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El Dorado
AP History Aztecs 2014
Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the New World New World && Europe following the discovery of America Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.in 1492.
New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world.cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world.
In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost decimated the Indian (Native American) population.decimated the Indian (Native American) population.
Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the New World New World && Europe following the discovery of America Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.in 1492.
New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world.cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world.
In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost decimated the Indian (Native American) population.decimated the Indian (Native American) population.
Was the economic philosophy of Great Britain in the 17Was the economic philosophy of Great Britain in the 17 thth & 18& 18thth centuries. Like other mercantile powers, Great centuries. Like other mercantile powers, Great Britain sought to increase its wealth and power by Britain sought to increase its wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade with its establishing a favorable balance of trade with its colonies.colonies.
Basically, in reference to the Basically, in reference to the 13 colonies13 colonies, , they were to they were to provide all the raw materials provide all the raw materials && resources for the resources for the benefit of the Mother Countrybenefit of the Mother Country – England (Great – England (Great Britain).Britain).
A.A.Reasons for widespread Reasons for widespread unemploymentunemployment
B.B.Effects of increased European Effects of increased European immigrationimmigration
C.C.Causes of government regulation of Causes of government regulation of businessbusiness
D.D.Reasons for the development of Reasons for the development of international tradeinternational trade
The Puritans established the Half-Way Covenant to The Puritans established the Half-Way Covenant to ease requirements for church membership.ease requirements for church membership.
The Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant allowed the baptism of the allowed the baptism of the children of baptized but unconvertedchildren of baptized but unconverted Puritans. Puritans.
Basically, increase church membership = more money Basically, increase church membership = more money pours into the church.pours into the church.
Remember- a church is a business and needs money to Remember- a church is a business and needs money to operate.operate.
Was an 18Was an 18thth century philosophy century philosophy stressing that reason stressing that reason could be used to improve the human conditioncould be used to improve the human condition. .
Enlightenment thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson Enlightenment thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson stressed the idea of NATURAL RIGHTSstressed the idea of NATURAL RIGHTS. This can . This can clearly be clearly be seen inseen in the 2 the 2ndnd paragraph of the paragraph of the D of ID of I..
““We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal’ that they are endowed by men are created equal’ that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights’ that their Creator with certain inalienable rights’ that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.”happiness.”
Is the belief that God created the universe but Is the belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature.allowed it to operate through the laws of nature.
DEISTS such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin DEISTS such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin believed that Natural Laws could be Franklin believed that Natural Laws could be discovered by the use of Human Reason - discovered by the use of Human Reason - your your brain and knowledge.brain and knowledge.
Refers to a wave of religious revivals that spread Refers to a wave of religious revivals that spread across the American colonies during the 1730’s across the American colonies during the 1730’s
and 1740’s.and 1740’s.
Refers to the belief that government should be Refers to the belief that government should be based on the based on the consent of the peopleconsent of the people..
Republicanism inspired the American Republicanism inspired the American revolutionaries of the 18revolutionaries of the 18thth century. century.
Refers to the Refers to the division of power division of power among the among the legislativelegislative, , judiciajudicial, and l, and executiveexecutive branches of our branches of our government.government.
ALEXANDER HAMILTONALEXANDER HAMILTON defended the principle defended the principle of separation of powers when he wrote,of separation of powers when he wrote,
Refers to a system in which each branch of Refers to a system in which each branch of government can government can check the power of the other check the power of the other branchesbranches..
For example, the President can VETO For example, the President can VETO (say no), (say no), toto aa BILL passed by Congress and Congress can BILL passed by Congress and Congress can OVERRIDE the President’s veto.OVERRIDE the President’s veto.
Another example, the PRESIDENT nominates Another example, the PRESIDENT nominates Judges to the Supreme Court, but the Congress Judges to the Supreme Court, but the Congress must must approve/disapprove approve/disapprove their appointment.their appointment.
The Supreme Court can strike down an act of The Supreme Court can strike down an act of Congress by Congress by declaring it UNCONSTITUTIONALdeclaring it UNCONSTITUTIONAL..
This principle was established in the court case ofThis principle was established in the court case of MARBURY v. MADISON.MARBURY v. MADISON.
Basically, the Supreme Basically, the Supreme Court is the Court is the final final authorityauthority in in lawlaw ---- for ---- for any type of case. any type of case.
Is a term referring to the development of a Is a term referring to the development of a national transportation systemnational transportation system..
Refers to a set of proposals designed to unify the Refers to a set of proposals designed to unify the nation & strengthen its economy by means of nation & strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs protective tariffs (taxes)(taxes),, a national bank & a national bank & internal improvements internal improvements such as such as canalscanals & & newnew roadsroads..
HENRY CLAY HENRY CLAY was the chief proponent of the was the chief proponent of the American System.American System.
This idea refers to the idealization of women in This idea refers to the idealization of women in their roles as WIVES and MOTHERS.their roles as WIVES and MOTHERS.
The concept of “The concept of “republican motherrepublican mother” suggested ” suggested that women would be responsible for raising their that women would be responsible for raising their children to be children to be virtuous citizensvirtuous citizens of the new of the new American republic.American republic.
Was a Was a philosophical and literary movementphilosophical and literary movement of the of the 1800’s that emphasized 1800’s that emphasized living a simple lifeliving a simple life & &
celebrating the celebrating the truth found in naturetruth found in nature && in in personal emotion personal emotion && imagination imagination..
RALPH WALDO EMERSON RALPH WALDO EMERSON && HENRY DAVID HENRY DAVID THOREAU were the foremost transcendentalist THOREAU were the foremost transcendentalist writers.writers.
Was the belief that humans can Was the belief that humans can use conscious use conscious acts of good will to create communities based acts of good will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect.upon cooperation and mutual respect.
UTOPIAN communitiesUTOPIAN communities such as Brook Farm, such as Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida reflected the New Harmony, and Oneida reflected the blossoming of perfectionist aspirations.blossoming of perfectionist aspirations.
Refers to a Refers to a wave of religious enthusiasmwave of religious enthusiasm that that spread across America btwn 1800 spread across America btwn 1800 && 1830. 1830.
Middle-class women played an especially Middle-class women played an especially important role in the Second Great Awakening by important role in the Second Great Awakening by making Americans aware of the moral making Americans aware of the moral issues posed by SLAVERYissues posed by SLAVERY..
Refers to a set of political beliefs associated with Refers to a set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson && his followers. his followers.
Jacksonian Democracy included respect for the Jacksonian Democracy included respect for the COMMON SENSE COMMON SENSE && ABILITIES of the ABILITIES of the COMMON COMMON MANMAN, expansion of White male suffrage, , expansion of White male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government appointment of political supporters to government positions positions (spoils system/patronage)(spoils system/patronage) and and oppositionopposition to privileged Eastern elites to privileged Eastern elites ((the richthe rich))..
Is a legal theory that a state in the USA has the Is a legal theory that a state in the USA has the right to nullify right to nullify (invalidate/say NO)(invalidate/say NO) to any Federal to any Federal Law that the state deems to be unconstitutional.Law that the state deems to be unconstitutional.
John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun was the foremost proponent of was the foremost proponent of this doctrine.this doctrine.
Inspired by his leadership, a convention in Inspired by his leadership, a convention in South South Carolina declared the tariffsCarolina declared the tariffs (taxes)(taxes) of both 1828 of both 1828 & 1832 unenforceable in that state.& 1832 unenforceable in that state.
Refers to the 19Refers to the 19thth century belief that the USA century belief that the USA would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.
It was their God-Given Right to own and control It was their God-Given Right to own and control the North American Continent from the Atlantic to the North American Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.the Pacific.
Is the principle that the settlers of a given territory Is the principle that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.slavery will be permitted there.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY led to a divisive POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the new debate over the expansion of slavery into the new territoriesterritories..
The first great test of popular sovereignty The first great test of popular sovereignty occurred in Kansas.occurred in Kansas.
These were post-Civil War (These were post-Civil War (post = afterpost = after), laws ), laws and customs designed to DISCRIMINATE and customs designed to DISCRIMINATE
againstagainst
African AmericansAfrican Americans..
Used to Used to counter – actcounter – act the 13 the 13thth, 14, 14thth && 15 15thth Amendments to the U.S. ConstitutionAmendments to the U.S. Constitution..
Refers to a 19Refers to a 19thth century reform movement based century reform movement based on the belief that Christian have a responsibility to on the belief that Christian have a responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty.actively confront social problems such as poverty.
Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Social Gospel argued that real social change Social Gospel argued that real social change would result from dedication to both RELIGIOUS would result from dedication to both RELIGIOUS PRACTICE and SOCIAL REFORM.PRACTICE and SOCIAL REFORM.
This was the belief that the RICH were the This was the belief that the RICH were the guardians of society’s wealth and, as such, had a guardians of society’s wealth and, as such, had a DUTY to serve society in HUMANE ways.DUTY to serve society in HUMANE ways.
ANDREW CARNEGIE was the foremost ANDREW CARNEGIE was the foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth.advocate of the Gospel of Wealth.
This term refers to the belief that there is a This term refers to the belief that there is a NATURAL EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSNATURAL EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS by by which thewhich the FITTESTFITTEST will will SURVIVESURVIVE..
Wealthy businessWealthy business
and industrial leaders and industrial leaders
used Social Darwinism used Social Darwinism
to to justify their justify their success.success.
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller used Social used Social Darwinism to justify his success, “Darwinism to justify his success, “The The growth of a large business corporation growth of a large business corporation is merely is merely survival of the fittestsurvival of the fittest…..the …..the American Beauty rose can be American Beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and produced in the splendor and fragrance which brings cheer to the fragrance which brings cheer to the beholder only be sacrificing the early beholder only be sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. buds which grow up around it. This is This is not an evil tendency in business. It is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of the merely the working out of the law of law of nature and a law of Godnature and a law of God.”.”
This term refers to the argument by historian This term refers to the argument by historian FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER that the frontier FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER that the frontier experience helped make American society more experience helped make American society more democratic. democratic. Turner especially emphasized the Turner especially emphasized the importance of importance of cheap, unsettled landcheap, unsettled land and the and the absence of a landed aristocracyabsence of a landed aristocracy (rich people owning all the (rich people owning all the
new land).new land). Here is an illustrative quote:Here is an illustrative quote:““From the beginning of the settlement of America, the From the beginning of the settlement of America, the
frontier regions have exercised a steady influence frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy….. American democracy is toward democracy….. American democracy is
fundamentally the outcome of the experience of the fundamentally the outcome of the experience of the American people in dealing with the West….”American people in dealing with the West….”
Refers to the massive wave of immigrants who Refers to the massive wave of immigrants who came to AMERICA btwn 1880 and 1924.came to AMERICA btwn 1880 and 1924.
The OLD Immigrants primarily from England, The OLD Immigrants primarily from England, Germany, and Scandinavia. Germany, and Scandinavia.
The The NEWNEW Immigrants came primarily from small Immigrants came primarily from small farms and villages in Southern and Eastern farms and villages in Southern and Eastern Europe.Europe.
Nativists favored the interest of NATIVE-Born Nativists favored the interest of NATIVE-Born people over the interest of immigrants.people over the interest of immigrants.
The Know-Nothings were the first nativist political The Know-Nothings were the first nativist political party in America. Nativist’s directed their hostility party in America. Nativist’s directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants.against Irish and German Catholic immigrants.
These were early 20These were early 20thth century (1900’s) journalists century (1900’s) journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social who exposed illegal business practices, social injustice, and corrupt urban political bosses.injustice, and corrupt urban political bosses.
Leading muckrakers included Leading muckrakers included
Upton Sinclair = The Jungle- slaughter housesUpton Sinclair = The Jungle- slaughter houses
Jacob Riis = photographer- urban plight Jacob Riis = photographer- urban plight inin AmericaAmerica
Ida Tarbell =Ida Tarbell = She became the first womanthe first woman to take on Standard Oiltake on Standard Oil. Her direct forerunner was Henry Demarest Lloyd. She began her work on The Standard after her editors at McClure's Magazine called for a story on one of the trusts.
The MuckrakersThe Muckrakers was the name given by Theodore Roosevelt to a group of crusading journalist who helped shed light on the issues happening in society. President Roosevelt stated that at times it is necessary to clean up society by using the “Muck-Rake”(meaning the journalist). The Muckrakers would investigate and publish stories of corruption in popular magazines of the day such as McClure’s, Collier’s, and Munsey’s. The Muckrakers focused on many issues such as government, monopolies, living conditions, and government regulations on food and medicine. The Muckrakers played a crucial first step in bringing the issues of this era into the eyes of the public.
This was a system of This was a system of scientific managementscientific management developed by developed by FREDERICK W. TAYLORFREDERICK W. TAYLOR. .
TaylorismTaylorism sought to sought to develop a develop a disciplined labor disciplined labor force by force by eliminating eliminating wasted motionwasted motion..
Occurs when a company Occurs when a company controlscontrols both both the the production and distribution of itsproduction and distribution of its product. product.
For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry.industry.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Carnegie Steel
Refinery
Rail Lines
Raw Materials
Limestone Quarries
Coal MinesIron Ore Fields
Occurs when a company Occurs when a company controlscontrols both both the the production and distribution of itsproduction and distribution of its product. product.
For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry.industry.
CARNEGIE’S VERTICAL INTEGRATION
• Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible
• How? Vertical integration; he bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines) in order to to control materials control materials and transportation and transportation && PRICEPRICE
Occurs when one company gains control over Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product.other companies that produce the same product.
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
Standard Oil
Refinery Refinery Refinery
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
• Additionally, Carnegie bought up the competition through friendly and hostile takeovers
• This is known as Horizontal Integration; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies
MERGERS
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Standard Oil
Standard Oil Of Ohio Chevron Amoco Exxon Mobil
These were These were slumsslums or or shantytownsshantytowns inhabited by inhabited by unemployedunemployed and and homelesshomeless people people during during the the Great Great DepressionDepression..
The homeless The homeless named named these slums these slums afterafter the the PresidentPresident – Herbert – Herbert HooverHoover who they who they blamedblamed forfor the the Great DepressionGreat Depression..
This is an economic philosophy stating that This is an economic philosophy stating that economic activities should be largely economic activities should be largely FREE of FREE of governmental interference, regulations, governmental interference, regulations, and restraint.and restraint.
It is interesting to note that LAISSEZ-FAIRE It is interesting to note that LAISSEZ-FAIRE economics was economics was supported by leaders who, supported by leaders who, ironically, also supported protective tariffsironically, also supported protective tariffs..
Was a USA foreign policy calling for Was a USA foreign policy calling for Americans to Americans to avoid entangling political alliances abroadavoid entangling political alliances abroad ..
During the 1930’s isolationists drew support from During the 1930’s isolationists drew support from ideas expressed in ideas expressed in George WASHINGTON’S George WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESSFAREWELL ADDRESS (he preached (he preached isolationism after the Revolutionary War so isolationism after the Revolutionary War so America could build and grow).America could build and grow).
The The NEUTRALITY ACTSNEUTRALITY ACTS of the of the 1930’s1930’s were were expressions of a expressions of a commitment to isolationismcommitment to isolationism..
Was the name for a Was the name for a USA Cold War Foreign USA Cold War Foreign policypolicy designed to designed to contain or block the contain or block the spread of Soviet (USSR) influence around the spread of Soviet (USSR) influence around the worldworld..
George F. Kennan was an American diplomat George F. Kennan was an American diplomat and specialist on the Soviet Union who wrote an and specialist on the Soviet Union who wrote an influential article influential article advocating that advocating that the USA focus the USA focus its foreign policyits foreign policy on containing on containing the spread of the spread of Soviet influence Soviet influence (communism).(communism).
This term refers to the This term refers to the making of public making of public accusations of disloyaltyaccusations of disloyalty to the USA to the USA without sufficient evidence.without sufficient evidence.
Senator McCarthy played on the fears of Senator McCarthy played on the fears of Americans by Americans by claiming that Communists had claiming that Communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department and other infiltrated the U.S. State Department and other federal agenciesfederal agencies..
McCarthy’s accusations helped create a climate McCarthy’s accusations helped create a climate of paranoia, as of paranoia, as AmericansAmericans became became preoccupiedpreoccupied with the perceived with the perceived threat posed bythreat posed by alleged alleged CommunistsCommunists subversives subversives working working in the USAin the USA..
This theory refers to This theory refers to the belief that if one the belief that if one country falls to Communism, its neighbors country falls to Communism, its neighbors will also be infected and fall to Communismwill also be infected and fall to Communism. . For example, the fall of south Vietnam would lead For example, the fall of south Vietnam would lead to the loss of Southeast Asia.to the loss of Southeast Asia.
““If Indo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the If Indo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of Southeast Asia, then the United States loss of Southeast Asia, then the United States might eventually be forced back to Hawaii, as it might eventually be forced back to Hawaii, as it was before the Second World War.”was before the Second World War.”
This was a military doctrine associated with This was a military doctrine associated with President Eisenhower’s secretary of state, John President Eisenhower’s secretary of state, John Foster Dulles.Foster Dulles.
In the In the event of an attackevent of an attack by the Soviet by the Soviet Union Union (USSR)(USSR) or any other hostile power, or any other hostile power, the the USA would retaliate with massive force, USA would retaliate with massive force, including nuclear weaponsincluding nuclear weapons..
The threat of massive retaliation was The threat of massive retaliation was designed designed to to deterdeter an enemy an enemy from from launching an launching an initial attackinitial attack..
Massive Retaliation
• On January 12, 1955 U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation.
• It threatens full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world.
John Foster Dulles and MacArthur in Korea, 1950
The Black Power movement of the 1960’s The Black Power movement of the 1960’s advocated that advocated that African Americans establish African Americans establish controlcontrol of their political and economic life of their political and economic life. .
Key advocates of Black Power included Key advocates of Black Power included
Malcolm XMalcolm X
Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael
Huey NewtonHuey Newton
HAWKSHAWKS supported USA involvementsupported USA involvement in the in the Vietnam WARVietnam WAR and believed America should and believed America should increase military force to win the Warincrease military force to win the War..
DOVESDOVES opposed opposed thethe Vietnam WARVietnam WAR and believed and believed the USA the USA should should withdrawwithdraw its its forces forces fromfrom Vietnam. Vietnam.
The term The term refers to the relaxation of refers to the relaxation of tensions btwn the USA and the USSRtensions btwn the USA and the USSR; it ; it was introduced by Secretary of State Henry was introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger & President Richard Nixon.Kissinger & President Richard Nixon.
ExamplesExamples of détente include the of détente include the Strategic Strategic Arms Limitation TalksArms Limitation Talks (SALT), (SALT), expanded tradeexpanded trade with with the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union (USSR), and (USSR), and Presidents Presidents Nixon’s tripNixon’s trip to to China China and and RussiaRussia..
Refers to the economic Refers to the economic policies of President policies of President Ronald Reagan; it is Ronald Reagan; it is also called also called SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICSSUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS..
President Reagan hoped President Reagan hoped to promote growthto promote growth and investment by and investment by deregulating businessderegulating business, , reducing corporate tax ratesreducing corporate tax rates, and , and lowering lowering federal tax ratesfederal tax rates for upper-and middle for upper-and middle income Americans.income Americans.
Which of the following best completes the chart?
WW1 ended
Followed the Bolshevik Revolution
Fear of Communism
Fear of Foreigners
A) The “xenophobic” repressionB) McCarthyismC) The first Red ScareD) The Second Red Scare
KEY KEY TERMSTERMS
APUSH APUSH TESTTEST
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