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KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES

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Page 1: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE

OBSTACLES

Page 2: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration• Immigration laws – laws that restrict

or allow migration of certain groups into a country.

– Quotas limit the number of migrants from each region into a country.

– A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering.

Page 3: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Immigration Policies of Host Countries

• United States uses a quota system– Era of unrestricted immigration ended when

Congress passed the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 and was designed to ensure most immigrants were from Europe

– Current law-620,000, no more than 7% from any one country. ¾ are admitted to reunify families

– Remaining 1/4 are skilled workers and talented professionals

– Quota does not apply to refugees– Asians make good use of law, skilled workers

come, then bring families who bring wider range of families through chain migration

Page 4: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Post-September 11

Page 5: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

BRAIN DRAIN-large scale emigration by most talented

people• US and Western Europe contribute to

this by drawing the most talented individuals from a country

• Most seeking employment are young, well-educated people lured to economic growth

• Percentage of college educated Haitians living abroad was 84%!!! 47% of Ghana, 45% in Mozambique

Page 6: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Guest Workers

• Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.

- have short term work visas- send remittances to home

country-typically those who obtain jobs in

Europe and the Middle East

Page 7: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Europe’s Guest workers

• 700,000 immigrants enter Europe legally each year along with about 500,000 illegally

• Primarily from Northern Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia

• Low paid by European standards; taking low-status, low-skilled jobs

• Reduces unemployment in home country and puts foreign currency into local economy

• Germany—Turks; France-former colonies

Page 8: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Distinguishing between refugees and economic

migrants-Cuba/Haiti/Vietnam• US has regarded Cubans as political refugees

since 1959 (Castro’s Communist revolution)• Took over privately owned banks, farms,

factories, etc. political opponents jailed.• More than 600,000 came in years following

impacting southern Florida• 1980 Mariel boatlift—2nd wave of immigrants

came when Castro released prisoners and mental patients. (more than 125,000)

Page 9: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Haiti

• Just after Mariel boatlift, many Haitians came to the US

• Dictators Papa Doc (Francois Devalier) and Baby Doc (Jean-Claude Devalier) harshly persecuted political opponents

• US government drew distinction because Cuba was Soviet ally

• US immigration would not let people in boats come aboard and the Haitians sued and won

• After a 1991 coup, many Haitians came and claimed political asylum

• US decided most came for economic reasons

Page 10: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Vietnam• After Vietnam war, many Pro-US Southern

Vietnamese were persecuted• They tried to leave by boat and were thus

called “boat people”• Would drift into the South China Sea and

hope to be rescued by a US naval vessel• Some would not be taken aboard• Second surge in the late 80s went to other

Asian countries; Thailand especially sent them back to sea

• Many placed in detention camps until 1996 when returned to Vietnam

Page 11: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

US Attitudes toward Immigrants

• Always regarded new arrivals with suspicion, but accepting during 19th century b/c immigrants were taming the west

• Opposition intensified toward Poles, Italians, Russians and Southern Europeans in early 1900s

• Now denial of undocumented immigrants services in several states

Page 12: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Attitudes Toward Guest Workers

• Many Europeans dislike them and oppose programs to improve their living conditions

• In Middle East, workers must marry abroad and can’t work if they have families

• Anti-immigrant arguments/politicians seductive to many voters

Page 13: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Economic Opportunities

In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

Page 14: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Key Issue 4

Why do people migrate within a country?

Page 15: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Interregional migration—migration between regions of a

country• Settling of the American west is one

of the most famous examples of large-scale internal migration

• Changing center of population (the average location of everyone in a country; center of population gravity) pattern of moving west and south after 1790

• Population center didn’t change throughout the colonial period

Page 16: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

National Migration Flows

• Also known as internal migration

Page 17: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Early Settlement of the Interior• Settlement of the interior begins after

1790 as a result of opportunity for large amounts of land for low price

• In early 1800s transportation improvements, mainly canals, made it easier to go west

• For much of the 19th century settlement stopped at the 98th meridian because it was declared unfit for farming

• Ironically, this region is one of the world’s richest farmland

Page 18: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

98th dotted/100th solid

Page 19: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Settlement of the Great Plains• After 1880, population center shifts slower

– immigration from Europe offset western migration

– because of filling in the area between California and the 98th meridian

• Advancing agricultural technology made it possible for Great Plains to be cultivated

• Expansion of railroads began in 1840/they sold land acquired from government

• Gold rush in mid 1800s• In 1980, the population center jumped the

Mississippi for the first time ever

Page 20: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Recent Growth of the South

• 1920s center began to move southward also

• During the 1980s and 90s, 4 million people a year moved into the South from the Northeast, Midwest, and West for job opportunities—to the “sunbelt” from the “rustbelt”.

Page 21: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 22: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 23: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

African American Migration

• During the 20th century, large number of African Americans migrate to Northeast, Midwest, and West for jobs

• It equals in the 1990s whereas North to South was much higher for whites

• Presently, migration patterns differ little between races; internal migration has slowed due to less difference in regional employment opportunities

Page 24: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 25: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Migration between Regions in other countries

Page 26: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Russia-government policies to encourage interregional

migration• Interregional migration important in developing Soviet Union

• Established factories near raw materials and didn’t have enough workers

• Needed to develop far North because of rich resources

• Did force people to migrate but later changed to incentive programs

• Many just moved back because of the harsh climate

• Now government officials no longer dictate locations of industry

Page 27: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Brazil

• Most of Brazil’s most populous cities are on Atlantic coast while interior is sparsely populated

• Moved capital to Brasilia in the interior• Growth slow at first because officials

resented the move• But now, many have moved in search

of work

Page 28: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 29: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

• Indonesia—government paid for people to move from Java to other islands

• Europe—trends depend on country and where economic opportunities are

• India—an example when a government limits ability to Migrate; must have a permit to migrate or even visit the State of Assam

Page 30: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Intraregional Migration—migration within a region

• Migration from rural to urban– Most prominent type of intraregional

migration; less than 5% lived in urban areas in 1800 compared to nearly half today

– In MDCs about ¾ of people live in urban areas– Migration has increased dramatically in LDCs

to urban areas– Pushed by declining agricultural opportunities

and pulled by job opportunities– Housing is in issue in many LDC urban areas

Page 31: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 32: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

• migration from urban to suburban– Most of migration in MDC happens in

this way– Drawn by suburban lifestyle– Transportation allows people to live in

the suburban area but work in the urban area

– As a result, farms on the periphery are being converted to suburban land use.

Page 33: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration
Page 34: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

Page 35: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration

• Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan—net migration from urban to rural is called counterurbanization– Trend in late twentieth century– Represents some difficulty distinguishing from

rural and suburb but most is genuine migration from suburbs and urban areas to small towns and rural communities

– Moving for a desire to change lifestyle– sometimes can be retirees– Not common in US because the economy of small

towns and rural areas not attractive– Farming suffering / industry located in rural areas

suffering

Page 36: KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration