"Saya/Kami* akui bahawa saya telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan saya/kami* karya ini adalah memadai dari segi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan

Penganugerahan ljazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan K.imia."

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia I

Tarikh

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia II

Tarikh

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia III

Tarikh

* Potong yang tidak berlrenaan

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. . ........................................................... .

Extraction of Lemon Oil from Citrus limon Peel via Ultrasonic assisted

Extraction

AILSUPPIAH PERPU$'t'.K~N

UNNERSITI MALAYSIA ~~HANG No. Porole.han N p·-··~--i o. snggiien

031 313 7& Tarikh ·e-&

pq:?,

l1 1 JUl 200~ J.-~g r 1\-e<i-s i

A thesis submitted in fulfillment oft e r::":'e~qu~t~re,...,.,ments tOnh:e- award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering

University Malaysia Pahang

MAY 2008

i

----- --- ---- ---

ii

I declare that this thesis entitled "Extraction of Lemon Oil from Citrus timonium

Peel via Ultrasonic assisted Extraction" is the result of my own research except as cited

in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not

concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ......... ~ .. : ................... .

Name of Candidate : Dhanakumar all Suppiah

Date : 16MAY2008

iii

DEDICATION

I dedicated this research to my self

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

'To take action without thinking is something a stupid does~ to take action after

thousand times thinking is something a scientist does'. This word resembles what I've

done for the past one year in completing this research. In completing this research, I

have gained many in exchange of time,energy and money that I had.

They say you cannot achieve any thing alone in life, same goes with me. I get

many helps from friends and lectures. They helped me in various kind of ways .I would

like to take this opportunity to pour my gratitude's to each of them .First and foremost I

would like to thank my family for their help and for being at my site every time.

Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor for teaching me all the things about plant

extraction and also I would like to say thanks Io other lectures for being very nice to me.

It is honored to have many loyal good friends that always been very helpful. I

thanking them for the all the things they had done for me.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE 1

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLES X

LIST OF FIGURES XI

LIST OF SYMBOL XII

LIST OF APPENDIXES Xlll

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Research Objective 3

1.4 Research Scope 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.1.1 Botanic Details of Lemon 4

2.2 Lemon Essential Oil 5

2.2.1 Medicinal Uses

2.3 Major Compound

2.4 Extraction Procedures

2.5 Ultrasonic Extraction

2.5.1Extraction Mechanism

2.6 Sonicated -assisted extraction

2~6.1Principles and Mechanism

2.6.2Practical Issues For Sonication-assisted Extraction

2.6.3 Effects of ultrasound characteristics

2.6.4 Operating Conditions

2.6.5Advantages and Disadvantages of

Sonication-assisted Extraction

2.6.6 Potential Applications of USE

2. 7 Laboratory and Large Scale Ultrasonic

Extraction

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Raw Material

3.2 Solvents

3.3 USE

3.4 GC-MS

4 RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Effects of Solvent and Time

4.2.1 Control Experiment

2.2 Quality Analysis of Lemon Oil

6

7

7

8

11

13

13

13

14

15

15

16

17

19

19

20

21

22

22 25

27

viii

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5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

2.2 Recommendation

LIST OF REFERENCES

APPENDICES

29

30

31

34

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Botanic Details of Lemon 4

2.2 Comparison between different extraction methods of 9 100 g of dill seeds, using hexane

2.3 Dry residue (g/100 g extract) obtained by direct 10 sonication

2.4 Influence of milling degree on the extraction of clove 11

flowers

4.1 Average result for quantity analysis of lemon oil 23

4.2 Maceration and ultrasonication 26

4.3 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 27

extracted with diethyl ether (30minutes time of

extraction)

4.4 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 27

extracted with dichloromethane (30 minute time of

extraction)

4.5 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 28

extracted with n-hexane (30minute time of extraction)

X

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE

2.1 Lemon fruit

2.2 Experimental setup for indirect extraction using a

cleaning bath

2.3 Experimental setup for indirect extraction using a

cleaning bath

PAGE

5

17

17

xi

xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

em Centimeter

mmHg Millimeter Mercury

p.L Microliter

g Gram

oc Degree Celsius

% Percentage

GC Gas Chromatography

MS Mass Spectrometry

a Alpha

p Beta

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE

A Solvent Boiling Chart

B Quantity Result

C MS...Chemstation Library ID

PAGE

34

35

36

xiii