k.fedra ‘97 integrating gis and environmental models integrated tools for spatial environmental...

K.Fedra ‘97

Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis

integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis

K.Fedra ‘97

Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...

GIS are computer based tools to:GIS are computer based tools to:

• capture, capture,

• manipulate, manipulate,

• process, and process, and

• display display

spatial or geo-referenced data.spatial or geo-referenced data.

GIS are computer based tools to:GIS are computer based tools to:

• capture, capture,

• manipulate, manipulate,

• process, and process, and

• display display

spatial or geo-referenced data.spatial or geo-referenced data.

K.Fedra ‘97


They combine They combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and

topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties

of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)

• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.

They combine They combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and

topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties

of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)

• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.

K.Fedra ‘97


Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

K.Fedra ‘97


Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

K.Fedra ‘97


Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

K.Fedra ‘97

Merging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging Paradigms

Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.

Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.

K.Fedra ‘97


Datafile GIS ENV Datafile GIS ENV GIS+ENVGIS+ENVDatafile GIS ENV Datafile GIS ENV GIS+ENVGIS+ENV

SocSciSearch 181 9,898 6SciSearch 143 6,118 7Enviroline 121 25,310 34WaterRes. 165 44,696 56Computer DB 501 21,933 81INSPEC 1,711 105,781 266

Literature search from summer 1991Literature search from summer 1991Literature search from summer 1991Literature search from summer 1991

K.Fedra ‘97

Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:

a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.

Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)

Analog computersAnalog computers

Scale modelsScale models

a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.

Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)

Analog computersAnalog computers

Scale modelsScale models

K.Fedra ‘97

Environmental ModelingEnvironmental ModelingEnvironmental ModelingEnvironmental Modeling

considerable tradition: considerable tradition:

• 1856 Darcy’s Law, fundamental 1856 Darcy’s Law, fundamental equation describing groundwater flowequation describing groundwater flow

• 1871 St.Venant equations describing 1871 St.Venant equations describing unsteady open channel flowunsteady open channel flow

• 1924 Lotka’s 1924 Lotka’s Elements of Physical Elements of Physical BiologyBiology

considerable tradition: considerable tradition:

• 1856 Darcy’s Law, fundamental 1856 Darcy’s Law, fundamental equation describing groundwater flowequation describing groundwater flow

• 1871 St.Venant equations describing 1871 St.Venant equations describing unsteady open channel flowunsteady open channel flow

• 1924 Lotka’s 1924 Lotka’s Elements of Physical Elements of Physical BiologyBiology

K.Fedra ‘97


• 1960-70 first computer models1960-70 first computer models• 1971 B.Patten, 1971 B.Patten, Systems Analysis and Systems Analysis and

Simulation in Ecology Simulation in Ecology (linear systems)(linear systems)• 1972 J.Forrester, 1972 J.Forrester, Principles of Systems Principles of Systems

(Systems Dynamics)(Systems Dynamics)• 1972 H.T.Odum, Energy flow modeling1972 H.T.Odum, Energy flow modeling• 1974,79 CLEANER multi-compartment 1974,79 CLEANER multi-compartment

lake models, Park et.al.lake models, Park et.al.

• 1960-70 first computer models1960-70 first computer models• 1971 B.Patten, 1971 B.Patten, Systems Analysis and Systems Analysis and

Simulation in Ecology Simulation in Ecology (linear systems)(linear systems)• 1972 J.Forrester, 1972 J.Forrester, Principles of Systems Principles of Systems

(Systems Dynamics)(Systems Dynamics)• 1972 H.T.Odum, Energy flow modeling1972 H.T.Odum, Energy flow modeling• 1974,79 CLEANER multi-compartment 1974,79 CLEANER multi-compartment

lake models, Park et.al.lake models, Park et.al.

K.Fedra ‘97


Development through increasing Development through increasing complexity: number of interacting complexity: number of interacting compartments, types of interactions.compartments, types of interactions.

No explicit spatial distribution in early No explicit spatial distribution in early process models.process models.

First spatially explicit models in the First spatially explicit models in the physical domain (flow), linkage of physical domain (flow), linkage of transport and ecological processes by transport and ecological processes by the mid 70’s and 80’s.the mid 70’s and 80’s.

Development through increasing Development through increasing complexity: number of interacting complexity: number of interacting compartments, types of interactions.compartments, types of interactions.

No explicit spatial distribution in early No explicit spatial distribution in early process models.process models.

First spatially explicit models in the First spatially explicit models in the physical domain (flow), linkage of physical domain (flow), linkage of transport and ecological processes by transport and ecological processes by the mid 70’s and 80’s.the mid 70’s and 80’s.

K.Fedra ‘97


Simplified blockSimplified block

diagram of the diagram of the

aquatic ecosystemaquatic ecosystem

model CLEANERmodel CLEANER

(Park et al., 1975)(Park et al., 1975)

Simplified blockSimplified block

diagram of the diagram of the

aquatic ecosystemaquatic ecosystem

model CLEANERmodel CLEANER

(Park et al., 1975)(Park et al., 1975)

K.Fedra ‘97

Types of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of Models

• scale models scale models (architecture, (architecture, construction, mechanical engineering)construction, mechanical engineering)

• conceptual models conceptual models (qualitative, (qualitative, block and flow diagrams, show major block and flow diagrams, show major components and interrelationships)components and interrelationships)

• mathematical models:mathematical models:– analytical, analog, digitalanalytical, analog, digital



• mathematical models:mathematical models:– analytical, analog, digitalanalytical, analog, digital

K.Fedra ‘97




• mathematical modelsmathematical models



• mathematical modelsmathematical models

K.Fedra ‘97


mathematical modelsmathematical models• conceptual or empiricalconceptual or empirical

• deterministic or stochasticdeterministic or stochastic

• steady-state or dynamicsteady-state or dynamic

• analytical or numericalanalytical or numerical

• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed

mathematical modelsmathematical models• conceptual or empiricalconceptual or empirical

• deterministic or stochasticdeterministic or stochastic



• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed

K.Fedra ‘97


• conceptual or empiricalconceptual or empirical• based on basic laws of nature or based on basic laws of nature or

theoretical conceptstheoretical concepts

• derived from observations derived from observations (input-output relations), providing (input-output relations), providing

phenomenological descriptionsphenomenological descriptions

• conceptual or empiricalconceptual or empirical• based on basic laws of nature or based on basic laws of nature or

theoretical conceptstheoretical concepts

• derived from observations derived from observations (input-output relations), providing (input-output relations), providing

phenomenological descriptionsphenomenological descriptions

K.Fedra ‘97


• deterministic or stochasticdeterministic or stochastic• all model inputs and parameters all model inputs and parameters

are assumed to be exactly knownare assumed to be exactly known• inputs and parameters can be inputs and parameters can be

represented by probability represented by probability distributions, resulting in distributions, resulting in probabilistic state and outputprobabilistic state and output

• deterministic or stochasticdeterministic or stochastic• all model inputs and parameters all model inputs and parameters

are assumed to be exactly knownare assumed to be exactly known• inputs and parameters can be inputs and parameters can be

represented by probability represented by probability distributions, resulting in distributions, resulting in probabilistic state and outputprobabilistic state and output

K.Fedra ‘97



• input and parametes are time-input and parametes are time-invariant, a solution independent of invariant, a solution independent of time can be derivedtime can be derived

• some model elements are some model elements are described as functions of timedescribed as functions of time


• input and parametes are time-input and parametes are time-invariant, a solution independent of invariant, a solution independent of time can be derivedtime can be derived

• some model elements are some model elements are described as functions of timedescribed as functions of time

K.Fedra ‘97



• the model equations can be solved the model equations can be solved analytically and exactlyanalytically and exactly

• equations require a numerical equations require a numerical approximation for solution, based approximation for solution, based on some form of discretizationon some form of discretization


• the model equations can be solved the model equations can be solved analytically and exactlyanalytically and exactly

• equations require a numerical equations require a numerical approximation for solution, based approximation for solution, based on some form of discretizationon some form of discretization

K.Fedra ‘97


• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be

independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)

values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer

function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact

• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be

independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)

values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer

function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact

K.Fedra ‘97

Modeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling Domains

• Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems

• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems

• Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface

• Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems

• Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards

• Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models


• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems





K.Fedra ‘97



• weather forecastingweather forecasting

• climate modelsclimate models

• air pollution: industry, traffic, air pollution: industry, traffic, domestic sources, accidental domestic sources, accidental releases (hazardous substances)releases (hazardous substances)


• weather forecastingweather forecasting

• climate modelsclimate models

• air pollution: industry, traffic, air pollution: industry, traffic, domestic sources, accidental domestic sources, accidental releases (hazardous substances)releases (hazardous substances)

K.Fedra ‘97


• Air pollution modelingAir pollution modeling

• estimation of the source term:estimation of the source term:– rate and duration of releaserate and duration of release

– source size, locationsource size, location

– initial buoyancy and momentuminitial buoyancy and momentum


• estimation of the source term:estimation of the source term:– rate and duration of releaserate and duration of release

– source size, locationsource size, location

– initial buoyancy and momentuminitial buoyancy and momentum

K.Fedra ‘97



• pollutant transportpollutant transport– advection by windadvection by wind

– turbulent and molecular diffusionturbulent and molecular diffusion

– buoyancy effects (gases, particles)buoyancy effects (gases, particles)

– deposition, chemical reactions, deposition, chemical reactions, radioactive decayradioactive decay


• pollutant transportpollutant transport– advection by windadvection by wind

– turbulent and molecular diffusionturbulent and molecular diffusion

– buoyancy effects (gases, particles)buoyancy effects (gases, particles)

– deposition, chemical reactions, deposition, chemical reactions, radioactive decayradioactive decay

K.Fedra ‘97



• impacts and hazardsimpacts and hazards– human end environmental exposurehuman end environmental exposure

– damage through explosion and firedamage through explosion and fire

– damage through chemical reactionsdamage through chemical reactions (corrosion)(corrosion)


• impacts and hazardsimpacts and hazards– human end environmental exposurehuman end environmental exposure

– damage through explosion and firedamage through explosion and fire

– damage through chemical reactionsdamage through chemical reactions (corrosion)(corrosion)

K.Fedra ‘97


• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems• hydrological cycle, rainfall-runoffhydrological cycle, rainfall-runoff• river flow and floodingriver flow and flooding• water distribution and allocationwater distribution and allocation• reservoir operationsreservoir operations• water quality, eutrophication, water quality, eutrophication, waste allocationwaste allocation• groundwater systemsgroundwater systems

• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems• hydrological cycle, rainfall-runoffhydrological cycle, rainfall-runoff• river flow and floodingriver flow and flooding• water distribution and allocationwater distribution and allocation• reservoir operationsreservoir operations• water quality, eutrophication, water quality, eutrophication, waste allocationwaste allocation• groundwater systemsgroundwater systems

K.Fedra ‘97


• Coastal waters and oceansCoastal waters and oceans

• currents and energy balance currents and energy balance (climate modeling)(climate modeling)

• coastal water qualitycoastal water quality

• nutrient cycles, eutrophicationnutrient cycles, eutrophication

• fisheries (sustainable yield)fisheries (sustainable yield)

• Coastal waters and oceansCoastal waters and oceans

• currents and energy balance currents and energy balance (climate modeling)(climate modeling)

• coastal water qualitycoastal water quality

• nutrient cycles, eutrophicationnutrient cycles, eutrophication

• fisheries (sustainable yield)fisheries (sustainable yield)

K.Fedra ‘97



• erosion, soil processeserosion, soil processes

• vegetation, land covervegetation, land cover

• groundwater (unsaturated and groundwater (unsaturated and saturated zones, links to the saturated zones, links to the hydrological domain)hydrological domain)


• erosion, soil processeserosion, soil processes

• vegetation, land covervegetation, land cover

• groundwater (unsaturated and groundwater (unsaturated and saturated zones, links to the saturated zones, links to the hydrological domain)hydrological domain)

K.Fedra ‘97



• population models, predator-prey population models, predator-prey systems, food chainssystems, food chains

• ecosystem models (multi-ecosystem models (multi-compartment combining physical compartment combining physical and biological elements)and biological elements)


• population models, predator-prey population models, predator-prey systems, food chainssystems, food chains

• ecosystem models (multi-ecosystem models (multi-compartment combining physical compartment combining physical and biological elements)and biological elements)

K.Fedra ‘97


• Agriculture and ForestryAgriculture and Forestry

• agricultural production agricultural production

• livestock and grazing modelslivestock and grazing models

• forest models (stands, growth, yield, forest models (stands, growth, yield, deforestation and reforestation)deforestation and reforestation)

• Agriculture and ForestryAgriculture and Forestry

• agricultural production agricultural production

• livestock and grazing modelslivestock and grazing models

• forest models (stands, growth, yield, forest models (stands, growth, yield, deforestation and reforestation)deforestation and reforestation)

K.Fedra ‘97



• floods and droughtsfloods and droughts

• erosion, desertificationerosion, desertification

• spills and accidental releasesspills and accidental releases

• epidemiological models (pests, epidemiological models (pests, infectuous diseases)infectuous diseases)


• floods and droughtsfloods and droughts

• erosion, desertificationerosion, desertification

• spills and accidental releasesspills and accidental releases

• epidemiological models (pests, epidemiological models (pests, infectuous diseases)infectuous diseases)

K.Fedra ‘97



• all of the above, but containing all of the above, but containing explicit representation of control explicit representation of control and decision variablesand decision variables

• economic evaluationeconomic evaluation


• all of the above, but containing all of the above, but containing explicit representation of control explicit representation of control and decision variablesand decision variables

• economic evaluationeconomic evaluation

K.Fedra ‘97


All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.

Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)

XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)

All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.

Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)

XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)

K.Fedra ‘97

Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models

are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:

dQ dQ

dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)

are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:

dQ dQ

dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)

+ = 0

K.Fedra ‘97


and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials

ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy

describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.

and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials

ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy

describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.

K.Fedra ‘97


The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements

or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.

The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements

or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.

K.Fedra ‘97


Process equations

are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.

Process equations

are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.

K.Fedra ‘97


couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.

couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.

K.Fedra ‘97


Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;

Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;

Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.

Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;

Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;

Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.

K.Fedra ‘97

GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling

• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems

• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data

• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality

• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems

• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data

• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality

K.Fedra ‘97


• data exchange between two separate systems:

• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.

• data exchange between two separate systems:

• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.

K.Fedra ‘97


separate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared filesseparate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared files

user interface user interface

GIS MODELshared files

K.Fedra ‘97


common user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memorycommon user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memory

common user interface

GIS MODEL

shared files andmemory

K.Fedra ‘97


full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.

full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.

GIS

DSS

MODELS

K.Fedra ‘97


GIS

MODELS

KBDBMSdata files rule base

pre-processor

post-processor

interactive user interfacehelp/explain visualization scenario manager

K.Fedra ‘97

Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling

Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;

Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.

Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;

Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.

K.Fedra ‘97 from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …... from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …...

K.Fedra ‘97a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...

K.Fedra ‘97The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...

K.Fedra ‘97The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.

K.Fedra ‘97Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...

K.Fedra ‘97… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.

k.fedra ‘97 integrating gis and environmental models integrated tools for spatial environmental...

Documents

environmental data

spatial problems

environmental problems

spatial geometric analysis

environmental models

environmental modeling

areasattribute data

processesfunctional