equal to that of men

D) has brought about balance in society that satisfies the women’s movement everywhere

E) has been fully successful in eradicating job segregation in industrial countries

15. According to the passage, there are people in the feminist movement who ----.

A) argue that women don’t deserve equal opportunities with men in working life

B) believe that women’s qualities have been undervalued and should be reassessed

C) are convinced that women would have a stronger position if they kept their femininity

D) believe that the movement is far from achieving any of its original objectives

E) are concerned that the legislation against sex discrimination in working life may be revoked in the near future



All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is infinite variety in the nature and circumstances of these two events themselves and in what happens to our bodies and our minds in between. Some individuals, for example, are born without difficulty and grow uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence, suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They age gradually until, in extreme old age, they die peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an idealised picture of how we would like things to be, rather than the reality that most people experience. Death comes to many of us, not when we are old, but during or before birth, in infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle age.

16. One point made by the author in this passage is that we, as human beings, ----.

A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are inevitable

B) have all similar opportunities but use them differently

C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy adolescence

D) ought to take certain measures to avoid infections diseases in childhood

E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life and death

17. The writer points out that, though most people expect life to be free of care and death easy, ----.

A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence or in adulthood

B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised condition

C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case

D) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it than this

E) this is seldom the case except in old age

18. In this passage the writer points out the disparity between ----.

A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and the tragic experience of a small minority

B) what everyone expects of life and what he actually achieves in life

C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later tragic ones

D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the actual life experience of the majority

E) the happier middle years of a person’s life and the more trying later years



1999 MAYIS KPDS

The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world's running water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40 metres in less than a kilometre Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters.

1. We learn from the passage that, though the

Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ----.

A) it is not the longest

B) it is in no parts particularly wide

C) there is very little topographical variety in its course

D) it is seldom used for the transportation of goods

E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime, hence slow-moving

2. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ----.

A) shelter many species of exotic fish

B) are in parts muddy and not fresh

C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls

D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha

E) flow calmly throughout its course

3. The passage largely deals with ----.

A) the differences and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile

B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon

C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon

D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many tributaries

E) The size of the Amazon and its topographical end aquatic features



The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to have been self-taught. As a young man his main idea was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said, the wrong place to be born in for anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and then of being a painter. But he decided that he did not play very well, and presently gave up painting. In New York in the 1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a store that decided he had flair and put him in its display department, and that was the start of his career. He worked for a number of shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation for innovative ideas.

4. One understands from the passage that it took

Gene Moore very many years to ----.

A) find out what he was really good at

B) return to his native town of Birmingham, Alabama

C) realise that he hated living in an industrial city

D) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artist

E) get a department store of his own in New York

5. It is suggested in the passage that Gene Moore spent his early years ----.

A) preparing for the career of his choice which was window-dressing

B) in New York where he made his dreams come true

C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his creative development

D) in Alabama where he got his professional training

E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama

6. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore become a window-dresser ----.

A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's fashion circles

B) more by accident than by design

C) only after he had established himself as a musician and a painter

D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York

E) even though he lacked any form of creative talent as his employers knew well



Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries today. But environmental scientists can still be surprised by the distances that large quantities of industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried by winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the University of Washington in Seattle have been involved in a case study of such pollutants which reached the West Coast of America all the way from Asia. They are keen to understand how such an event could take place and to what extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon-monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it seems increasingly likely that the West Coast of America is particularly exposed to pollution from Asia.

7. It is suggested in the passage that industrial

pollution in our world today ----.

A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean

B) is gradually being brought under full control

C) has been the main concern of scientists from the University of Washington

D) can be predicted and the necessary measures taken

E) can travel amazing distances

8. It is pointed out In the passage that one of the issues the chemists from the University of Washington are seriously concerned with ----.

A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save it from industrial pollutants

B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the movements of pollutants from Asia

C) is whether it might be possible to change the course of industrial pollutants along the West Coast

D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide levels around Hawaii

E) should be the prevention of the emission of pollutants along the West Coast of America

9. One can conclude from the passage that Asian industry appears to ----.

A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and relocation

B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental pollution

C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any other industrial pollutant

D) pose a serious environmental threat to the West Coast of America

E) be a major competitor for the American industrial enterprises along the West Coast



Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in fact assembled for many different reasons. Some resemble star charts, trying to define the scope of the new and show us what direction poetry is heading. Others turn their gaze on the past, seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify influential currents of thinking and feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present enduring images of the beautiful for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers.

10. From the passage we understand that the writer ----.

A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to be the cultivation of a sense of beauty

B) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry anthologies

C) is rather critical of the way that most poetry anthologies are compiled

D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem poetry

E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to the poetry of the past

11. According to the passage, a major concern of some poetry anthologies is to ----.

A) introduce readers to the works of poets who have generally been overlooked

B) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our everyday life

C) help people to understand and appreciate the art of the past

D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets

E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary movements of the past

12. The writer compares some anthologies of modern poetry to "star charts' because ----.

A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in poetry

B) he is himself a representative of this type of poetry

C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate

D) he doesn’t believe the future can be interpreted by reference to the past

E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of various poetical movements



Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple: take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health has recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that we need on a daily basis. The daily amount required of these vitamins and minerals is termed the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet this requirement and more. As a new vitamin complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins and minerals, plus a total of no less than 31 other micro-nutrients, including the complete antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no more complete a multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So, because you don’t always eat as you should, it makes sense to take XXX.

13. One essential point made in the passage is that ---- .

A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in conjunction with other micro-nutrients

B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals is actually not adequate

C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals should not be exceeded by a supplementary intake of other nutrients

D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and minerals

E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for good health

14. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ----.

A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate supply of vitamins and other micro-nutrients daily

B) has been strongly recommended by the Department of Health

C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex currently on sale

D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals

E) is an aid to better eating habits

15. It is clear from the passage that, in taking vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one faces is to ----.

A) decide the quantity required in any given situation

B) keep the correct balance between the two

C) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant group

D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken daily

E) follow a strict diet that includes them all



In Japan, there is a government investment and loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal government spending, zaito relies not on tax revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn from the publicly-owned postal-savings system, which by law must place all deposits with zaito, and from the postal life-insurance schemes and various pension funds. The finance ministry, which has run zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money out. During the second World War, zaito financed Japan’s military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost funds into such strategic industries as steel and car-making. More recently, it has turned to “social” investments, such as infrastructure projects and housing.

16. According to the writer, the most distinctive

feature of zaito is that ----.

A) it has continued to be in use for longer than was originally envisaged

B) its revenues are invariably directed towards military rearmament

C) it provides the government with a revenue raised not through taxation but by way of personnel savings

D) it does not come under the mandate of the ministry of finance

E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among Japanese savers

17. It is pointed out in the passage that the resources of zaito were once used to ----.

A) strengthen the financial position of pension funds in the country

B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in Japan

C) improve the efficiency and performance of the Japanese postal-services

D) revive Japan's industrial potential

E) provide a supplementary source of income for the needs of the ministry of finance

18. One can easily conclude from the passage that the implementation of zaito has ----.

A) changed over the years in accordance with the pressing needs of the country

B) always been strictly confined to housing projects

C) greatly increased the operational capacity of the Japanese army today

D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving habits of the Japanese people

E) given a boost to the governments insurance and pension policies



1999 KASIM KPDS

Edison, one of the pioneers of modern technology, lacked formal education. His understanding of literature, art, history and philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had invented the phonograph and founded a recording company, his musical taste was abominable. He is, therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by academic scientists, who often forget that his ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts contributed significantly to the development of modern technology.

1. We can understand from the passage that some

scientists in the universities ----.

A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look down on him

B) argue that modern technology owes everything to Edison

C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and upgraded his inventions

D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison did

E) have no greater an appreciation of literature than did Edison

2. It is stressed in the passage that. with his creative talent, Edison ---- .

A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the universities

B) achieved great success in many disciplines

C) was able to contribute enormously to the progress of modern technology

D) exercised a lasting influence in the music world

E) was able to put his formal education to pragmatic uses

3. This passage, while admitting some deficiencies in Edison, ----.

A) seeks to establish his moral integrity

B) in fact stresses his achievements in the humanities

C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities

D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by non-scientists

E) actually focuses on the value of his work in technology



Under increasing social pressure in the late nineteenth century, some universities opened their doors to a small number of women. More significant, however, was the founding of many women's colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges strove over the years to maintain a curriculum equivalent to that of the largely male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the women's college movement saw themselves as social reformers. Although women entered universities in large numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, their participation was limited by their professional objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home economics and the like were "women's fields".

4. It is clear from the passage that higher

education for women ----.

A) received very little public attention prior to the twentieth century

B) had always been a primary concern for governments throughout the nineteenth century.

C) became feasible only after the establishment of women's colleges

D) only became available in the closing years of the last century

E) was soon on a level with that for men

5. To start with, as the writer suggests women's access to higher education ----.

A) was confined to certain professions

B) was greatly eased when radical social reforms were introduced in the nineteenth century.

C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth century

D) began to decline in the early decades of this century

E) has still not reached the anticipated goal

6. It is explained in the passage that the early colleges founded for women ----.

A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines

B) were largely governed by male administrators

C) made a great effort to keep their educational standards on a level with those of men's universities

D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects of the community

E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges



Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically of great importance. The ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement of air masses.

7. According to the passage, the earth ----.

A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it.

B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour

C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances

D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases

E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere

8. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ----.

A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere

B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere

C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation

D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the sun

E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in the atmosphere

9. We understand from the passage that the

troposphere is of vital importance as regards the weather, ----.

A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here

B) as it accommodates the ozone layer

C) even though the atmospheric variability is not predictable

D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth

E) because all the meteorological phenomena take place in this region



Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost anyone’s list he is counted among the leading serious American novelists today. Although he is not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely, and three have been made into movies. Readers, some critics excepted, have come to relish the blending of the fact and fiction that marks his odd scrutiny of the American past. In his recently published book, World’s Fair, he turns his historically inventive method on himself drawing heavily on material taken from his 1930s boyhood.

10. We understand from the passage that, in his

works, Doctorow ----.

A) uses both true and imaginary material in order to depict the past of his country

B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic aspects of his own life

C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely pertaining to American history

D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood in the 1930s

E) draws on the American past so as to instruct the present

11. It is pointed out in the passage that Doctorow’s

works ----.

A) turn historical facts and events into comic fiction

B) have nearly all been made into films

C) are rarely representative of the American way of life

D) have received relatively little criticism in literary journals

E) have a wide appeal for American readers

12. According to the passage, Doctorow’s latest

work ----.

A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his works

B) is already attracting the attention of the film makers

C) is a historical account of American life in the 1930s

D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method used in his earlier works

E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the years of his childhood

William Saroyan’s parents and relatives were Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school at fifteen and went to work, doing odd jobs. During this time he read widely and began writing in his distinctive natural style. By the late 1930s his many short stories, novels and plays had established him as a writer. Many of his stories have grown out of his experiences in the Armenian community around Fresno.

13. It is pointed out in the passage that Saroyan ----.

A) was already an established writer when he emigrated to America

B) based most of his stories on the life of the Armenian community that he knew so well

C) expected that one day he would be recognised as a great writer

D) began his career by writing short stories but later he became primarily a playwright

E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types but also other ethnicities

14. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan

began his writing career ----.

A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community to be better understood

B) before he reached the age of fifteen

C) after he arrived in America

D) as a self-taught man

E) with the encouragement and support of his parents

15. According to the passage, what made Saroyan’s

writing so special was ----.

A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other literatures

B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian immigrants

C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the Armenian community in literature

D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in California

E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote them



For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown to be the highest mountain in the world, political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and in Tibet to the North, prevented mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission and the first expedition organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by international joint committee, was sent out. This was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern flank, it found a practicable route up to the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had climbed on the northern face. Some were hampered by bad weather, others by problems previously little known, such as the effect of high altitudes on the human body and spirit. Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished, though the summit was never reached.

16. It is pointed out in the passage that during the

1920s and 1930s ----.

A) the governments in the Everest area were invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climbing expeditions

B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest and learn more about it

C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts to climb

D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was indeed the world’s highest peak

E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered almost no problems

17. We learn from the passage that the first Everest expedition ----.

A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan government

B) established that high altitudes have a negative impact on the human body

C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a feasible route to the peak

D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet

E) undertaken by an international team failed to achieve its objectives

18. According to the passage, several expeditions had, by the end of the 1930s, attempted to climb Mt. Everest but ----.

A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top

B) none of them achieved any measure of success at all

C) no suitable routes to the top could be found

D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no progress could be made at all

E) only one or two of them were in any way successful



2000 MAYIS KPDS

Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, above 40°0 for instance, lead to wilting, and even death in plant, because of structural damage to essential proteins. The problem is that plants react by closing their pores when, due to a serious heat-wave, they are subjected to water stress, so shutting down on transpiration and conserving water. Just as the body would overheat dangerously if it shut its pores to prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the shutting of the pores will cause permanent damage. if not death. Temperatures above -5°0 can damage most plants if lasting for half an hour or more. High soil temperatures will also damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake.

1. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave can

cause serious damage to plant life ----.

A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmed

B) even when the temperature remains below 40°C

C) unless the soil temperature remains stable

D) through harming the plant's essential proteins

E) especially if the soil is fertile

2. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of a plant in a heat-wave is due to ----.

A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within half an hour

B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its temperature down

C) overheating in the plant following the closing of the little holes in its surface

D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected easily

E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells

3. It is understood from the passage that, in extremely high temperatures, the roots of a plant ----.

A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients

B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt

C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to prolong plant life

D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect the plant

E) maintain their vitality so that they can function normally



A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, in particular those of Western Europe, is that buildings and streets devastated during the war are, once peace is reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the same manner as they existed before. Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the environment with total fidelity. This reflects the extent to which ordinary people value the traditions and culture of the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo presents an extreme example: it is quite common these days for the appearance of a street or quarter to change almost beyond recognition every year. In provincial cities as well, one often finds that an absence of several years has rendered a city almost unrecognisable.

4. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western Europe, in the post-war period ----.

A) people relished the chance to break with tradition and create a new style of city

B) new style of architecture were favoured in the bigger cities

C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the pre-war style

D) environmental concerns were usually disregarded in the reconstruction of cities

E) many countries were still doubtful about the permanence of the peace

5. According to the passage, unlike the Europeans, the Japanese ----.

A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions and culture

B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their cultural traditions

C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into city planning

D) paid considerable attention to environmental matters in rebuilding their cities

E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past

6. With reference to Japanese writer points out that ----.

A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive changes In appearance

B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional designs in architecture

C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards city planning

D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a similar design

E) there is a strong European Influence in city planning



Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future, as consumers in a global 'free" market. This makes a return to any sort of rural existence almost an impossibility for those tutored by the Western education system in the 21st century. The fact is that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural diversity, schools, colleges and universities today prepare their graduates poorly for anything other than a uniform urban existence. We educate the young from country to city alike, to be urban with urban appetites, skills, minds, dependencies and expectations. And as globalised future will overwhelmingly mean an urban future, our graduates of tomorrow will be trained, above all, to keep the wheels of the global economy running, with all the Implications that has for nature and society.

7. In this passage one feels that the author ----.

A) greatly values the educational system current in the West today

B) is not happy with the kind of education the young in the West are receiving today

C) admires the enormous contribution modern education is making to the global economy

D) look forward to the time when the world's population will all be urban

E) emphasises the high quality of modern education presently being offered to the young

8. The author argues that the young are everywhere being educated to ----.

A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free" market

B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban ways of life

C) appreciate the joys of rural life

D) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of life

E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the 21st century

9. In the passage the author seems to ----.

A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural values

B) be confident of the future of the global economy

C) favour free market policies throughout the world

D) expect that the young will create a better world in the 21st century

E) discount the idea that there is any cultural diversity In modern life



People in other European countries have been wondering for some time why and how Norway has stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland, Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any public debate, just a few months after the their governments had proposed the joining. By then, the Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 years, ever since their government had started the drive towards unionisation. One reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is that in both 1952 and 1987, when the Norwegian government sent off applications for joining the EEC, President De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He feared that the inclusion of Norway, as of England, would complicate and slow down EEC integration.

10. We learn from the passage that the government of Norway ----.

A) deliberated for over three decades whether or not to become a member of the European Union

B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many issues concerning the future of Europe

C) has generally collaborated with England on matters concerning the European Union

D) never showed any desire to join what was known in the 1980s as the EEC

E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and Sweden decided to join the European Union

11. It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle ----.

A) personally urged Norway. but not England to join the EEC

B) was the statesman largely responsible for the establishment of the EEC

C) was anxious to keep both England and Norway out of the EEC

D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the Norwegian government to join the EEC

E) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the countries of Continental Europe

12. According to the passage, Austria, Finland and

Sweden ----.

A) had, in the 19S0s, been designated by De Gaulle as future EEC members

B) entered the European Union with very little opposition from their own people

C) worked together to persuade Norway to join them in applying for European Union membership

D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 19S0s but they were only admitted in the 1990s

E) were among the few European Union countries to favour England's membership



In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters at rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine.

13. This passage mainly deals with ----.

A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life in Scandinavia

B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle

C) the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream

D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia

E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream

14. As we understood from the passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----.

A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter

B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries

C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in winter

D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters

E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle

15. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world

B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe

C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population

D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe

E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive



Within a short time after the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in how to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned into medicines.

16. We learn from the passage that before World War 11, Britain ----.

A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East

B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East

C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to them

D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals

E) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes

17. It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ----.

A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East

B) gave priority to the import of medicines

C) encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals

D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs

E) took serious measures to ensure that the country should not be short of medicines

18. It is clear from the passage that, of the special

arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ----.

A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan

B) the Getting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs

C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere

D) the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the country

E) the training of local people in the production of herb-based medicines



2000 KASIM KPDS

Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to take responsibility for what they have done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy options for some people. They are all ways that offenders can avoid taking responsibility, because in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called "universities for criminals". Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they come out with a degree in burglary or worse. I am not saying that the answer is to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the vast majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to rectify

1. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----.

A) teach people to become better citizens

B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever

C) should be remodelled on the lines of universities and polytechnics

D) should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to society

E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in society

2. According to the writer, such a traditional punishment as fining ----.

A) helps to keep the crime-rate down

B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact that they have hurt society

C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment

D) is highly effective if the offenders are young

E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment

3. According to the passage, restorative justice ----.

A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed

B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent

C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no victim

D) is too idealised and has little chance of working successfully

E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen



In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting of the first vintage of the millennium. But long before the finished product reaches the shelves - before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some cases - samples will be offered to exporters and distributors. A select group of wine critics will also be given a taste. Most will record their impressions in the extravagant prose that wine journalists unfortunately love to use. Others will go one step further and assign numerical grades. These days a high score is more effective than mere praise. it can make a comparatively unknown wine into a highly desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy.

4. According to the passage, before the new

season's wines even reach the shops, wine critics will have ----.

A) tasted samples and described or graded them

B) suggested suitable prices for each type

C) bought up large quantities of what they think will sell well

D) advised producers on the fermenting process for the next year's vintage

E) compared their impressions with those of other wine critics

5. In the opinion of the writer, most of the wine journalists ----.

A) dislike the practice of awarding wines numerical grades

B) generally use too many exotic words and literary expressions

C) have very little influence on the public's choice of wine

D) are less influential than distributors in the business of buying and selling of wines

E) should be consulted at all stages of the wine-making process

6. It is pointed out in the passage that the practice

of awarding numerical grades to wines ----.

A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the practice of describing wines

B) is not at all popular among exporters and distributors

C) has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales

D) means that little known wines never get a chance to be known

E) is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal description



One never finishes learning about art. There are always new things to discover. Great works of art seem to look different each time one stands before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an exciting world of its own with its own strange laws and its own adventures. Nobody should think he knows all about it, for nobody does. Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just this: that to enjoy these works we must have a fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to every hidden harmony: a mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the terminology and ready-made phrases of art appreciation. it is infinitely better not to know anything about art than to have the kind of half-knowledge which makes for snobbishness. The danger is very real.

7. According to the passage, great works of art are, in a way, like real people ----.

A) and we can expect to like them for some reasons, dislike them for others

B) because there is a lot to learn about them before we finally know them

C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to discuss them effectively

D) because they can surprise us and give us something new each time we face them

E) though, naturally, they are incapable of change

8. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of art, we must ----.

A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and ignore those that don't

B) learn everything there is to learn about art

C) keep finding new works of art to look at and compare them with our old favourites

D) look at them again and again until we have seen and understood everything about them

E) come to them without preconceived ideas and with a readiness to respond to whatever they have to offer

9. In the opinion of the writer ----.

A) the world of art is more exciting than the real world

B) the clichés of art appreciation are extremely dangerous and likely to stand in the way of genuine appreciation

C) it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art

D) everyone can and should acquire some kind of half-knowledge of art

E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work of art until we have exhausted all it has to say to us



In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops. Who still has time to read books, what with surfing the Internet, viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting in ever-longer hours at work? And presumably those few people who do still read books will be buying them on the Internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of a successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What about the practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old Simpson's of Piccadilly in London. With 265,000 titles and 1.5 million books, the new branch of Waterstone's stretches over seven floors. A department store, which once sold everything from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted entirely to one product - books. The new Waterstone's is almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five-storey bookshop, with a well-established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street.

10. The passage suggests that, in this world of

technological advance one might, in theory, expect that ----.

A) Internet, among other things, would make book shops obsolete

B) Internet would prove a serious rival to television

C) smaller bookshops would be brought up by larger ones

D) Internet book retailers like Amazon would find few customers

E) new digital television channels have little chance of success

11. in the passage, we are given a great deal of information about the new Waterstone's bookshop, ----.

A) together with the number and quality of the staff employed there

B) including the exact postal address

C) and the incredible variety of second hand books to be found there is given special emphasis

D) but it is the original use of floor space that receives special attention

E) including the fact that the premises once belonged to a department store that sold literally every type of goods

12. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer

makes the point that the new Waterstone's bookshop ----.

A) is designed and run like a department store

B) has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot of their trade

C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford Street

D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well--established bookstores

E) is not likely to attract many customers



The seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be methodically separated from values so as to make it truly 'neutral', or objective. In reality, he did nothing of the sort. His 'scientific knowledge', instead of being value-free, set out explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. 'Truth and utility are perfectly identical,' he wrote in his “Novum Organum”, and 'that which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory'. In effect, he merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of 'good' and 'evil' with the values of 'useful' and 'useless', or more precisely 'of contributing or not contributing to man's domination over or transformation of the natural world'. There were to be no limits to this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was to 'achieve all things achievable'. At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern science has followed Bacon's lead exactly, but does not admit it.

13. According to the author, the broad goals of

modern scientists are identical with those of Bacon, ----.

A) except that they regard nothing as 'useless'

B) only they avoid saying so

C) although Bacon never actually discussed goals

D) and even more ambitious

E) but they consider him too subjective in his outlook

14. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon was determined to make science objective and value-free, ----.

A) he know he was setting himself an impossible task

B) this was impossible as truth and utility are inseparable

C) he did not want man to have dominion over nature

D) he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts of right and wrong

E) he actually simply substituted one set of values for another

15. We understand from the passage that Bacon regarded science as a means to ----.

A) establish what was useful and what true

B) overcome such subjective values as 'good' and 'evil'

C) protect the natural world and so preserve it

D) give man power over nature so he could benefit from it

E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt



If a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles when it could instead be produced next door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of farmers, This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers' markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not impelled to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend towards ever larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a proportionally higher amount of human labour than mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms would help bring back some of the 700.000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last half-century of agricultural progress.

16. It is pointed out in the passage that it would be

to the advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at large if ----.

A) people were to eat locally produced food more often

B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of corporate middlemen

C) the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated

D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers' markets were forbidden

E) the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level

17. According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised ----.

A) as this is the only sure way to make money out of farming

B) as this is what the rural community wants

C) since no one is willing to work on the land

D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper

E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a very few products for global markets

18. The author is opposed to the trend towards

larger and mere highly mechanised farms ----.

A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices

B) since the quality of food they produce is poor

C) because it has resulted in a great many farm labourers losing their jobs

D) though he admits the quality of food they produce is high

E) though this is what the owners of small farms want



2001 MAYIS KPDS

In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is often possible. by means of carefully sited boreholes, to gain an idea as to the nature of the ground and water conditions. Under high mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be placed upon geological interpretations. As strata can vary so much, surprises are often met with and techniques sometimes have to change in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mls 628 yd long, completed in 1886) great quantities of water were unexpectedly encountered and are still being pumped out.

1. The writer explains that when a tunnel does not go deep underground, ----.

A) one can learn about the type of ground it is to pass through by means of strategically placed boreholes

B) the type of strata it is to pass through is unimportant

C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areas

D) the geological nature of the terrain does not, in general. have to be taken into consideration

E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very little

2. We understand from the passage that before any tunnel is opened ----.

A) an exact understanding of the nature of the rock strata around it must be gained

B) samples of the ground through which It is to pass must always be taken

C) it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the ground that is being tunnelled

D) the area surrounding it should be drained of any underground water

E) the suitability of the site has to be test-blasted

3. It is pointed out in the passage that the geological interpretations made of the strata through which a tunnel is to go ----.

A) are based on samples of the ground taken from boreholes

B) cannot detect underground waterways

C) are particularly relevant in urban areas

D) are not always reliable

E) are especially useful if underground water is suspected



As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a contemporary historian commented. "knew little of the mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding century persecuted and banished their ancestors to the woods of America". With each generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore large groups of colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no affection.

4. The writer makes the point that it is very hard to ----.

A) assess the separate causes of the American Revolution because they are so complex

B) justify the American Revolution historically

C) relate the American Revolution to the economic circumstances ollt1e lime

D) account for the political causes of the American Revolution

E) explain the social implications of the American Revolution on Britain

5. According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, ----.

A) generations of the colonists in America had dreamed of gaining their independence

B) the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones

C) many of the British colonists were still trying to maintain their ties with the mother country

D) the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Britain

E) the number of the Irish in America had more than doubled

6. The writer points out that, among the non-British colonists in America, it was the Irish who ----.

A) had suffered most at the hands of the British

B) were the least friendly towards Britain

C) united with the German colonists to oppose Britain

D) were among the first ones to settle there

E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these parts



Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task of the scientific translator, no less than the literary translator, has been to create new texts, to multiply sources into new languages, and thereby to produce new "originals". Over time, translation itself has built a great scientific library, ever more enriched, and accessible. Although we may think of scientific translation as literal, mechanical work, this has never been the case. The reasons for this are complex, but have much to do with the lack of exact one-to-one correspondence among languages. Translating science always involves interpretation, the remaking of an original. If it did not, machine translation would have long ago rendered the scientific translator extinct.

7. According to the passage scientific translation, just like literary translation, ----.

A) requires a kind of rewriting of the original text

B) should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret the original text

C) is becoming increasingly mechanised and making translators themselves redundant

D) has actually played a very small part in the spread of knowledge

E) is presently being carried out into fewer and fewer languages

8. The writer stresses that the job of a scientific translator ----.

A) requires more technical knowledge than linguistic

B) is far easier than that of the translation of literary texts

C) has been made much easier with the introduction of machine translation

D) is actually far more creative than has generally been assumed

E) goes back farther in history than does that of the literary translator

9. As the writer suggests, an important obstacle that a scientific translator faces, is that ----.

A) new scientific texts are growing more and more complex in content

B) very few people are interested in the translations of scienti1ic works

C) the machine translation of scientific texts has reached a high level of efficiency

D) the work is mechanical and tedious that it offers almost no satisfaction

E) the exact translation of one language into another can almost never be achieved



The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century England survived into the early 20th century, until home life was seriously dislocated in 1914 by World War I, which was a war on the largest scale the world had ever known. But since the last decade of the 19th century new developments and inventions had been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing number of people. Town and country were knit more closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as these helped to break down social formalities and to place women again on a more equal footing with men.

10. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a result

of a variety of changes in the way of life in England at the turn of century, ----.

A) travel by rail became the most popular form of transport

B) living conditions in the country couldn't keep up with those in the towns

C) the position of women in society improved significantly

D) country people were for the first time able to benefit from postal services

E) the urban people had the unique opportunity of exploring to countryside on their bicycles

11. According to the author, one of the damaging effects in England of World War I, was that ----.

A) more and more people began to leave urban areas and move to the countryside

B) the manufacturing industry experienced a severe recession

C) technological progress was adversely affected

D) the traditionally close family life was badly disrupted

E) everybody began to take an interest in political and economic affairs

12. The author points out that World War I ----.

A) helped to bring town life and country life closer together

B) showed people how important family life was

C) was a greater magnitude than any previous war had been

D) was an important factor in the break down of social formalities

E) had been expected as far back as the last decade of the 19th century



Most people take it for granted prices will always nice and understandably so. A 60-year-old American has seen them go up by more than 1.000 % in his life time. Yet prolonged inflation is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60 years ago prices in general were as likely to fall as to rise. On the of the First World War, for example, prices in Britain, over all, were almost exactly the same as they had been at the time of London in 1666. Now the world may be reverting to that earlier normality. The prices of many things have fallen over the past 12 months or so. Not only computers and video players, but a wide range of goods- from cars and clothes to coffee and petrol - are in many countries, cheaper than they were a year ago.

13. It is emphasized in the passage that, up to the

last half century or so, ----.

A) a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence

B) prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation

C) Britain was one of the few countries to suffer from inflation

D) people were more disturbed by a fall in prices than by a rise in prices

E) it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise or to fall

14. We understand from the passage that the experience of average Americans over the last 60 years or so, ----.

A) has made them one of the most economy-conscious nations in the world

B) has taught them to expect continual price increases

C) has impressed on them the need to produce more and more goods

D) has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure

E) has made them fear deflation more than inflation

15. The writer of this passage suggests that,

economic trends, worldwide, ----.

A) can rarely be accurately predicted

B) have been characterised by ever-increasing inflation

C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a few countries

D) have been affected by the danger of deflation

E) seem to be changing as the prices of many goods are falling



Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and flies when boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilised by chlorination; one tablet of halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canal may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin.

16. In this passage the writer points out that boiling ----.

A) is the only safe method of producing drinking water

B) is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water

C) is a reliable method of making impure water safe to drink

D) will purify water but must not continue for more than 30 minutes

E) is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries

17. We learn from the passage that, when sterilisation of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ----.

A) It is important to make sure that the water is not affected

B) it must be preceded by filtration

C) great care must be taken that no dust be allowed to get into the water

D) the best containers for the job are earthenware one

E) the process should be followed by the boiling of the water

18. We understand from the passage that, in certain

regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia ----.

A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water

B) river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it

C) people are cautioned not to use canal water because it is always infected

D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise infected water

E) skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease



2001 KASIM KPDS

Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook, or even just a line and a hook, the special feature of the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by a suitable bait. The requisites for a successful angler are knowledge of the haunts and habits of fish, skill in the use of tackle and a patience much in excess of that required for most out-of-door sports. Skill in the use of rod and line depends more upon actual experience by the waterside than on acquisition of theories published in books and magazines.

1. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for an angler to succeed, ----.

A) it is essential for him to know a lot about the ways of fish, and have great patience

B) he must have read a great deal of theoretical material about fish

C) it is of vital importance that he has all the right equipment

D) he must have a wide variety of bait for each species of fish

E) he needs to train in the various methods of angling

2. It is emphasized in the passage that angling ----.

A) is a very intricate art that has to be learned from books

B) is a sport similar to many other outdoor sports

C) is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and limited type of tackle is used

D) requires not so much actual experience as theoretical knowledge

E) depends more on the tackle and bait than on the angler's skilful use of them


A) the different methods of attracting fish to the bait

B) the art of angling and the requirements of success in angling

C) the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets out of this activity

D) the theoretical aspects of the art of angling

E) the importance and variety of the tackle used in angling

The parachute was used for certain kinds of military operation in World War I, but it was not until about 1925 that a conception of airborne forces, that is to say, large numbers of troops moved about by aircraft and deposited at or near the field of battle, by glider, parachute or aeroplane, came into being. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a large scale, and in army manoeuvres in 1930 she conducted practical trials. The Italians were also early in the field with the idea of parachute troops. The French had created an airborne battalion, but it was disbanded before the war, Great Britain had done almost nothing to develop airborne forces up to the outbreak of war in 1939.

4. The author points out that the idea of airborne

forces ----. A) first emerged in the mid 1920s

B) was a closely guarded secret for many years

C) was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be dangerous

D) was first developed by the Italians during World War I

E) was immediately recognized as of vital importance during World War I

5. We understand from the passage that Britain ----.

A) vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne forces

B) was extremely slow to recognize the importance of airborne forces in time of war

C) and France cooperated in manoeuvres of their airborne forces

D) was very concerned when Russia began military manoeuvres with airborne forces

E) 'Has one of the first to build aircraft for airborne forces

6. It is clear from the passage that one of the benefits of airborne forces is that ----.

A) it gives army and airforce the opportunity to compete with each other

B) they can be trained in a very short period of time

C) their main equipment is the parachute which is cheap and easy to supply

D) troops can be transported rapidly by air to a position close to the scene of battle

E) they can easily be mobilized and just as easily be disbanded



Letters are often autobiographical records of great importance and some collections of correspondence are practically autobiographies. The preservation and publication of the letters of famous persons is a practice that goes back to antiquity .Thirteen letters ascribed to Plato are still in existence at least some of these are considered by modern scholars to be genuine. Genuine letters of Epicurus and Socrates have also been preserved. Cicero's letters to his friend Atticus, to his daughter and to other, correspondents are among the most intimate and interesting autobiographical documents of antiquity.

7. According to the passage, it is believed that

Plato ---.

A) preferred letter writing to other forms of autobiographical writing

B) was the first of the ancients to write autobiographical letters

C) wrote only thirteen letters which contain a great many details about his private life

D) started the tradition of letter writing and this was taken up by Epicurus and others

E) may have left behind over a dozen letters

8. The writer points out that letter writing ----.

A) requires both a great deal of insight and precision of expression to be effective

B) was considered by Cicero to be a form of art which should be cultivated

C) is a practice that only celebrated people are interested in

D) has been traced back to ancient times and frequently reflects the personality of the letter writer

E) has furnished scholars with more factual and historical material than official documents have done

9. As the author suggests, Cicero ----.

A) expected that his letters would be preserved as records of his age

B) was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote most of his letters to her

C) wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as personal as those to his daughter

D) followed the lead of Plato in the art of letter writing

E) reflected his own self and life in his letters with remarkable sincerity

Literature in Australia is a branch of English literature in general, as one might expect from the fact that the population is very largely of British stock and that in education Australia followed English and Scottish traditions as it did in its other institutions. Unlike Canada or South Africa, Australia never had two cultures and two literary traditions, and its isolation during the 19th century meant that its cultural links were almost entirely with Britain. Australians read English books and English magazines for the most part, and 19th-century Australian writers hoped or expected to have their books published in England and wrote mainly with an eye to English readers.

10. In the passage it is stressed that Australians ----

A) avoided the example of Canada and South Africa in establishing their own cultural identity

B) were trying to create their own genuine literature as early as the 19 In century

C) were for a long time culturally and educationally closely affiliated with Britain

D) were extremely prejudiced against books and magazines published in 19th-century Britain

E) in the 19th century felt so isolated that they turned to Britain for support

11. We understand from the passage that the people of Australia ----.

A) have closer ties with Scotland than with England

B) are, to a great extent, of British origin

C) are similar to the people of Canada and South Africa in their literary cultural traditions

D) set up educational institutions unlike those in England

E) Like the people of South Africa have never had any interest in the indigenous population of their country

12. It is pointed out in the passage that England and Scotland provided models, for ----.

A) the establishment of cultural institutions in Australia as well as in Canada

B) Canada and South Africa as they developed their cultural and literary traditions

C) Australian institutions only during the early 19th century

D) Australia not only in education but also in other respects

E) cultural activities in Australia, but gave no support to Australian writers



An insecticide is a substance employed to destroy insects. It is significant that the word dates from the mid-19th century; only since then has any real progress been made in preventing the attacks and subsequent damage of insects, formerly regarded as unavoidable. Most of the earlier methods were based on the recommendations of such writers as the Roman author Pliny or upon folklore. A few were soundly based on observation and experience, but most were fanciful stories of doubtful logic. The evolution of modern insecticides owes much to gradually improving methods of testing. In early times natural plant products and minerals were used; later a great variety of industrial by-products and synthetic substances became available.

13. We understand from the passage that, up to the

19 century, ----.

A) most of the insecticides were industrial by-products

B) insecticides had been used in accordance with the advice of Pliny

C) methods used to combat insects had little scientific basis

D) the harmful effects of insects were not widespread enough to require the use of insecticides

E) Pliny was the only author to dwell on the subject of insect control

14. The writer points out that in recent times synthetic substances ----.

A) are no longer used in the making of insecticides

B) rather than natural ones have been used in the production of insecticides

C) are small in number and not easily available

D) are proving more efficient than industrial by-products in insect control

E) have fallen out of favour for various reasons 15. We understand from the passage that progress

in methods of testing ----.

A) has revealed the value of natural products in the production of insecticides

B) dates back 10 the Roman author, Pliny

C) has led to an increase in the manufacturing of synthetic materials

D) has developed alongside improved methods of extraction

E) has facilitated improvements in the development of insecticides in our time

Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been marked by a major exhibition in the city's old Stock Exchange building. The exhibit, "Cultures of Creativity", explores the life and work of Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of Stockholm's most illustrious citizens. The prize he established, first awarded in 1901, has subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists, writers and peacemakers for their contributions to humanity. The exhibit also examines the qualities needed to foster creativity and courage, and it explains how nominees and winners are selected.

16. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nobel

Prize ----.

A) has contributed enormously to the international fame of Stockholm

B) is generally awarded to scientists rather than to writers and peacemakers

C) is awarded to celebrate the invention of dynamite

D) has been awarded to very many people over the last hundred years

E) is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred Nobel

17. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ----.

A) will always be remembered for his contribution to the prosperity of humanity

B) had been involved in various creative projects before he invented dynamite

C) was a much admired and respected member of the Stockholm community

D) was known for his scientific creativity and political courage

E) gathered around him many scientists who were working on explosives

18. We understand from the passage that one of the major aims of the exhibit "Cultures of Creativity" is to ----.

A) demonstrate the procedures whereby candidates for the Nobel Prize and its winners are chosen

B) publicize and honour the achievements of the Nobel Prize winners

C) celebrate a hundred years of scientific advance

D) inform people of the main qualifications required for application for Nobel Prize candidacy

E) demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian progress can be achieved simultaneously



2002 MAYIS KPDS

Does advertising encourage waste by persuading consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of clothing, food and shelter, and that one of the distinguishing marks of any civilized community is that it lives well above the minimum subsistence level. Most advertising is designed to influence the consumer's spending power. In western countries, advertising has played a great part in bringing laboursaving equipment, and so a degree of leisure, and even luxury, to millions. Advertising that encourages the public to want more is also claimed to act as an incentive making people want to earn more in order to buy the goods advertised, and therefore making them work harder. For this reason advertising has been defended as having an essential part to play in the move towards higher standards of living. The defenders of advertising also point out that it is not solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend. Banks, insurance companies and building societies are amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage saving.

1. The basic aim of this passage is to -----.

A) emphasize the vital importance of advertising for banks and insurance companies

B) initiate a controversy as regards the advantages and disadvantages of advertising

C) enlighten the public as to the misleading aspects of advertising

D) draw attention to the large amounts of money wasted as a result of advertisements

E) present a positive attitude towards advertising and its benefits

2. According to the passage, one of the ultimate benefits of advertising is to -----.

A) make working life more competitive and sociable

B) encourage people to attain a higher and better standard of living

C) help banks and insurance companies to extend their activities to all sections of society

D) make the public better informed about how to manage their savings

E) advise working people on how to avoid excessive spending on luxury goods

3. One of the points made in the passage is that -----.

A) advertising does not always aim at making people spend

B) advertising is most effectively practised in western countries

C) luxury goods are more extensively advertised than other goods

D) the consumer can easily be deceived by the clever advertising of very ordinary goods

E) those who attack advertising are the very people most affected by advertising



Though Italy's national boundaries have altered relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national identity is qualified by sharp internal differentiation. Economic and occupational structures, standards of living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even language vary substantially between parts of the country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a comprehensive system of regional government with financial and legislative authority. However, the division of powers between central and regional governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter depend on substantial resources from the former. In the absence of clear and effective rules, relations between the regions and the central government are determined by a process of political bargaining. In this process, political alliances and personal linkages play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian system may be defined as a kind of federalism.

4. It is clear from the passage that in Italy, during the past 25 years or so, regional government -----.

A) has slowly become more powerful while central government has grown less

B) has enjoyed considerable power though this is not very specific in nature

C) has frequently been on bad terms with central government

D) has become financially independent of central government

E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the central government to bring uniformity to the country

5. The passage puts considerable emphasis on the fact that -----.

A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually every respect, among the regions of Italy

B) the vast regional differences in Italy threaten the political unity of the country

C) the traditional cultural, economic and linguistic differences in Italy have now almost disappeared

D) federalism is a system of government that is unsuitable to Italy

E) the central government exercises excessive authority on the affairs of local administrations

6. It is clear from the passage that local administrations in Italy today ----.

A) are hardly at all concerned about the preservation of national unity

B) are trying hard to get rid of the local differences of the country

C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the central government for financial and other support

D) are far stronger and better organized that they were in the 1860s

E) change whenever there is a change in the central government



Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English poet and critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century England, a period during which Italy and France produced large numbers of critical treatises, heavily influenced by Aristotle's Poetics. By contrast, Sidney's text is highly eclectic, drawing together aesthetic principles from several traditions and emphasizing especially those principles that are of primary importance to the Elizabethans: ideal imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an imitation of nature, but links that imitation to his view of the poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real nature we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature. Sidney also makes large claims for the didactic role of poetry, following Horace's idea that poetry teaches by delighting.

7. According to the passage, Sidney believed that -

----.

A) poetry's chief function was to give pleasure rather than to convey a moral message

B) Horace was the most didactic of the classical poets

C) Aristotle's Poetics had been unfairly neglected up to the Renaissance

D) poetry combines moral instruction with pleasure

E) literary criticism in 16th-century England was far more advanced than it was in Italy and France

8. It is pointed out in the passage that Sidney's Defence of Poesy -----.

A) is still the most highly-regarded work of criticism in English literature

B) is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotle's Poetics

C) enjoyed much popularity in 16th-century Italy and France

D) was entirely original since it drew on no other critical source or literary tradition

E) is the single important work of English criticism in its time

9. As we understand from the passage, in Sidney's view, the poet -----.

A) should make Horace his guide and instructor

B) must make pleasure the sole purpose of his poetry

C) should be fully familiar with the principles of Aristotle's Poetics

D) presents not an actual but a perfected view of nature

E) must first be instructed in aesthetic principles



Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th century. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. Ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height.

10. It is clear from the passage that the Great

Pyramids -----.

A) are at least as spacious as the average modern skyscraper

B) inspired the building of the great Gothic cathedrals

C) were as tall as they were wide

D) were designed on similar principles to the modern skyscraper

E) had no rival, as regards height, for four thousand years

11. We understand from the passage that the construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible -----.

A) after such new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use

B) once the technique of broad foundations had been perfected

C) after people had realized how much space could be gained by them

D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors

E) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded

12. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers of above 70 or 80 floors are generally uneconomic -----.

A) as the price of installing fast elevators is excessive

B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too large a proportion of the volume of the building

C) since the majority of people feel insecure above that height

D) though in appearance they are most attractive

E) even though the lower floors no longer need to be built on broad bases



Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater than 15 to 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any further and new growth becomes established, erosion may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the cutover land is continually removed by man or livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental problems can be severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 villages were wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate for such losses.

13. It is pointed out in the passage that

deforestation -----.

A) and erosion are only very loosely connected

B) is a matter that man can do nothing about

C) is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope

D) will stop once man has realized how serious its effects can be

E) has been practised more in Pakistan than elsewhere

14. We understand from the passage that once a forest has been removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff -----.

A) may be in itself enough to prevent the establishment of new growth there

B) will increase irrespective of the amount of rainfall

C) will steadily increase even after new vegetation starts to establish

D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the slope

E) will increase and this is likely to cause flooding

15. According to the passage, flooding-----.

A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year

B) results in silt deposits which compensate for earth losses elsewhere

C) is only a temporary disaster

D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that can be farmed

E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been largely overlooked



Trade unions, that is, workers' unions, are usually concerned to some extent with mutual benefit activities as well as with collective bargaining and the endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions. The mutual benefit activities have been greatest among the skilled manual workers, whose craft unions have in most cases maintained high rates of contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and often superannuation benefits. The less-skilled workers have not been able to afford the high contributions necessary for such benefits - particularly superannuation - and have usually provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit and of course dispute benefit), though some have provided optional benefits in return for higher contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits, most trade unions provide free legal assistance to their members in cases arising out of their employment, and fight important cases affecting their several trades in the courts of law.

16. We clearly understand from the passage that

one of the main aims of trade unions -----.

A) has always been to oppose management

B) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual workers enjoy the same benefits

C) is to keep rates of pay and working conditions equitable

D) is no longer to fight for full employment

E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum

17. We understand from the passage that skilled / manual workers enjoy more benefits than unskilled ones -----.

A) though their contribution rates are about the same

B) because they can afford higher contributions

C) since there are so many more of them

D) but they have not won as many law suits

E) which gives rise to the bad relations that exist between the two groups

18. As it is pointed out in the passage, most trade

union members are entitled to -----.

A) free legal assistance in law cases in any way pertaining to their work

B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of their contribution rates

C) take part in collective bargaining activities

D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit

E) invest in state insurance schemes and usually do so


96

2002 KASIM KPDS

In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name "science".

1. According to the passage, the major difference between the "gentleman scientists" and present-day ones -----.

A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities

B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not

C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles

D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be

E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are

2. The writer points out that in the 1960s -----.

A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry

B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age

C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past

D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense

E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war

3. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research -----.

A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry

B) finds its best milieu within the universities

C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate

D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers

E) is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application

4. The writer of the passage regards the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century as privileged because -----.

A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding

B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them

C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures

D) scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new

E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

5. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-14) in effect means -----.

A) deserving of a good public

B) setting good standards for society

C) ensuring a better future for society

D) beneficial to society

E) recognized by the general public as being good


97

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth's natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product.

6. One important point made in this passage is that -----.

A) desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation

B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms involves various health hazards

C) more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies

D) meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine

E) every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth's natural resources

7. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage -----.

A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock

B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock

C) is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine

D) is that livestock need water as much as plants do

E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops

8. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that -----.

A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat

B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine

C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production

D) the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat

E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

9. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods -----.

A) but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods

B) though the end product is extremely healthy

C) and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world

D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone

E) because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions

10. By the "pasturage argument" (line 9) is meant the argument that -----.

A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be cultivated and used to grow grain

B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely

C) cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage

D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat

E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage


98

The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He remains a great general but he is also shown to have had feet of clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer dwells on Wellington's vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the credit for his victories. This is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without diminishing his achievements and ends by reminding us that it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that there should be "a European code of laws, a European judiciary ... one people in Europe". The ogre's dream is coming true.

11. From this passage, we get the impression that the book being reviewed -----.

A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington

B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great general

C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to Wellington

D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington

E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture of Wellington

12. In the book under review, Wellington is criticized for -----.

A) not recognizing the role played by others in his victories

B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo

C) trying to buy people's affection and support

D) underestimating Napoleon's strength

E) failing to consult his subordinates

13. It is clear from the passage that the book under review differs from traditional biographies of Wellington -----.

A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more than his share of praise

B) as it questions his skills as a leader

C) because it shows up his human weaknesses

D) in attitude, but not in content

E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his virtues

14. We understand from the passage that in the book under review, Napoleon -.

A) is simply presented as the big enemy

B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united Europe

C) is shown to have had greater military skills than Wellington

D) and Wellington each admired the military skills of the other

E) knew from the beginning that he would never conquer Britain

15. In line 5, "feet of clay" stands for -----.

A) disgraceful impulses

B) unmilitary feelings

C) desires that have to be suppressed

D) basic human weakness or faults

E) an overwhelming desire to deceive


99

Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American life that it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast-food was born in America and it has now swollen into a $106-billion industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity than any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from its presence and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are 23,000 restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2,000 are being opened every year. Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat meals away from home on any given day and they spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal computers, or even on new cars.

16. This passage on American's fast-food industry -----.

A) shows convincingly that it is falling into disfavour

B) is clearly written by someone who loves good food

C) concentrates on negative aspects

D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast

E) reveals the support it received from government propaganda

17. The word "swollen" in line 3 -----.

A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry has grown

B) suggests that the growth is excessive and unhealthy

C) has very positive connotations

D) draws attention to the inevitability of the growth of the industry

E) implies that the industry will continue to grow on steadily

18. One point that receives a lot of attention in the passage is -----.

A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular outside the US than it is inside

B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs

C) the consideration the fast-food companies show to their employees

D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food industry

E) the idea that in such places as gas stations and trains fast-food is actually the only practical kind of food

19. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the fact that -----.

A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay even their part-time workers adequate salaries

B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now come to a halt

C) there are still more traditional restaurants than fast-food ones

D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high standards with which it started

E) local and traditional styles of food are being pushed off the market

20. The assertion at the end of the passage that Americans spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education -----.

A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent on fast-food by Americans

B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good food

C) means that 57 percent of the American population has very little money left over when it has paid for its food

D) is an indication that higher education in the US is not expensive

E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross exaggeration


100

Even though there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still abound and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases strike with increasing frequency, in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and undergo expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States.

21. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that -----.

A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples

B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly

C) there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children

D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances

E) in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems

22. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ----.

A) and most of the cures have serious side-effects

B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the present seem insurmountable

C) since research so far carried out in these fields has been quite inadequate

D) even though a great deal of money is being spent on research into them

E) but very little is being done by the authorities to combat them

23. The writer of this passage draws our attention to -----.

A) the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases

B) the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases

C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated

D) the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis

E) the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US

24. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----.

A) which is not confined to the patient alone

B) which is largely associated with pain

C) especially in the case of chronic illness

D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been made

E) especially when the symptoms are severe

25. In line 15 of the passage the term "significant majority" refers to -----.

A) an articulate majority

B) a statistically small majority

C) a large and important majority

D) a rapidly increasing majority

E) an unexpected but continuing majority


101

2003 MAYIS KPDS

It may be that golf originated in Holland but certainly Scotland fostered the game and is famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish Parliament, disturbed because football and golf had lured young Scots from the more soldierly exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that banned football and golf. James I and Charles I of the royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, whereby the game came to be known as "the royal and ancient game of golf". The golf balls used in the early games were leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. Clubs of all kinds were fashioned by hand to suit individual-players. The great step in spreading the game came with the change from the feather ball to the present-day ball introduced in about 1850. In 1860, formal competitions began with the establishment of an annual tournament for the British Open championship. There are records of "golf clubs" in the United States as far back as colonial days. However, it remained a rather sedate and almost aristocratic pastime until a 20-year-old Francis Ouimet of Boston defeated two great British professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the United States Open championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913. This feat put the game and Francis Ouimet on the front pages of the newspapers and stirred a wave of enthuslasm for the sport.

1. As we understand from the passage, golf only became a popular game ----. A) after an unknown American beat two

famous British golf players in a US tournament.

B) following the annual tournament organized in 1860.

C) in the time of James. D) after the introduction of annual formal

competitions in both England and America.

E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial America.

2. According to the passage, it was at one time believed in Scotland that ----. A) football was a better game than golf for

young people. B) annual tournaments made the game too

competitive. C) golf was having an adverse effect on

young people's military skills D) young people should be encouraged to

take up either golf or archery E) the origins of archery were in some way

associated with Holland

3. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ---. A) was to some extent practised in colonial

America

B) has been overshadowed by football in recent times

C) requires a great deal of expensive equipment

D) receives less newspaper coverage than football

E) didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as archery did in medieval Scotland

4. The point is made in the passage that golf has been described as a "royal" game ---. A) though for the last two centuries no kings

have participated in the game

B) since the professionals of the game are treated with so much respect

C) as golf clubs are particular about who they accept as members

D) because two British kings were passionately

E) which Americans find very annoying

5. As we learn from the passage, it was around the mid-19th century that ----.

A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish Parliament was repealed

B) the first formal golf competitions between America and Britain were held

C) the newspapers began to cover major golf championships

D) Scotland became the world's leading country in golf

E) important changes were introduced into golf


102

The economic news from Europe was particularly disappointing in the second half of 2002. Moreover, recent surveys from the region imply little prospect of improvement in the near future. Perhaps the most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in conditions in Germany-the area's largest and most important economy. Domestic demand in Germany is very weak and, with the global economy also struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not been able to export their way out of trouble as they have done in the past. With the economy in such a weak state, it is no surprise then that European stock markets have followed the US stock markets' downturn over the past 6 months. While individual share pries may be lower and market valuations look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems some way off and strong equity performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely in 2003.

6. We understand from the passage that the economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----.

A) are not foreseeable

B) are certainly promising

C) are constantly under discussion

D) seem most encouraging

E) don't look hopeful

7. It is pointed out in the passage that the present economic recession in Germany ----.

A) is actually not as serious as is being experienced in several other European countries

B) is being overcome by means of increased exports

C) is more persistent than previous ones have been

D) should have been foreseen much earlier

E) has been exaggerated in several surveys recently

8. The passage points out that Germany's current economic problems ----.

A) have left the stock markets of Europe unaffected

B) have led to a worrying decline in the world economy

C) are far serious than those of any other country in Europe

D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales

E) are in fact not as alarming as they were once thought to be

9. According to the passage, the trend in European stock markets ----.

A) does not reflect the economic situation in Germany

B) has been roughly the same as that in the US stock markets

C) improved greatly during the last six months of 2002

D) is related to the level of domestic demand in Germany

E) seems to change every six months

10. The phrase "to export their way out of trouble" means ----.

A) to expand their market capacity through more exports

B) to find trouble-free markets for exports

C) to work extremely hard to increase their exports

D) to put and end to the slump

E) to get out of the recession through increased exports


103

Scientist who study earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the emissions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life.

11. The point made in the passage is that it may be possible to ----.

A) come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon

B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles

C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon

D) identify the origin of the organic compounds found on the moon

E) have a full knowledge of the moon without sending anymore astronauts there

12. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.

A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon

B) the focussing of scientific attention on the comets

C) the resumption of lunar missions

D) the realization that life is possible on the moon

E) the realization that there were great similarities between earth and moon

13. According to the passage, even through there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ----.

A) none of them could claim to be successful

B) man's knowledge of the moon has not increased at all

C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface remains to date unexamined

D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored fully

E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon seems even more far-fetched than formerly

14. As we understand from the passage, a great many people ----.

A) believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely

B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough

C) are sure the moon cannot support life

D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on the moon is enough

E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as unfeasible

15. A major point made in the passage is that ----.

A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life in the universe

B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success

C) the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim

D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should have continued

E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon


104

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NITS) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a leading fire-safety expert, had the fire-proofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers would have survived longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes. NIST is responsible for drawing up the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the heat of the fires.

16. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers ----.

A) will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NITS

B) can never be established beyond doubt

C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to the heat of the fire

D) was not so much due to the heat of the fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes

E) is of special interest to insurance companies

17. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the strength of the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs were drawn up

B) NIST has already made a through study of the collapse of the towers

C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate

D) the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below standard

E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers

18. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in fire safety ----.

A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation

B) is to blame for negligence as regards the buming of the twin towers

C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures

D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers

E) should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning

19. As is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the towers ----.

A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse

B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention

C) is less important than the weakness of the steel structure as the cause f the collapse

D) had long been recognized by fire-safety experts as the weakest point in their construction

E) has never been considered by any serious body

20. According to the passage, if the tower collapse theory concerning the fire-proofing insulation proves to be true, ----.

A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the fight against terrorism

B) the victims' families will get no compensation

C) this will free NITS from all blame

D) then lawyers will have no grounds for objections

E) then NITS will probably introduce new building regulations


105

The long-expected decline in the dollar is now well under way. For years economists have predicted that America's huge current-account deficit would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the dollar's slide has been fairly gradual: it is down by 13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, though it has dropped by almost twice as much against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, declared that he favours a "strong dollar policy". That was surely the wrong answer, even leaving aside the debatable issue of whether cabinet secretaries can influence the level of exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now-so long as policymakers elsewhere respond appropriately. America promoted a strong dollar throughout the 1990s, when inflation was still thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than inflation.

21. It is pointed out in the passage that the American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong dollar ---.

A) seems less rational now than it did than

B) has proved successful in boosting the economy

C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary, John Snow

D) has frequently been disregarded by American economists

E) has been a major reason for the decline of the euro

22. It is stressed in the passage that for the American economy, ---.

A) John Snow's policies promise a great deal of hope

B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may pose the more serious problem

C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes a major threat

D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is of vital importance

23. According to the passage, what has brought about the fall of the American dollar, ---.

A) is the erratic global fluctuations in exchange rates

B) is the enormous deficit experienced by the American economy

C) as been a persistent recession in the global economy

D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by John Snow, Treasury Secretary

E) is the unexpected rise in the value of the euro

24. As we understand from the passage, the decline in the value of the American dollar has, ---.

A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the euro

B) bolstered American trade

C) been foreseen by economists over a long period of time

D) been a major headache for policy makers

E) followed an unpredictable pattern

25. In the passage, with the phrase "the wrong answer" is meant ---.

A) the American government's indifference to the decline of the dollar

B) the policy of keeping the dollar in the line with the euro

C) keeping the dollar strong through trade

D) permitting the current-account deficit to continue

E) the Treasury Secretary's preference for a strong dollar policy


106

2003 KASIM KPDS

During the past few decades four East Asian economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong - have achieved the fastest rates of economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its neighbors were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina. Today the four "dragons" account for 10 per cent of manufactured exports worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task in development economics. But most economists are content to cite the dragons as proof of their favorite theories - whatever those theories may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' reliance on private enterprise, markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes. Interventionists point with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of resources and highly distorted trade regimes.

1. According to the passage, the so-called four "dragons" of East Asia ----.

A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and Malta in economic growth

B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free-trade policy

C) are presently developing their own free-market strategies

D) have experienced a staggering and unprecedented economic growth rate over recent decades

E) have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the theories of many economists

2. It is pointed out in the passage that South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.

A) export more to the US than to any other country in the world

B) have been in fierce competition with each other in the export of manufactured goods

C) have developed their economies in accordance with the theory of development economics

D) admit openly that they have made use of various distorted trade regimes

E) export almost as many manufactured goods between them, as does the US

3. We learn from the passage that, in just over two decades, Taiwan ----.

A) became the economic model for the other "dragons" on account of its economic success

B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth among the four East Asian "dragons"

C) rose from a low-level per capita income similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one

D) attached far more importance to private enterprise than any other Asian country

E) was the only one among the "dragons" to exploit its resources to the full

4. According to the passage, there is no unanimous agreement among economists as to ----.

A) how far distorted trade regimes contributed to the economic success of the four “dragons"

B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead of Singapore and South Korea in economic efficiency

C) whether the growth rate of the four "dragons" will continue steadily

D) when the four East Asian "dragons" will catch up with the US regarding manufactured exports

E) how the four East Asian "dragons" achieved their miraculous growth rate

5. It is clear from the passage that the factors leading to the amazing economic growth of the East Asian "dragons" ----.

A) have not yet been determined by economists

B) are closely related to distorted trade regimes

C) are in line with the theories of development economics

D) should have contributed to the rise of Sudan

E) have confirmed the importance of political stability


107

Although women have made huge strides in catching up with men in the workplace, a gender gap still persists both in wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination to claims that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices for their careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the way men and women react to competition that manifests itself even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less responsive to competition than males - a tendency with important implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly competitive labor markets, for example, and hamper efficient job placement - especially for positions in which competitiveness is not a useful trait.

6. On the whole, according to the passage, women in the workplace ----.

A) are content to let the men compete among themselves

B) inspire a competitive spirit in men

C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve

D) have rapidly attained a position approaching that of men

E) keep themselves up-to-date with developments in the labor market

7. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely that women ----.

A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the workplace

B) become seriously concerned, at a very early age, about their future careers

C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the workplace

D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to get the promotion they deserve

E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do

8. We understand from the passage that, when a choice has to be made between work and family---.

A) men are less likely, than women to risk their careers

B) most career women naturally give precedence to work

C) women expect men to give the priority to the family

D) it is the women, rather than the men, who find making that choice hard

E) neither the men nor the women can readily makeup their minds

9. According to the passage, in working life today---.

A) women are preferred for certain jobs that require sensitivity

B) there still exists considerable discrimination against women

C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and quicker advancement

D) family concerns are what drive men to work harder and earn more

E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex discrimination is to be banned

10. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the reluctance of women to be competitive ----.

A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait

B) is the major factor contributing to the persistence of sex discrimination in the workplace

C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their families

D) only becomes apparent when they reach maturity

E) may prevent them from being appointed to the positions they deserve


108

The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two million people live squeezed together into the six million fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are springing up. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can thrive there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.

11. We understand from the passage that the canal under construction ----.

A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities

B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation project

C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara

D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt

E) passes through an overcrowded part of the country

12. As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.

A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one

B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry

C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta area will be reduced

D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be rapidly modified

E) it will set an example for the developed world to invest in desert projects

13. We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades,----.

A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates

B) has already started to transform the economic potential of Egypt

C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial activity is not provided for

D) is very near to completion and large numbers of people have already moved in

E) is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen

14. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----,

A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta

B) wants to move into the New Valley

C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than in industrial ones

D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem

E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley project

15. It is pointed out in the passage that the irrigation project for the New Valley ----.

A) has received a mixed reaction from the general public

B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast sums of money

C) has primarily been designed to case the overcrowding in Cairo

D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic economic recession

E) will make the inhospitable desert far more easily accessible


109

When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue political capital he would initially need to champion goals and policies that Kennedy had already been pursuing. Not long before his death Kennedy had scrawled the word "poverty" on a piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and became a symbolic justification for Johnson's declaration of the War on Poverty, early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed through Congress in his first two years as President, can readily be seen as extensions of the avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration. The details might have been different, but historians generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a second, America would have witnessed something similar to the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And some historians have argued that in this realm as well, Johnson indeed pursued a course that Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived, according to this line of thinking, he would have continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba and steady escalation of US involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was what Kennedy intended to do.

16. It's clear from the passage that, on assuming the presidency, Johnson ----.

A) maintained amiable relations with the Kennedys

B) was determined to put his own policies into effect, and leave his own mark

C) took great care not to antagonize Congress

D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's policies in international relations

E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy and ignore domestic issues

17. As we understand from the passage, one of the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----.

A) concerned the improvement of relations between his administration and Congress

B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism towards Cuba

C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam

D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign policy

E) was the elimination of poverty in the US

18. It is clear from the passage that initially Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies ----.

A) as far as they were in keeping with the national ideal of a "Great Society"

B) although in essence they clashed with his own

C) since he hadn't formulated any of his own

D) because he sensed this would make him politically popular

E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable

19. According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals and policies ----.

A) has been condemned by several recent historians

B) largely occurred during the first two years of his presidency

C) actually undermined his image as president

D) brought him into conflict with Congress

E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on Poverty

20. The passage makes the point that Johnson became the president of the US ----.

A) because Kennedy was assassinated

B) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty was extremely popular

C) because he supported the war in Vietnam

D) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on many national and international issues

E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers


110

The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a vacuum, the shuttle must carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound - the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and the engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode to punch its way into space.

21. According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----.

A) reach previously unimagined speeds

B) make space travel more comfortable and feasible

C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off

D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space exploration

E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere on the shuttle

22. We learn from the passage that in the usual space shuttle, the weight ----.

A) makes high speeds impossible

B) consists very largely of fuel

C) does not pose any serious problem

D) of the liquid oxygen is enormous

E) of the rockets is insignificant

23. As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----.

A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere

B) if it is to attain very high speeds

C) but only in its liquid form

D) in order to burn the fuel

E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off

24 The point is made in the passage that the reason for developing the new engine is to ----.

A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed the speed of sound

B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels

C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen

D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus cut down on the shuttle's weight

E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum

25. It is clear from the passage that, - once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.

A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten times the speed of sound

B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle

C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle

D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any further

E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently


111

2004 MAYIS KPDS

Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her

colleagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach as they fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird secretively and stealing the food without any commotion at all. What the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?

1. According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was----.

A) whether the crows' stealing practices were instinctive or acquired

B) wry the crows chose to steal

C) related to the crows' foraging practices

D) whether the nature of the food affected the degree of attempted theft

E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds

2. It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----

A) because this is a practice among birds

B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time

C) though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do

D) but it was surprised at their rate of success

E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise

3. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ----

A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority

B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen

C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two

D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry

E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly

4. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----.

A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge

B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow

C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it

D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food

E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour

5. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson and her colleagues ----

A) knew much more about crows than about any other type of bird.

B) are specialist in bird behaviour

C) are only interested in the eating habits of birds

D) are particularly interested in the different types of food that crows like to eat

E) are impressed by the similarity between stealing practices of ail bird species


112

In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "industry", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent.

6. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they----.

A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values

B) add to the expenses of film-making

C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make

D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of film making

E) are too small to be truly representative of the general public

7. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ----.

A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers

B) find volunteers for their preview audiences

C) raise the money needed for film- making

D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable

E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences

8- As we understand from the passage, the writer ----.

A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making

B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry

C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and wants it to be more successful

D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences

E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually in proportion to its success

9. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood regards its films as ----.

A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences

B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences

C) goods to be dynamically marketed

D) the most creative products of capitalism

E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit

10- We understand from the passage that the making of a film----.

A) is far more important than the marketing of it

B) usually involves a very large financial investment

C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on show

D) usually follows the norms established by Hollywood

E) is guided by a whole series o representative preview audiences


113

Reading presents a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain to evolve specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by millions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skill but how does our brain learn to read? in the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, capable of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light on the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints though it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.

11. The passage makes the point that, until recently, ----.

A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention

B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain

C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments

D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists

E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain

12. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ----.

A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words

B) had been able to communicate through images

C) had already developed certain reading circuits

D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill of reading

E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture

13. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that ----.

A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage

B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits

C) it has developed various specialized skills over the last thousand years or so

D) its circuits have remained constant for millions of years

E) its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning

14. According to the passage, although people have had the skill of reading for several thousand years, ----.

A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neurophysiologists

B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read

C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures

D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skills

E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill has been seriously studied

15. The purpose of the passage is to ----.

A) explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years

B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain

C) highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology

D) emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain way from

E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs neurophysiology


114

Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of “earthquake lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. in 1999, floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, reportedly filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights confirm their existence. it has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have struggled far years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

16. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----.

A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes

B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen

C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use

D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes

E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented

17. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----.

A) was televised as it was happening

B) was followed by strange lights in the sky

C) was indeed a catastrophic one

D) greatly puzzled seismologists

E) took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise

18. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ----.

A) has led to a great deal of confused and contradictory reporting among seismologists

B) first occurred in Japan

C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan

D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention from seismologists

E) goes back a very long way in time

19. It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----.

A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago

B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake

C) is what finally convinced people of their existence

D) is widely regarded as a visual deception

E) E-has always been a major concern for seismologists

20- The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.

A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights

B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights

C) C)earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed

D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved

E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake


115

Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diversity among American college students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities. It need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do.

21. The writer of the passage feels strongly that ----.

A) children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age

B) many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering

C) the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized

D) university engineering courses ought to be upgraded

E) the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance

22. The writer points out chat children can, at a very early age ----.

A) be encouraged to take part in after-school activities

B) develop an interest in scientific matters

C) make up their minds to study engineering at university

D) learn something about the basis of engineering, which is design

E) be influenced by their school environment

23- The writer recognizes the fact that engineering ----.

A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students

B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students

C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really mature students

D) has become one of the most popular fields of study at American universities

E) requires many years of training prior to qualification

24- Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that ----.

A) the American schools still follow out-dated curricula

B) university entrance requirements are far too demanding

C) it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses

D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study

E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools

25. According to the passage, all school programmes ----.

A) should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles

B) ought to give priority to the sciences

C) must encourage children to make creative designs

D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to diversify learning

E) overlook the fact that all children are different


116

2004 KASIM KPDS

Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly,

theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the more extreme forms of prejudice, in particular when there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain categories of person (e.g certain races) much as animals would react in instinctive ways to one another. This sport of approach is no longer popular, as it doesn't stand up well to scientific scrutiny However there may be an innate component to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher anirnals, including humans, haye an inherent fear of the unfamilier and unusual, which might set the' mould for negative attitudes towards groups that are considered different in certain ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which, people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e.g. other people) ,lmprove as a direct function of repeated. exposure ör familiarity with the stimulus, provided, that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negâtive. Another perspective rests on the belief that prejudices are leamed Indeed, it has been argued that hatre and suspicion of certain groups are learned.early in life, before.the child even knows anything about the target group and that this provides an emotional framework that colours all subsequent information about, and experience with, the group.

1. According to the passage, at the beginning of the 20th century, Prejudice was generally regarded ---.

A) in very much the same way as it is now

B) as a natural and intuitive response

C) as something that had to be corrected

D) as inevitable and therefore acceptable

E) as an outcome of parental conditioning

2. it is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice---.

A) often spring from animal behaviour

B) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices of their parents

C) have finally established that it is innate

D) aim to discover how they can be overcome

E) have usually concentrated on the more destructive expressions of it

3. One theory referred to in the passage, suggests that man's innate fear of what is rarely encountered or little known----.

A) may play a role in creating prejudices

B) prevents him from developing his social possibilities

C) is an aspect of his character that relates him very closely to the rest of the animal world

D) is far less strong now than formerly

E) has helped to make society more uniform

4. We learn from the passage that the "mere exposure effect" occurs when----.

A) opposing groups agree to meet each other half way

B) individuals start to copy the behaviour pattems of the people they are with

C) people learn to face the fact that their prejudices are without foundation

D) repeated contact with a particular group leads to a better understanding of that group

E) people can admit that their first reactions were f too extreme

5. According to the passage, certain studies suggest that prejudice against various groups of society----.

A) is on the increase simply because it is receiving too much attention

B) develops early in life, even before any real contact has been made with them

C) could best be overcome by keeping children unaware of it

D) is largely racial in character

E) has only resulted in violence on very rare occasions


117

By the earty 19th century the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier foundthat fossils of sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of land creatures. Then just as abruptly the layer above contained sea creatures again, with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier regarded these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden Catastrophes which devastated life on Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoverie's, published in 1812 won support from a large number of eminent scientists such as the geologist Sir James Hall However there were a few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from conclusive. Most sceptical of all were the followers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795 he had published atwo-volume text based on the view that the slow steady processes that shape our planet today,such as erosion,werw also crucially important in the distant past.

6. We learn from the passage that many scientists----.

A) gave full support to Çuvier's view that the great flood had actually laken place

B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area

C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils

D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood

E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James Hail had given his support to Cuvier

7. it is pointed.out in the passage, that in the course of excavations near Paris Cuvier----.

A) slowly came to recognize the geological significance of the biblical great flood

B) was particularly surprised that there were chalk formations in the area

C) was slow to recognize the geological importance of marine fossils

D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures only after he came across a second layer

E) discovered altemating layers of fossils relating to sea and land creatures

8. it is clear from the passage that Cuvier----.

A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics

B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's theory conceming the Earth's formation

C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes

D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to the great flood

E) had devoted years of research to establishing that the biblical great flood had actually occurred

9. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics-----.

A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris

B) felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confırm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred

C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological process

D) were also equally opposed to the views expressed by Hutton

E) certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientifically important

10. As we learn from the passage, Hutton's theory was that---.

A) long-term geological change, such as erosion, had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history

B) erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth

C) some geological processes, such as erosion, were relatively recent in the history of the Earth

D) our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophies in the distant past

E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places


118

No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a primitive kind. We all did so as children ourselves when we devised our own toys and games and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. the idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering through the concepts of invention and design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word "engineer" only in connection with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity coul become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity with meer child's play. After all, they studied long and hard to master comlicated knowledge of atoms and molekules, stresses and strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits and bytes. they use computers for serious modelling and calculation, not for fun and games, They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and fall down with little consequence.

11. The main point the wrîter is making in this passage is that ----.

A) man has practised engineering ever since primitive times

B) some children are born to be engineers

C) children and engineers both have the capacity to imagine and create

D) reliability and safety are minor details for the professional engineer

E) any engineering fault in design ör calculation does have serious conseguences

12. One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ----.

A) is very different from all other scientific activities

B) reguires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation

C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge

D) gives priority to design rather than to invention

E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate subjects of wide scope

13. As wecan see from the passage, the writer is careful---.

A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child

B) to list all areas that are of concem to an engineer

C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops

D) not to offend engineers by his comparison

E) to avoid using technical terminology in the passage

14. it is suggested in the passage that children ----.

A) are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity

B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques

C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them

D) are incapable of imaginative thinking

E) have a primitive perception of life

15. According to the passage, what children and engineers have in common are----.

A) reliability and safety

B) experience and knowledge

C) invention and design

D) modelling and calculation

E) recognition and reallty


119

Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy standards to any significant degree, but instead rely principally on high taxes to reduce gas consumption. Their average tax i is more than $2 per gallon, while in the US, federal gas taxes are only 18 EURO per gallon and average state taxes 22 euro per gallon. Higher prices at the pump rusulting from higher taxes increase consumer demand for cars with better fuel economy. They aslo encouarege consumers to reduce their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline would have to increase by a bit less than 50 euro per gallon to cut gasoline consumptin in the US. Although a 50 euro incerase is a lot compared with the present average total tax of 40 euro, it would raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 per gallon, tax included. This is far below prices in europe and Jaan. even if federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much below those in other developed natşions.

16. According to the passage, efforts have been made ----.

A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as well as fuel prices in Europe

B) to assess what price increases would lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption in the US

C) to give more appeal to public transport

D) to establish what vehicle types consume less fuel

E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the US

17. It is clear from the passage that Japan's strategy to keep fuel consumption down ---.

A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel

B) has been greatly criticized by the public

C) has not been as effective as was originally envisaged

D) has set an example that Europe is now adopting

E) has had no effect upon the country's car production technologies

18. According to the passage, the combined federal and state taxes on gas in the US ----.

A) have exceeded those currently in use in Europe

B) Are so high that they have forced Japanese car manufacturers to change their production strategies

C) have become a major public concern

D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise sharply

E) amount to much less than the tax paid in Japan

19. We learn from the passage that one effect of higher taxes on fuel----.

A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even anger among consumers

B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales everywhere

C) has been to draw attention to a much wider range of energy sources

D) is an increased demand for vehicles which consume less fuel

E) is that Europe's production of fuel-economy vehicles has increased remarkably

20. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel prices in Jhe US, ----.

A) which inciude both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise considerably

B) which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equalled those in Japan and even Europe

C) even if the taxes were to be increased considerably, would stili be much lower than in other industrialized countries

D) which have not risen for a long time, seem likely to remain stable

E) where consumers go for cars with better fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits


120

Throughout his workinq life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most likelt reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal playres. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in london was largely concentrated in shoreditch and Southwark, districts of london. Shakespeara could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,00 lines a week.

21. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ----.

A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week

B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London

C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles

D) an acting company usually staged a new play each week

E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation

22. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----.

A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or Burbage in their troupe

B) were normally öpen to the public six afternoons a week

C) provided actors with a comfortable and profıtable way of life

D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors

E) all had their own leading players

23. it is clear ,from the passage that Shakespeare, during his earty years in London, ----.

A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts

B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and Burbage

C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays

D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch

E) was little known as an actor though he was probably acting

24. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----.

A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days

B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily populated, commercial districts

C) there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres

D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was already on the decline

E) working conditions in the theatres varied enormously

25. it was clear frorm the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 -----.

A) were times of hardship and uncertainty

B) were a period of widespread public recognition

C) marked a tuming point in his life

D) brought many great changes and opportunities

E) were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage


121

2005 MAYIS KPDS

For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

1. We learn from the passage that mass production ----.

A) has now regained its previous popularity

B) was the leading method of production in the twenty years or so that followed World War II

C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of individual customers

D) can be very profitable because of the wide appeal of its goods

E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities

2. We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----.

A) the need to please every customer

B) a disregard for flexibility

C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness

D) to take into consideration the specifications given by individual customers

E) the rescheduling of production as the need arises

3. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----.

A) in very large quantities and for general use

B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone

C) at high speed regardless of cost

D) designed to have a long life

E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

4. According to the passage, presentday customers ----.

A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods available in the shops

B) are pleased far more easily than customers were in the past

C) do not attach much importance to production methods

D) specify what they want and insist on getting it

E) rarely distinguish between standardized and non-standardized goods

5. The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----.

A) is no more costly and no more timeconsuming than mass production

B) is a system that dates back to the end of World War ll

C) has actually never been as popular as mass production

D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality

E) does not attach much importance to flexibility


122

Before the Polish-born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world, scientists liked to forget about the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes had dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise "Elements" and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness", he says. "The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price charts and of mathematical constructions."

6. It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----.

A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes

B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate

C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises

D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness

E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness

7. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry

can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----.

A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved

B) is too involved with measurement

C) makes the investigation of roughness impossible

D) is far too comprehensive

E) put forward the concept of roughness

8. It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----.

A) only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career

B) finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas

C) worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory

D) didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses

E) has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry

9. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----.

A) has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature

B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries

C) has been shown to be invalid

D) is not universally applicable

E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for 2,000 years

10. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----.

A) makes possible the measurement of anything with a rough edge

B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to Euclidean geometry

C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry

D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean geometry entirely

E) is just one of several remarkable innovations propounded by Mandelbrot


123

Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap known as "the Martha Mitchell effect". Martha Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney general John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused of having ordered the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit - President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she had a drinking problem and implying that her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately unravelled, Mrs Mitchell's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with no drinking problem.

11. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.

A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions

B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion

C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general

D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions

E) complaints always have a foundation in fact

12. We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell ----.

A) was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions

B) did indeed have a drinking problem

C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by the White House

D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from delusions

E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair

13. We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell ----.

A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters

B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer

C) asked the press to interview his wife

D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure

E) was anxious that his wife should not get involved with the press

14. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's statements about her husband ----.

A) were disregarded by the press

B) were imaginary rather than factual

C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied

D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney general was innocent

E) were examined by therapists on a regular basis

15. It is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha Mitchell effect" is meant ----.

A) the labelling of facts as delusions

B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her husband

C) the use of a wife's evidence against her husband

D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal

E) the giving of false testimony at a trial


124

Recent activity in several US church communities has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers have gathered around huge fires and cheered as they cast Harry Potter books into the flames. They fear that the incredibly popular series about a school for young wizards is spurring children and adolescents toward a life of witchcraft and onto the dangerous path toward Satanism. For these congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are none other than the work of the devil herself. To most people, however, the Harry Potter books and films are merely compelling adventure stories, not a threat to children's psyches. But what has been forgotten in the excitement of "Pottermania" is that boys and girls have been fascinated by magic and sorcery for generations. Surveys about magical practices among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate that as many as 44 per cent have shown some slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically motivated violence occasionally makes headlines, research shows that less than 5 per cent of young people take part in more extensive witchcraft, and very few end up in the kind of organized devil worship that can lead to such acts as ritual murder.

16. The attitude of the writer of the passage

towards the burning of the Harry Potter books by various church communities is -----.

A) an understanding one, as many young people have been led astray by these books

B) one of deep anger

C) sympathetic as basically he believes they are right about the ill-effects of the Harry Potter books

D) one of amazement at their response

E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and fanaticism

17. One point emphasized in the passage is that the interest of young people in magic ----.

A) is no more dangerous than their love of adventure

B) needs to be recognized by society and firm action taken

C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter stories

D) is by no means a new development

E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly harmless

18. According to the passage, though a fair number of young people have felt a vague, temporary interest in magic, ----.

A) it has always been easy to convince them of its dangers

B) few have become seriously involved

C) they have never, in any way, been harmed by it

D) most do not even know the meaning of Satanism

E) this never continues into adolescence

19. In the passage, though the writer does not want to make a big issue of the matter of witchcraft, he --.

A) would like more surveys and studies to be carried out on it

B) feels it should receive more publicattention

C) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible events

D) hopes that "Pottermania" will soon die out of its own accord

E) believes that all cases of satanically motivated violence should make the headlines and so serve as warnings

20. According to the passage, those who burn the Harry Potter books ----.

A) have previously burned other popular books

B) are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft themselves

C) mostly do so without having first read the books

D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying extremist attitudes

E) do so because they believe these books encourage young people to turn to witchcraft


125

Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question that has been asked by countless people down the ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural chemicals into rivers and thence into the sea. The most water-soluble and abundant of these just happen to taste salty. All very simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for millions of years, dumping ever more of these salty compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is still far below the saturation level. So the real mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it isn’t utterly packed with salt, and as lifeless as the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for billions of years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why haven’t they setlled down into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?

21. According to the passage, the most important

and fascinating question about salt and the sea is: ----?

A) why do certain natural elements taste salty?

B) how much salt is there in the sea

C) how does the salt get to the sea

D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation level

E) why isn’t the sea more salty

22. One point made in the passage is that unanswered questions about the world and the universe ----.

A) will, at some point in the future, be answered in a satisfactory manner

B) are now very few in number

C) are unimportant and can be ignored

D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world

E) are only of interest to scientists

23. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make people realize that ----.

A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of nature

B) everything in the universe has an explanation

C) many of the facts about various planets are exceedingly boring

D) all the seas in the world will eventually be like the Dead Sea

E) what may seem simple and straightforward may actually not be so

24. It is clear from the passage that writer often wonders about why ----.

A) certain gases are not highly reactive

B) there is no end to the chemicals that are carried into the sea

C) the world is as it is

D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea

E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of Venus

25. The phrase “just happen to” supports the writer’s view of the world as a place ----.

A) where many phenomena remain inexplicable

B) where everything goes according to a master plan

C) where most occurences have a logical explanation

D) of continuous and relentless change

E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in science


126

2005 KASIM KPDS

Family-owned companies are bad for business, a

new study argues - at least when they dominate a large portion of a country's economy. Outside the United States and Britain most major corporations are in the hands of a few wealthy families, rather than, as in the US and Britain, being owned by a wide network of shareholders. The power of these small families often extends far beyond the companies they own directly, thanks to a system of "control pyramids" in which they exercise indirect control over a large number of smaller companies. This concentration of corporate power doesn't merely leave a high percentage of wealth in the hands of billionaires – it also retards growth, diminishes efficiency, and limits economic freedom. Moreover, "a tiny elite that cannot be sacked," as the study puts it, is likely to pursue "economic entrenchment", in which property rights and financial openness are restricted to protect a few families' economic and political prerogatives or rights.

1. The aim of the passage is to ----.

A) highlight the different ways in which business is carried on in the US and in Britain

B) compare small family businesses and large corporations

C) present the findings of a research project into the nature of large, family-owned corporations

D) discredit the practices of big business, especially when shareholders are involved

E) contradict the conclusions of a study into the practices of large, family-owned corporations

2. We understand from the passage that in Britain and the US, the larger companies ----.

A) are constantly merging to create even larger companies

B) frequently extend their control over smaller corporations

C) are characterized by much financial openness

D) are usually owned by shareholders who may be many in number

E) are highly competitive and growing fast

3. We learn from the passage that the "control pyramids" ----.

A) offer smaller companies a much-needed guidance

B) are in general very beneficial

C) depict the system of management within a large corporation

D) characterize all family businesses whether large or small

E) tend to restrict growth and lower efficiency

4. By the "tiny elite that cannot be sacked" of the passage is meant ----.

A) families running small businesses at the base of the "control pyramids"

B) the non-family share-holders

C) the high-ranking employees of the big corporations

D) the few billionaire families who own and rule the major corporations

E) families without economic and political prerogatives

5. It is clear from the passage that a major aim of the big family companies is to ----.

A) preserve the status quo that is, their own wealth and power

B) increase their political power and play a role in policy making

C) make the business world more competitive

D) reduce the powers of their shareholders

E) encourage the growth of economic freedom throughout the world


127

One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world will ever see could be little more than a decade away. The film Supervolcano traces the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption - one that not only wipes out several states of America but that threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption really possible? Well, supervolcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every 50,000 years. Every statistic associated with a super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten magma is blasted out at a rate 140 times greater than the flow of water over the Victoria-Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km upwards to the edge of space before falling over one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would pile up on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface over an area of 10,000 square kilometers. Worst of all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter.

6. We understand from the passage that the film Supervolcano ----.

A) gives a convincing and credible account of an imminent super-eruption

B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the scientific world

C) has aroused little interest among the general public

D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter

E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a volcanic super-eruption

7. In this dramatic account of the film Supervolcano, the writer ----.

A) urges the general public to go and see the film

B) is primarily concerned with the measures needed to contain a super-eruption

C) essentially deals with the causes of a supereruption

D) also includes certain specific details

E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the world is very near

8. According to the passage, one of the devastating consequences following a super-eruption would be ----.

A) the complete destruction of America and Britain

B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth

C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover the whole surface of the planet

D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth

E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the result of burning gas

9. The writer seems convinced that ----.

A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but fairly regular intervals

B) no part of the US could possibly survive a supereruption

C) Britain would be the first region of the planet to be buried under the ashes of a super-eruption

D) A volcanic winter, following a super-eruption, would wipe out life on earth

E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption happening in the near future

10. According to the passage, the destruction caused by a volcanic super-eruption ----.

A) could lead to the break-up of the entire planet .

B) could be contained, if not prevented

C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale

D) would result largely from the flow of molten magma

E) can only be guessed at as one has never occurred


128

We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote his plays. He may have had his own writing "season" perhaps in the quieter winter months, but he never stopped acting, probably taking two or three minor parts instead of a major one. He seems to have chosen for himself the more static and undemanding roles in his plays, such as old Adam in As You Like It and the Ghost in Hamlet. His audiences included many habitual playgoers and many must have known Shakespeare and he must have known them. We can imagine, as a recent biographer has said, "that there might have been a complex, subtle communicative exchange when he appeared in one of his own plays". In spring 1613, he purchased his first property in London. He was renting it out by 1616, but may originally have entertained other intentions for the property. It would certainly have been a handy place to stay, being near the Globe, which was his theatre. Perhaps the destruction of the Globe in 1613, which probably prompted him to sell his share in the theatre company, altered his plans for it He may not have given up acting, but his writing career was over by the end of that year. In 1614, he returned to his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, and died there in 1616.

11. It is suggested in the passage that, when Shakespeare acted, ----.

A) he was always assigned the most crucial parts

B) the audiences were thrilled by his acting

C) the Globe Theatre was always crowded

D) he could spare very little time for his writing

E) the parts he played were mostly easy, unimportant ones

12. It is pointed out in the passage that, although Shakespeare had stopped writing plays by the end of 1813, ----.

A) it seems likely that he continued to act a little longer

B) he sometimes revised some of his earlier plays

C) he wanted to keep his company intact

D) his company put pressure on him to continue writing

E) he started again on his return to Stratford-upon- Avon

13. We understand from the passage that we have no evidence ----.

A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare played

B) to suggest that Shakespeare was popular in his day

C) as to whether or not Shakespeare actually did rent out his property

D) about when Shakespeare was writing his plays

E) that the destruction of the Globe had any serious impact on Shakespeare's life

14. It is suggested in the passage that Shakespeare, ----.

A) as a playwright, preferred tragedies to comedies

B) as a property owner, got a good income from his rents

C) as an actor, was often in close contact with his audiences

D) returned to Stratford-upon-Avon almost as soon as the Globe was destroyed ,,

E) though he returned to Stratford, very soon regretted leaving London

15. It is clear from the passage that the Globe Theatre ----.

A) was partly owned by Shakespeare himself

B) was built on land that Shakespeare had bought

C) was particularly spacious so as to accommodate large audiences

D) was the most popular of the London theatres in Shakespeare's time

E) was designed and built especially for the staging of Shakespeare's plays


129

We should care about dying languages for the same reason that we care when a species of animal or plant dies. It reduces the diversity of our planet. In the case of language, we are talking about intellectual and cultural diversity, not biological diversity, but the issues are the same. As a result of decades of environmental publicity and activism, most people have come to accept that biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic diversity has not enjoyed the same publicity. Diversity occupies a central place in evolutionary theory because it enables a species to survive in different environments. Increasing uniformity holds dangers for the long-term survival of a species. The strongest ecosystems are those which are most diverse. It has often been said that our success in colonizing the planet can be accounted for by our ability to develop diverse cultures which suit different environments.

16. It is stressed in the passage that biological diversity ----.

A) is not in any way related to eco-systems

B) has received far more attention than linguistic diversity

C) is fast being reduced

D) contributes very little to the survival of plant and animal species

E) is richer in northern regions than in southern ones

17. The point is made in the passage that the survival of species in different environments ----.

A) is of no real importance except to biologists

B) has been made possible by the continuous efforts of man

C) has aroused very little interest in the general public

D) has been made possible by diversity

E) bears no relation to the survival of languages and cultures

18. The author draws a strong parallel between ----.

A) cultural and linguistic diversity

B) plant and animal species

C) linguistic and biological diversity

D) environmental and cultural publicity

E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that of cultures

19. It is pointed out in the passage that man ----.

A) has developed diverse cultures which are appropriate for the environment he lives in

B) has always been very much aware of the benefits of biodiversity

C) has always valued cultural diversity well above biodiversity

D) has always found it very hard to adapt himself to any new environment

E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is desirable

20. According to the writer, diversity on earth ----.

A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack of public interest in it .

B) consists not only of the diversity of species and plants but also of languages and cultures

C) has only recently become a research concern among environmentalists

D) has encouraged man to exploit his environment

E) can best be maintained through the preservation of different languages


130

The discovery of an ancient tomb in modern China is so commonplace that it often annoys as much as excites, because it can delay construction for months or even years. So when archeologists were called in fast May to check structures discovered during the expansion of a bonemeal factory in a southern suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting to find anything of great interest. To the archeologists' surprise, the structures were the remains of two traditional domed tombs, each over a thousand years old. One was flooded and badly damaged, but the other "contained beautifully-preserved wall frescoes from the 10th century. "It's only recently that the Chinese have been publishing artifacts from ancient tombs, and it's unusual to see them in the Western press," says Dr Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and Archeology at Oxford University.

21. We learn from the passage that the Chinese ----.

A) show archeologists a great deal of respect

B) are very proud of their ancient archeological heritage

C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes

D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient tomb is discovered

E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those with domes

22. It is clear from the passage that in China today the progress of a construction work ----.

A) is very often hindered by the unexpected discovery of ancient tombs

B) is frequently supervised by archeologists

C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons

D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather conditions

E) often runs parallel with archeological excavations

23. According to Professor Rawson in the passage, China ----.

A) has only recently emerged as an area of interest for archeologists

B) has only just started to publish art objects for the West

C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with frescoes

D) continues to be very secretive about its archeological finds

E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world

24. We understand from the passage that only one of the tombs unearthed during extension work at a factory in Beijing ----.

A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson

B) had a domed roof which was undamaged

C) could be dated back to the 10th century

D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition

E) caused a delay in the project

25. The passage points out that the archeologists who were called in ----.

A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the walls of one of the tombs

B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of such great value in a suburb of Beijing

C) made ancient tombs their specialty .

D) had published extensively in the western press

E) were annoyed by the discovery of two ancient tombs in Beijing


131

2006 MAYIS KPDS

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind’s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.

1. The writer’s main aim in this passage is to ----.

A) show how many different types of creativity there are

B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer’s work

C) compare and contrast the way poets and painters work

D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter’s creativity

E) establish the fact that it is the engineers’ scientific knowledge that makes him creative

2. We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ----.

A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form

B) are only relevant in details concerning safety

C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design

D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details

E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects

3. The point is made in the passage that aesthetic principles ----.

A) have no place in an engineer’s design

B) are central to the very best works of art

C) and creativity are two very different things

D) cannot be taught or learnt

E) can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem

4. It can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic core of his poem, ----.

A) the creative process is complete

B) he tends to lose interest in it

C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper

D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it

E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them

5. According to the writer of the passage, each act of creativity ----.

A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into unknown regions

B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge

C) arises almost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge

D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity

E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart in another


132

Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. We’ve done it first by establishing a reigning cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn’t be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as “The Road Ahead.”

6. According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ----.

A) capitalism, blindness and possessions

B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate

C) indifference, immorality and selfishness

D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality

E) disagreements, competition and prejudice

7. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade ----.

A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies

B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade

C) is far more moral than the preceding one

D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote

E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades

8. The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the passage means ----.

A) to be admired

B) golden age

C) with moral principles

D) with surface shine

E) in bad taste

9. We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ----.

A) there was a great deal of student unrest

B) capitalism again fell into disrepute

C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets

D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents

E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized

10. One point made in the passage is that ----.

A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable

B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade

C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades

D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one

E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same


133

BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own. From the start it aimed to be “a place to think”, and it was always designed as something “that the commercial market would never do”, says Roly Keating, its controller and formerly head of arts at the BBC. Its first week’s schedule indeed verged on a parody of non-commercial TV, with township opera from South Africa and a performance by a Senegalese singer in a London church hall. A top-rated show will typically draw some 50,000 viewers – almost negligible in television terms. Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model of what a publicly financed broadcaster ought to do. It has roamed into territory where its ratings-driven sister channel, BBC1, seldom dares to tread. Despite a tiny 35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time talk show and a world news programme so internationally minded that its London provenance is barely visible. BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too heavily at times, but it supplies a variety and thoughtfulness unavailable on prime time BBC1. The more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them, the more the channel looks like a model for what BBC television could look like.

11. It is clear from the passage that, since BBC4 is publicly financed, it ----.

A) has to give viewers the kind of programmes they want

B) has a large budget with which to work

C) is under no pressure to attract large numbers of viewers

D) is under an obligation to offer a great variety of programme

E) is often severely criticized for the subjectivity of its news programmes

12. In the passage, BBC1 is described as being “ratings-driven”; this means ----.

A) it is obliged to put on popular programmes

B) its appeal is a very narrow one

C) it sees BBC4 as its greatest rival

D) it feels very secure and can take risks

E) it never experiments or tries out a new type of programme

13. Before he took over the running of BBC4, Roly Keating ----.

A) was involved in commercial TV enterprises

B) was criticized because his programmes were too intellectual and too serious

C) was a severe critic of the BBC1 channel

D) had taken a firm stand against the trend to let ratings dictate programming

E) was arts director at the BBC

14. According to the passage, the programmes BBC4 has to offer ----.

A) rarely come up to expectations

B) are varied, unusual and thought-provoking

C) are mostly news programmes and Londonorientated

D) are attracting very large numbers of viewers

E) constitute a close rival for BBC1 as regards ratings

15. It is clear that the writer of the passage ----.

A) feels BBC4 has not lived up to its aim to be “a place to think”

B) regards BBC4’s budget of £35m as excessive

C) would like to see the BBC1 channel closed down

D) is very impressed by the performance of the BBC4 channel

E) was full of admiration for BBC4’s choice of programme for the first week


134

The natives of the Lewis Island know wind –sometimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland’s Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking land; in the island’s marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there’s rarely a calm day. “The weather here is changeable”, says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local government. “But the wind is constant”. The brutal climate could finally be Lewis’s salvation. The place has been growing poorer and more desolate for generations, as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500 million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe’s largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain’s total electrical needs – and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of Lewis.

16. We understand from the passage that, in summer, the island of Lewis ----.

A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained unspoiled

B) enjoys a warm, wind-free climate

C) is one of the most attractive of the islands that make up the Outer Hebrides

D) has little to offer its inhabitants by way of a living other than fishing

E) can offer its inhabitants even less in the way of a livelihood than it can in the winter

17. It’s clear from the passage that for a long time now the young people of Lewis ----.

A) have been looking forward to the establishment of a wind farm on their island

B) have been leaving the island intent on finding a better way of life elsewhere

C) have realized that the island’s most valuable asset is its climate

D) have been reluctant to leave the island on a permanent basis

E) feel no sympathy for the old traditions and ways of life of the island

18. According to the passage, Lewis Island ----.

A) has the climate and conditions favourable to agriculture

B) suffers more than any other island in Scotland’s Outer Hebrides from Atlantic gales

C) will undergo many important changes unless a wind farm is established there

D) may one day be home to Europe’s largest wind farm

E) has an aging population that regards the windfarm scheme with distrust

19. If the energy industry carries out the Project described in the passage and sets up 300 wind turbines on Lewis, ----.

A) maintenance costs due to the gale force winds could cause financial failure

B) the young people will want to leave their much loved island

C) there will be a shortage of land for the sheep to graze on

D) other windswept coastlines throughout Europe will probably follow suit

E) these will provide Britain with roughly of 1 per cent of her total electrical needs

20. According to the passage, if the proposed wind farm is set up on Lewis, ----.

A) this could make the island unattractive to summer visitors

B) the idea could spread rapidly to neighbouring islands

C) this will open up much needed employment opportunities for the islanders

D) it will only function efficiently in the winter months

E) the costs will be shared equally by AMEC and British Energy


135

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos.

21. According to the passage, universities are underan obligation to ensure that their students ----.

A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students

B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades

C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study

D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking

E) all have a good grounding in science and technology

22. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is ----.

A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues

B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake

C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration

D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing

E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the past

23. It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ----.

A) will not help to further global awareness

B) is largely confined within the universities

C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few

D) cannot go on advancing at this rate

E) is opening up startling new possibilities

24. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology ----.

A) will be accompanied by new problems

B) cannot go on much longer

C) will bring more harm than good

D) are largely concentrated in the field of medicine

E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most countries

25. The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ----.

A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again

B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress

C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science

D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again

E) this is the highest possible peak of progress


136

2006 KASIM KPDS

Unlike the older forms of occultism, such as magic and astrology, organized occultism is a modern phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult movements have existed for more than 150 years; some were formed as a belated countermovement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. Today’s occult views are based on the idea that there are events within nature, as well as within one’s spiritual life, which seem mysterious and cannot be explained by science. Examples include extrasensory perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places or people. Believers maintain that these phenomena stem from unknown powers that can often be accessed only by some people with special abilities.

1. We understand from the passage that adherents of occultism claim that certain people ----.

A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to have contact with the unknown

B) practise magic and explain events by means of astrological signs

C) were the pioneers of the anti-enlightenment movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

D) can tell us what places are haunted and why

E) can teach others what extrasensory perceptions are

2. According to the passage, some of the organized occult movements in the past came into being----.

A) as a result of various magical and astrological practices

B) since people in the past were seriously concerned about their extrasensory perceptions

C) because the public was not satisfied with scientific explanations of events in nature

D) due to the assumption that many phenomena in nature were related to man’s spiritual life

E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that characterized the Enlightenment

3. As we learn from the passage, occult practices in our time ----.

A) are particularly widespread among people who follow rational schools of thought

B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of telepathy and telekinesis

C) essentially stem from the occult movements of the past

D) are concerned with phenomena which are thought to be scientifically inexplicable

E) seem to benefit from science in explaining natural phenomena

4. It is implied in the passage that magic and astrology ----.

A) have failed as occult practices in explaining extrasensory perceptions

B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back into the past

C) lost their significance with the rise of rationalism during the Enlightenment

D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the Enlightenment

E) have always been used in order to communicate with unknown powers

5. It is obvious from the passage that occultism---.

A) contributes enormously to a more comprehensive understanding of nature

B) has gained far more popularity in modern times than in the past

C) is an unscientific practice that doesn’t rely on rationality

D) can fully explain the spiritual side of humanity

E) derives a great deal from magic and astrology


137

The assumption that a person’s attitudes determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western thinking, and in many instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted during the 1930s was the first to question the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young Chinese couple. At that time, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there were no laws against racial discrimination. The three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants, and were served at all the restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem. Later, a letter was sent to all of the establishments visited, asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the 128 replies received, 92 per cent said they would not. In other words, these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour.

6. One understands from the passage that the link

between attitudes and behaviour ----.

A) had already been established before the 1930s

B) has always been a major topic of psychological research

C) has aroused a great deal of controversy in the US

D) is an area which has been neglected and, indeed, deserves fresh study

E) is not so definite as has been generally assumed

7. As one concludes from the passage, racial discrimination ----.

A) is the way whereby the relationship between attitudes and behaviour can best be assessed

B) has always been a major issue in the US and cannot be eradicated

C) was a problem of the 1930s in the US, but has now disappeared altogether

D) in the US and the rest of the world can be fought most effectively through legislation

E) was not practised by a great majority of the proprietors visited by the professor and his Chinese companions

8. It is pointed out in the passage that, during their travels, the professor and the Chinese couple ----.

A) were often harassed by the proprietors

B) were doing research to find out whether a person’s behaviour affects his or her attitudes

C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on one occasion

D) were not upset at all by the proprietors’ racist attitudes

E) were extremely surprised by the proprietors’ prejudice against them

9. The point has been made in the passage that the American people ----.

A) have always been remarkably hospitable to Asians visiting America

B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians

C) have waged war against racial discrimination since the 1930s

D) and the Asians have always discriminated against each other

E) always do their best to provide comfort for their guests, no matter what their racial background

10. It is clear from the passage that the replies the professor received from the proprietors to whom he sent letters ----.

A) revealed a strong attitude of racial discrimination against the Chinese

B) could not be regarded as an indication of prevalent racism in the US

C) were not concerned with the interrelationship between one’s attitudes and behaviour

D) were confined only to a very small part of the US

E) clearly showed why one’s attitudes determine one’s behaviour


138

When you stay as a guest in someone’s house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same wavelength, you can have a trip more special than money can buy. Some years ago when I went to Auckland, New Zealand, for the first time, my hosts were a couple, about my age, whom I had met while travelling in Europe. They had a full programme lined up for me. They drove me around and showed me their favourite hot springs and also the beach where a popular TV series had once been filmed. At mealtimes, they introduced me to their favourite restaurants, where I sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that don’t get exported, and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but I found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them. I couldn’t have encountered this New Zealand on my own.

11. As we understand from the passage, the narrator ----.

A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the couple’s hospitality

B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses of his sightseeing in and around Auckland

C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests, which made his trip most enjoyable

D) was more interested in eating than visiting places

E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not the latter part

12. It is suggested in the passage that a person with a sense of independence ----.

A) enjoys travelling together with other people

B) can make friends easily while travelling

C) soon mixes with other people

D) wants to be led around by friends who know the territory

E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or she travels

13. According to the passage, while the narrator was in New Zealand, he ----.

A) tried to find ways whereby he could travel independently

B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce unique to the country

C) was frustrated with the programme prepared for him by his hosts

D) was particularly attracted by the location of a popular TV series

E) did not have enough money to see the other parts of the country outside Auckland

14. It is pointed out in the passage that the narrator and his hosts ----.

A) knew each other before he travelled to New Zealand

B) had made a long journey together across many European countries

C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of New Zealand

D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large variety of New Zealand’s food and drinks

E) were independent people who preferred to be on their own

15. It is implied in the passage that the narrator usually likes ----.

A) local food more than nationally popular food

B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or anywhere else

C) to follow a full programme on his travels

D) to see his travels as a challenge

E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way


139

In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years after one of the worst recessions any European country has seen, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. Their small country of a population of 5 million is the first in the World Economic Forum’s list of the world’s most competitive countries, and the second in its business-competitiveness index. It is also the first in the OECD’s world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research-and-development spending in the European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns are facing globalization without paranoia. Theirs is one of the few European countries to have succeeded in businesses in which international prices are falling because of global competition and technological change. In most of Europe public opinion and even business élites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed by India and China. Finland suggests that this fate is not inevitable.

16. We learn from the passage that, in addition to Finland’s recent economic success, ----.

A) it is also a popular tourist destination

B) it is resigned to being overwhelmed by India

C) it also ranks very high in education

D) it remains in a deep recession

E) its businesses are not globally competitive

17. It is clear from the passage that Finland’s previously weak economy ----.

A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union

B) had no effect on the country’s standing in the World Economic Forum

C) caused the country to spend more on research and development

D) improved dramatically fifteen years ago

E) became stronger after it began to reverse its demographic decline

18. We understand from the passage that Finland’s population ----.

A) resents outside interference in its economy

B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe

C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes to internal trade

D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate

E) is not well-educated by European standards

19. We see from the passage that Finland’s economy ----.

A) is by far the strongest in the world

B) remains unaffected by technological change

C) is still undergoing the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union

D) has had a direct effect on its fertility rate

E) hasn’t always been stable

20. According to the passage, one indicator of Finland’s economic success is its ----.

A) experience with recession

B) high ranking within the World Economic Forum

C) paranoia regarding globalization

D) small population

E) public opinion regarding China


140

Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman. He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. After Mr Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in frustration.

21. According to the passage, after Mr Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ----.

A) turned increasingly to politics

B) became involved in the Texan oil industry

C) was not offered a cabinet seat

D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston

E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created

22. It is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ----.

A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in politics

B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to riches

C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned

D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesman

E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth

23. We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----.

A) worked as a part-time salesman together with his father

B) wanted to become a preacher like his father

C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas

D) contributed to his family’s income by working at part-time jobs

E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon

24. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr Lay ----.

A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr Bush’s presidential campaign

B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry

C) was frustrated with his political life

D) had obtained a high level of education, and was therefore quite knowledgeable

E) had become very rich through his hard work

25. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s imprisonment was ----.

A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-Cheney campaign

B) a miscarriage of justice

C) due to a crime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston

D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush

E) implemented at around the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, collapsed


141

CEVAP ANAHTARI -1

1992 Mayıs KPDS

1992 Kasım KPDS

1993 Mayıs KPDS

1993 Kasım KPDS

1994 Mayıs KPDS

1994 Kasım KPDS

1. A

2. D

3. E

4. A

5. E

6. D

7. C

8. D

9. E

10. C

11. B

12. D

13. E

14. A

15. B

16. C

17. A

18. B

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. E

5. C

6. A

7. D

8. B

9. A

10. B

11. D

12. C

13. E

14. D

15. C

16. B

17. E

18. A

1. E

2. D

3. D

4. A

5. E

6. B

7. B

8. C

9. E

10. E

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. E

15. E

16. A

17. C

18. D

1. A

2. D

3. E

4. A

5. B

6. E

7. D

8. E

9. D

10. C

11. B

12. A

13. E

14. A

15. D

16. C

17. C

18. E

1. E

2. D

3. B

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. E

8. A

9. B

10. C

11. A

12. C

13. E

14. D

15. A

16. B

17. A

18. C

1. D

2. B

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. A

7. D

8. C

9. E

10. D

11. E

12. A

13. B

14. C

15. E

16. B

17. C

18. B


CEVAP ANAHTARI -2

1995 Mayıs KPDS

1995 Kasım KPDS

1996 Mayıs KPDS

1996 Kasım KPDS

1997 Mayıs KPDS

1997 Kasım KPDS

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. C

5. A

6. B

7. A

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. D

12. B

13. E

14. E

15. B

16. C

17. E

18. B

1. A

2. E

3. B

4. E

5. C

6. C

7. E

8. B

9. D

10. A

11. C

12. D

13. D

14. E

15. A

16. D

17. C

18. A

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. E

5. A

6. D

7. C

8. E

9. B

10. A

11. E

12. B

13. D

14. B

15. E

16. C

17. A

18. D

1. A

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. D

7. E

8. E

9. D

10. C

11. E

12. B

13. A

14. C

15. E

16. D

17. B

18. C

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

6. C

7. A

8. D

9. B

10. C

11. A

12. E

13. D

14. B

15. D

16. E

17. C

18. A

1. A

2. E

3. C

4. D

5. B

6. E

7. C

8. A

9. E

10. C

11. A

12. D

13. A

14. E

15. A

16. C

17. A

18. E

142


CEVAP ANAHTARI -3

1998 Mayıs KPDS

1998 Kasım KPDS

1999 Mayıs KPDS

1999 Kasım KPDS

2000 Mayıs KPDS

2000 Kasım KPDS

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. C

5. E

6. B

7. C

8. E

9. D

10. B

11. E

12. C

13. C

14. B

15. B

16. C

17. A

18. E

1. D

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. C

6. E

7. A

8. D

9. B

10. B

11. C

12. E

13. D

14. A

15. B

16. E

17. C

18. D

1. A

2. B

3. E

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. E

8. B

9. D

10. C

11. E

12. A

13. E

14. A

15. D

16. C

17. D

18. A

1. A

2. C

3. E

4. D

5. A

6. C

7. B

8. D

9. E

10. B

11. C

12. A

13. A

14. E

15. D

16. B

17. D

18. E

1. D

2. C

3. A

4. C

5. E

6. A

7. B

8. D

9. E

10. A

11. E

12. B

13. E

14. E

15. C

16. D

17. E

18. B

1. D

2. B

3. E

4. A

5. B

6. C

7. D

8. E

9. B

10. A

11. E

12. D

13. B

14. E

15. D

16. A

17. E

18. C

143


CEVAP ANAHTARI -4

2001 Mayıs KPDS

2001 Kasım KPDS

2002 Mayıs KPDS

2002 Kasım KPDS

2003 Mayıs KPDS

2003 Kasım KPDS

1. A

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. B

6. E

7. A

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. D

12. E

13. C

14. D

15. C

16. A

17. B

18. E

1. A

2. C

3. B

4. A

5. B

6. D

7. E

8. D

9. D

10. E

11. B

12. D

13. C

14. B

15. E

16. D

17. C

18. A

1. E

2. B

3. A

4. B

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. E

9. D

10. E

11. A

12. B

13. C

14. E

15. D

16. C

17. B

18. A

1. B

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. E

8. D

9. C

10. A

11. E

12. A

13. C

14. B

15. D

16. C

17. B

18. D

19. E

20. A

21. E

22. D

23. B

24. C

25. C

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. D

5. E

6. E

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. E

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. D

15. A

16. C

17. C

18. A

19. B

20. E

21. A

22. B

23. B

24. C

25. E

1. D

2. E

3. C

4. E

5. A

6. D

7. E

8. A

9. B

10. E

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. C

16. D

17. E

18. D

19. B

20. A

21. C

22. B

23. D

24. D

25. B

144


CEVAP ANAHTARI -5

2004 Mayıs KPDS

2004 Kasım KPDS

2005 Mayıs KPDS

2005 Kasım KPDS

2006 Mayıs KPDS

2006 Kasım KPDS

1. C

2. A

3. E

4. A

5. B

6. E

7. D

8. B

9. C

10. B

11. C

12. D

13. B

14. D

15. B

16. A

17. C

18. E

19. A

20. C

21. A

22. D

23. A

24. E

25. A

1. B

2. E

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. A

7. E

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. C

12. E

13. D

14. A

15. C

16. B

17. A

18. E

19. D

20. C

21. A

22. B

23. E

24. C

25. A

1. B

2. B

3. E

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. C

8. B

9. D

10. A

11. B

12. D

13. B

14. C

15. A

16. D

17. D

18. B

19. C

20. E

21. E

22. D

23. E

24. C

25. A

1. C

2. D

3. E

4. D

5. A

6. E

7. D

8. B

9. A

10. C

11. E

12. A

13. D

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. D

18. C

19. A

20. B

21. D

22. A

23. D

24. B

25. D

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. E

10. D

11. C

12. A

13. E

14. B

15. D

16. A

17. B

18. D

19. E

20. C

21. B

22. D

23. E

24. A

25. D

1. A

2. E

3. D

4. B

5. C

6. E

7. E

8. C

9. B

10. A

11. C

12. E

13. B

14. A

15. E

16. C

17. A

18. D

19. E

20. B

21. C

22. E

23. D

24. A

25. E

145

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