kayalpatnam city development plan

8/8/2019 Kayalpatnam City Development Plan

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City Development Plan

Kayalpattinam

Final Report

August 2009

Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise Private Limited (IPE)


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CDP-KAYALPATTINAM FINAL REPORT

DMA, GoTN i INFRASTRUCTURE PROFESSIONALS ENTERPRISE (P) LTD

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS...........................................1

1.1 The CDP Initiative................................................................................................ 11.2 The JNNURM; its Thrust and Coverage............................................................. 11.3 The UIDSSMT....................................................................................................... 11.4 CDP objectives under UIDSSMT ........................................................................ 21.5 Essential Features of a CDP............................................................................... 21.6 A Brief on ULBs in Tamil Nadu.......................................................................... 31.7 Scope of Work..................................................................................................... 41.8 Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) TNUDP-III Project ................ 6

CHAPTER - 2

CITY VISION AND THE REGIONAL CONTEXT ....................................................................................8

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 82.2 The State Context: Inputs ................................................................................... 82.2.1 Political Historic..............................................................................................................82.2.2 Urban Growth - Governance ...........................................................................................82.2.3 Location - Geography....................................................................................................112.2.4 Demography Economy...............................................................................................112.2.5 Infrastructure Industry ................................................................................................15

2.3 The District Context: Inputs.............................................................................. 152.3.1 Location Geographic ..................................................................................................152.3.2 Urban Growth Governance ........................................................................................192.3.3 Historic Political ..........................................................................................................202.3.4 Demography-Economy-Human Resource ....................................................................21

2.3.5 Infrastructure-Industry ...................................................................................................222.4 Relevant District Profile.................................................................................... 242.5 Taluka Context: Inputs...................................................................................... 242.6 Inception Stage and the SWOT Analysis......................................................... 252.7 Emerging Kayalpattinam Vision....................................................................... 272.8 Inputs from Kayalpattinam Vision: Proposals and Spatial Perspective .... 27

CHAPTER - 3

TOWN PROFILE .................................................................................................................................29

3.1 Town History and Growth................................................................................. 293.2 Climate and Physical Features......................................................................... 29

3.3 Demography ...................................................................................................... 293.3.1 Population Growth Trends.............................................................................................30

3.4 Literacy and Sex Ratio...................................................................................... 313.5 Urban Economy................................................................................................. 323.5.1 Occupational Structure..................................................................................................323.5.2 Commerce and Industry ................................................................................................32

3.6 Land Use............................................................................................................ 333.6.1 Residential Area ............................................................................................................333.6.2 Commercial Area...........................................................................................................333.6.3 Industrial Area ...............................................................................................................333.6.4 Transportation ...............................................................................................................33

3.7 Spatial Pattern................................................................................................... 33

3.7.1 Spatial Growth Trends/ Urban Sprawl...........................................................................333.7.2 Spatial Population Distribution ......................................................................................34


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3.7.3 Future Growth Patterns .................................................................................................343.8 Emerging Issues................................................................................................ 343.9 Population Forecast.......................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER 4

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENT & SERVICE DELIVERY ...........................................36

4.1 Water Supply ..................................................................................................... 364.1.1 Source and Availability of Water ...................................................................................364.1.2 Storage and Treatment Facility .....................................................................................384.1.3 Water Transmission and Distribution ............................................................................384.1.4 Consumer Connections.................................................................................................384.1.5 System Adequacy and Water Tariff...............................................................................384.1.6 Distribution Losses and Unaccounted Water Flow .......................................................394.1.7 Demand Collection Balance Sheet................................................................................394.1.8 Issues Emerged.............................................................................................................404.1.9 Key Issues .....................................................................................................................404.1.10 Demand - Supply Gap and Future Requirement...........................................................40

4.1.11 Designing the Services..................................................................................................414.1.12 Urban Indicators Water Supply ..................................................................................414.1.13 Effective Practices .........................................................................................................414.1.14 Strategies and Time Frame...........................................................................................42

4.2 Sewerage and Sanitation System .................................................................... 424.2.1 Current Disposal Systems.............................................................................................424.2.2 Coverage .......................................................................................................................424.2.3 Issues ............................................................................................................................434.2.4 Demand and Supply Gap-Future Requirement.............................................................434.2.5 Strategies and Time Frame...........................................................................................434.2.6 Performance Indicators Sewerage & Sanitation ........................................................444.2.7 Designing the System ...................................................................................................444.2.8 Suggestions...................................................................................................................44

4.3 Storm Water Drainage....................................................................................... 454.3.1 Existing Drainage System .............................................................................................454.3.2 Service Adequacy..........................................................................................................454.3.3 Key Issues .....................................................................................................................454.3.4 Suggestions...................................................................................................................464.3.5 Strategies and Time Frame...........................................................................................46

4.4 Solid Waste Management ................................................................................. 464.4.1 Waste Generation..........................................................................................................464.4.2 Waste Collection............................................................................................................474.4.3 Waste Transportation and Disposal ..............................................................................484.4.4 Staff Pattern...................................................................................................................484.4.5 Performance Indicator ...................................................................................................494.4.6 Demand Supply Gap-Future Requirement....................................................................494.4.7 Issues ............................................................................................................................494.4.8 Suggestions...................................................................................................................50

4.5 Traffic, Transportation & Roads....................................................................... 514.5.1 Existing Situation and Adequacy...................................................................................514.5.2 Issues ............................................................................................................................524.5.3 Gap Analysis .................................................................................................................534.5.4 Suggestions...................................................................................................................534.5.5 Strategies and Time frame............................................................................................53

4.6 Street Lighting................................................................................................... 544.6.1 Existing Situation ...........................................................................................................544.6.2 Service Adequacy..........................................................................................................544.6.3 Issues Emerged.............................................................................................................54

4.6.4 Suggestions...................................................................................................................544.7 Social Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 55


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4.7.1 Education.......................................................................................................................554.7.2 Health ............................................................................................................................554.7.3 Issues ............................................................................................................................55

4.8 Urban Environmental Concerns....................................................................... 554.8.1 Air Quality ......................................................................................................................564.8.2 Water Quality.................................................................................................................56

4.8.3 Parks and Play Grounds ...............................................................................................564.8.4 Issues Emerged.............................................................................................................56

CHAPTER 5

HOUSING, SLUMS AND THE URBAN POOR.....................................................................................57

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 575.2 Housing Categories and Conditions................................................................ 575.3 Slums and BPL.................................................................................................. 585.4 Infrastructure Provision in Slums.................................................................... 585.5 Indicators, Basic Services Availability & Gaps ............................................... 595.6 Housing Demand and Housing Shortage........................................................ 59

CHAPTER - 6

HERITAGE

6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 606.2 Heritage Components....................................................................................... 606.3 Heritage Sites near Kayalpattinam................................................................... 606.4 Heritage Conservation ...................................................................................... 636.5 State Interventions............................................................................................ 636.6 Issues and Concerns ........................................................................................ 64

CHAPTER - 7

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND URBAN REFORMS .............................................................................65

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 657.2 74th CAA: Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Bill .............................................. 657.3 JNNURM Reform Agenda ................................................................................. 667.4 ULBs Organisational Structure ........................................................................ 677.4.1 Political Wing .................................................................................................................677.4.2 Executive Wing..............................................................................................................68

7.5 Reforms for ULB under UIDSSMT.................................................................... 697.6 Mandatory Reforms at Urban Local Body ....................................................... 697.6.1 Status of Mandatory Reforms in Kayalpattinam............................................................70

7.7 Multiplicity of Line Agencies............................................................................ 707.8 Issues................................................................................................................. 707.9 Reforms Undertaken by Kayalpattinam ULB................................................... 717.9.1 Computerization Initiatives ............................................................................................717.9.2 E-Governance Reforms.................................................................................................717.9.3 Citizens Charter.............................................................................................................71

7.10Recommended Organisational Structure ........................................................ 717.11Suggestions....................................................................................................... 74

CHAPTER - 8

MUNICIPAL FINANCE ..........................................................................................................................75

8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 758.2 Revenue Account.............................................................................................. 75


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8.3 Revenue Receipts ............................................................................................. 768.4 Revenue Expenditure........................................................................................ 788.5 Trends in Income & Expenditure...................................................................... 798.6 Demand Collection Balance (DCB) Scenario .................................................. 808.6.1 DCB for Property Tax ....................................................................................................808.6.2 DCB for Professional Tax..............................................................................................818.6.3 DCB for Water Charges ................................................................................................82

8.7 Ratio Analysis ................................................................................................... 83

CHAPTER - 9

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSPECTIVE AND VISION OF THE CITY......................................................84

9.1 Spatial Perspective for Kayalpattinam 2041.................................................... 849.2 Sector Specific Objectives and Projects ......................................................... 849.2.1 A Spatial Growth Strategy (Town Level) .......................................................................849.2.2 Spatial Growth Strategies Regional Level..................................................................859.2.3 Short Term Projects (2008 - 2013)................................................................................859.2.4 Prioritisation of Projects.................................................................................................85

9.3 Infrastructure Projects...................................................................................... 869.3.1 Water Supply .................................................................................................................869.3.2 Sewerage/ Under Ground Drainage..............................................................................869.3.3 Storm Water Drainage...................................................................................................879.3.4 Sanitation.......................................................................................................................879.3.5 Traffic and Transportation .............................................................................................889.3.6 Urban Poor and Slums..................................................................................................899.3.7 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................909.3.8 Tourism..........................................................................................................................91

9.4 Concurrence on Prioritized Projects................................................................ 91

CHAPTER - 10

CITY INVESTMENT PLAN (CIP)...........................................................................................................93

10.1 Backdrop Study................................................................................................ 9410.2 CIP Process for Kayalpattinam ....................................................................... 9410.3 Water Supply .................................................................................................... 9410.4 Sewerage and Sanitation................................................................................. 9610.5 Storm Water Drainage...................................................................................... 9710.6 Solid Waste Management ................................................................................ 9810.7 Traffic and Transportation............................................................................... 9810.8 Street Lighting.................................................................................................. 9810.9 Basic Services to Urban Poor ......................................................................... 9810.10 List of Projects for Kayalpattinam under different Sectors .......................... 98

10.11 Sectorwise City Investment Plan.................................................................. 109

CHAPTER - 11

ASSEST MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................109

11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10911.2Benefits of Asset Management ...................................................................... 11011.3Asset Management Plan Methodology .......................................................... 11011.4Requirements of Asset Management............................................................. 11211.4.1 Capital database..........................................................................................................11211.4.2 Maintenance Management..........................................................................................11211.4.3 Risk & Reliability Assessment.....................................................................................118


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11.4.4 Valuation......................................................................................................................11811.4.5 Life Cycle Costing........................................................................................................11811.4.6 Contracting Asset Management..................................................................................119

11.5 infrastructure Assets ...................................................................................... 12111.5.1 Water Supply ...............................................................................................................12111.5.2 Sanitation.....................................................................................................................121

11.5.3 Solid Waste Management ...........................................................................................12111.5.4 Road & road Infrastructure ..........................................................................................12111.5.5 Street Lights ................................................................................................................122

11.6Land, Buildings & Vehicles............................................................................. 12211.7Strategies and Recommendations................................................................. 122

LIST OF ANNEXURE

Annexure I Minutes of the Multi-Stakeholder Workshop held on 21ST

September, 2007Minutes of the Review Committee Meeting, 16

thOctober ,2007

Annexure- II Contents of An Ideal Citizens Charter

LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1.1: City Development Plan-Framework 2

Fig 2.1: Urban Frame, Tamil Nadu 10

Fig. 2.2: Proportion of Rural and Urban Population, Tamil Nadu 10

Fig 2.3: Distributions of Towns by Size Class 2001, Tamil Nadu 10

Fig. 3.1: Kayalpattinam - Beach 29

Fig. 3.2: Kayalpattinam - Dense development 29

Fig 3.3: Population Growth 30

Fig 3.4: Decadal Growth Rate 30

Fig. 3.5: Population Density 30Fig 3.6: Literacy Rate 32

Fig 3.7: Population Forecast (Arithmetic, Incremental, Geometric and Exponential Method) 35-36

Fig 4.1 Water Storage Tank 39

Fig. 4.2: Primary Collection 48

Fig. 4.3: Secondary Collection 49

Fig. 4.4: A Glimpse of the Roads in Kayalpattinam 52

Fig.6.1: Tiruchendur Murugan Temple 62

Fig. 7.1: Existing Organizational Structure 68

Fig 8.1 Trends in Revenue Income and Expenditure 76

Fig 8.2 Source wise Revenue Income (%) 77

Fig 8.3 Average Share of Revenue Income (%) 78

Fig 8.4 Component wise share of Revenue Expenditure (%) 79

Fig 8.5 Average Share of Revenue Expenses (%) 79

Fig 8.6 Growth Rate in Revenue Income and Expenditure 80

Fig 8.7 Collection Efficiency for Property Tax (%) 81

Fig 8.8 Collection Efficiency for Professional Tax (%) 81

Fig 8.9 Collection Efficiency for Water Charges (%) 82

Fig 11.1 Assest Management plan 112

Fig 11.2 High Resolution Imagery Quick Bird 116

Fig 11.3 Use of hand held devices for data entry 117

Fig 11.4 CityWorks GIS based Asset Management System 117


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Fig 11.5 Map depicting the water supply network 118

Fig 11.6 Map depicting the water supply network on GIS 118

LIST OF MAPSMap 1: Administrative Transformation in Tamil Nadu (1951-2001) 9

Map 2: Location Map of Tamil Nadu 11

Map 3: Tamil Nadu Reference Districts 12

Map 4: Physical Map of Tamil Nadu 13

Map 5: Reference District-Tamil Nadu Inter- District Comparison 14

Map 6: Reference District Road and Ral Network 15

Map 7: Taluka Map of Thoothukudi District 16

Map 8: Thoothukudi District showing the linkages 17

Map 9: Administrative Map, Thoothukudi District 18

Map 10: Tiruchendur Taluk, Thoothukudi District 19

Map 11: Urbanised Taluks in Thoothukudi District 20

Map 12: Tiruchendur Taluk Showing Rail Road Network and Towns 23Map 13: Diagrammatic Proposal for Spatial Development 28

Map 14: Ward wise Population Densities in Kayalpattinam Town 31

Map 15: Water Supply Coverage 38

LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Tamil Nadu Urban Population (1961-91) 3

Table 2.1: Urban Population of Tamil Nadu, 1961-2001 8

Table 2.2: Indices of Human Development and Gender Development 12

Table 2.3: Reference Districts, Tamil Nadu: Comparative 12

Table 2.4 : Tamil Nadu Districts According to the Levels of Poverty 13Table 2.5 : Thoothukudi District; Taluk Boundaries, Urban Vs. Rural Taluks 20

Table 2.6: Talukawise Distribution of Total Workers by their Sector of Economy 21

Table 3.1: Population Growth Trend 30

Table 3.2: Ward Wise Population 31

Table 3.3: Literacy Rate 32

Table 3.4: Sex Ratio 32

Table 3.5: Occupational Structure 33

Table 3.6: Land Use Distribution 33

Table 3.7: Population Growth Trend and CAGR 35

Table 3.8: Population Forecast 35

Table 3.9: Proposed Population 36

Table 4.1: Existing Situation Water Supply 37

Table 4.2: Location of Storage Tanks and Capacity 38

Table 4.3: Demand Collection Balance Statement 40

Table 4.4: Demand and Supply Gap 41

Table 4.5: Urban Indicators Water Supply in Kayalpattinam 42

Table 4.6: Strategies and Time Frame Water Supply 42

Table 4.7: Sanitation Facilities 43

Table 4.8: Demand-Gap Analysis 44

Table 4.9: Strategies and Time Frame Sewerage and Sanitation System 44

Table 4.10: Performance Indicators 44Table 4.11: Basic Data Storm Water Drainage 46


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Table 4.12: Strategies and Time Frame Storm Water Drainage 47

Table 4.13: Quantity of Waste Generated 47

Table 4.14: Waste Collection 48

Table 4.15: Waste Collection 48

Table 4.16: Existing Fleet of Vehicles 49

Table 4.17: Staffing Pattern 49Table 4.18: Performance Indicator, SWM 50

Table 4.19: Gap Analysis Solid Waste Management 50

Table 4.20: Existing Road Network 52

Table 4.21: Performance Indicators 52

Table 4.22: Gap for Traffic and Transportation 54

Table 4.23: Strategies and Time Frame 54

Table 4.24: Details of Luminaries 55

Table 4.25: Performance Indicators 55

Table 4.26: Educational Institutions 55

Table 4.27: Health Facilities56

Table 5.1 Housing Condition (for Roof, Floor, Walls) 59

Table 5.2: Ward Wise Slum Population and BPL Population 59

Table 5.3: Infrastructure Provision in Slums 59

Table 5.4: Growth of Houses and Households 60

Table 5.5: Housing Gap 60

Table 5.6: Slum Housing Demand 60

Table 6.1: Tourist Arrivals in Tamil Nadu 65

Table 7.1: Staffing Pattern Executive Wing 70

Table 7.2: Line Agencies Operating in Kayalpattinam 71

Table 7.3: Proposed Organization Structure for Kayalpattinam 73

Table 8:1: Revenue Account (in lakhs) 76

Table 8.2: Revenue Receipts (Rs. In Lakhs) 77

Table 8.3 Revenue Receipts as Percentages of Total Revenue Receipts (value in %) 77

Table 8.4: Break Up of Revenue Expenditure (Rs. In Lakhs) 78

Table 8.5 Revenue Expenditure as Percentage of Total Revenue Expenses (value in %) 79

Table 8.6: Growth Rate in Revenue Income (%) 79

Table 8.7: Growth Rate in Revenue Expenditure (%) 80

Table 8.8: Demand Collection Balance for Property Tax (Rs. In lakhs) 80

Table 8.9: DCB for Professional Tax (Rs. in Lakhs) 81

Table 8.10: DCB of Water Charges (Rs in Lakhs) 82

Table 9.1 : Water Supply Projects ; Prioritisation and Time Frame 85Table 9.2: Underground Drainage (Sewerage) Projects ; Prioritisation and Time Frame 86

Table 9.3: Storm Water Drainage Projects : Prioritisation and Time Frame 86

Table 9.4 : Sanitation Projects : Prioritisation and Time Frame 86

Table 9.5 : Transportation Projects : Prioritization and Time Frame 88

Table 9.6: Urban Poor Projects : Prioritization and Time Frame 88

Table 9.7 : SWM Projects ; Prioritisation and Time Frame 89

Table 9.8 : Tourism Projects ; Prioritisation and Time Frame 90

Table 11.1: Information provided in the asset Module 115

Table 11.2: Details on Water Supply System 121

Table 11.3: Road Network of Kayalpattinam 122

Table 11.4: Number of Lights by Type 122


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Table 11.5: Details on Land, Building and Vehicles 122

Table 11.6: Details on the Kodinar Project 126

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BPL : Below Poverty LineCAGR : Compounded Annual Growth Rate

CCP : City Corporate Plan

CDP : City Development Plan

CIP : Capital Investment Plan or Programme

DMA : Directorate of Municipal Administration

CMFRI : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

CRZ : Coastal Regulation Zone

DPR : Detailed Project Reports

EO : Executive Officer

GIS : Geographical Information SystemGoTN : Government of Tamil Nadu

IDSMT : Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns

IHSDP : Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program

JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal MissionKM : Kayalpattinam Municipality

LPA : Local Planning Authority

LPCD : Litres per capita per Day

MLD : Million Litres per day

MOU : Memorandum of Understanding

MoUD : Ministry of Urban DevelopmentNH : National Highway

NSSO : National Sample Survey Organisation

OHT : Over Head Tanks

PPP : Public Private Partnerships

PWD : Public Works Department

SFC : State Finance Commissions

SH : State Highway

SJSRY : Swarna Jayanti Shehri Rojgar Yojna

SWD : Storm Water Drains

SWM : Solid Waste ManagementTNPCB : Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board

TNUDP : Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project

TWAD : Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

UIDSSMT : Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium TownsULB : Urban Local Body

WPR : Workforce Participation Rate


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CDP-KAYALPATTINAM DRAFT FINAL REPORT

DMA, GoTN 1 INFRASTRUCTURE PROFESSIONALS ENTERPRISE (P) LTD

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS

1.1 The CDP Initiative

The City Development Plan (CDP) was first conceptualized under the Jawaharlal Nehru National UrbanRenewal Mission (JNNURM) as launched in December 2005 by the Government of India through theMinistry of Urban Development (MoUD) to give a boost to the integrated Urban and InfrastructureDevelopment of cities, taking into account the challenge of rapid urbanization, infrastructure and publicservices that under-serve increasing population, growing poverty and city management that cannot copewith rapidly changing urbanscape.

The JNNURM has taken up 63 cities in the country to formulate CDPs under an environment of reformsin the urban sector. The agenda foresees investments and reforms in the selected urban areas throughmeasures as (a) Good Governance (service delivery mechanism) (b) Efficiency in Urban Infrastructure (c)Community Participation (d) Accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). These are to be undertaken atall levels (State and ULBs) for achieving the mission objectives.

Key components envisaged for a CDP are, Vision/Perspective Plans, 5 to 7 yearly programs andProjects, prioritization of the identified projects, leveraging of funds and participatory based governance.

1.2 The JNNURM; its Thrust and Coverage

The thrust of the JNNURM are inter alia to ensure that the following are addressed and substantiallyachieved in the urban sector:

Planned growth of identified cities/towns including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban

corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;

Focused attention to integrated development and infrastructure provision in cities/towns;

Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through reforms for

long term project sustainability;

Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructure services;

Special focus on urban renewal programmes for old city areas to reduce congestion and

focus on its heritage;

Scaled up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on the inclusive

city that incorporates the urban poor and other marginalized groups;

Provision of basic services to the urban poor including improved housing, water supply and

sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing services of the government for education,

health and social security; The prime focus however is on private public participation through down top governance

requiring a slew of reforms.

1.3 The UIDSSMT

The Centrally sponsored Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme (UIDSSMT) 2005 is based on theguidelines of the aforementioned JNNURM, combines two previous Central schemes, IntegratedDevelopment of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water

Supply Program (AUWSP) and covers all small and medium towns as per census 2001 (except thosealready covered by JNNURM) for their planned growth and infrastructure improvement.

Accordingly, The Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) have approved and initiated preparation of CDPs


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for third grade municipalities in the state under the UIDSSMT, wherein the GOI finances 80 percent withthe state government and the ULB each contributing 10 percent of the costs of development.

1.4 CDP objectives under UIDSSMT

CDP preparation under the UIDSSMT envisages:(a) A vision for the future development of the city or town

(b) Propose a set of objectives and goals which the city or town aims to achieve and

(c) Identify thrust areas in various sectors which need to be addressed on a priority basis in

order to achieve the objectives and the vision.

It thus provides the overall framework within which projects are to be identified and put forward in a 5-year Capital Investment Plan or Programme (CIP). Seen in this light, the CDP differs from a traditionalMaster Plan or Development Plan which focuses on development trends based on land use and relateddevelopment controls.

UIDSSMT funds are subject to implementing urban reforms. The follow up of the CDP are a series of

Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) which outline project costs and strategies for implementing theproposed CDP activities. Implicitly, through the UIDSSMT, a modest traunch of projects are funded,provided the bulk gets committed (sectorally or otherwise) in an integrated manner. The ULBs are alsorequired to make meaningful contributions including market borrowing. The basic inputs and outputs ofCDP are envisaged in the diagram as below:

Fig. 1.1: City Development Plan-Framework

1.5 Essential Features of a CDP

A CDP is expected to have all or as many of the following features:(a) A 30 year horizon, based on past trends, existing strengths and limitations;

(b) A planning horizon to be foreseeable and achievable;

(c) Plans to integrate infrastructure requirements and environmental concerns together with

Land-use patterns and development regulation;

(d) To derive the vision, objectives and targets from socio-economic needs and quality of life

needs as articulated by their citizens, their representatives and other stakeholders from civil

society;

City DevelopmentPlan

Vision Statement andPerspective Plan

5 year ProjectsPrioritization

Strategies,Interventions &Sectoral Plans

Service outcomes &timeframes

Infrastructure Gaps

Alternatives &changes.

Sustainability

Investment Needs Accountability

Investment Plan

Incorporate

Public View &

Interest Data Analysis


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from non-conforming (inner-city) to `conforming (outer-city) areas so as to reduce

congestion, replacement of old and worn-out water pipes by new/higher capacity ones,

renewal of sewerage/drainage/solid waste disposal systems, etc];

(b) Water Supply and sanitation

(c) Sewerage and Solid Waste Management (including hospital and industrial waste);(d) Construction and improvement of drains/storm water drains;

(e) Construction/ Up-gradation of roads, highways/expressways;

(f) Parking lots/spaces on Public Private Partnership basis;

(g) Adequate street lighting and controlled hoardings;

(h) Conservation of heritage areas;

(i) Construction of Abattoirs and electric crematoria;

(j) Preservation of water bodies.

1.7 Scope of WorkThe detailed scope of work as envisaged by Directorate of Municipal Administration is stated as follows:

a) Study of existing setup of ULB and an analysis of various projects executed or taken in

hand to formulate the background. The CDP should have future vision for the city in light of

its strengths and weaknesses.

b) Situation analysis, with regard to demographic and economic trends in the ULB and their

implications for ULB governance and service delivery systems and structures referring to

the jurisdiction of town level agencies involved in provision and regulation of urban public

services (i.e. water supply, sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, road network,

urban transport, street lighting, redevelopment of inner (old) city area of the town, basicservices to urban poor and other social infrastructure). The financial status of the

municipality and agencies concerned with service provision including an analysis of their

credit worthiness and efficiency of the institutional framework.

c) A future perspective for the town area clearly showing the direction of change as well as

economic and basic services vision. (Sectoral agenda, reform agenda, quality of life, urban

services, social inclusion etc).

d) Alternatives and development strategies for economic development, governance, landuse,

urban poor, core municipal infrastructure, urban environment and cultural heritage with

proper prioritization criteria and linkage with Reform Agendas. Preparation of a phased

action plan with targets for physical and financial investments, reforms, capacity building

project identification and prioritization.

e) Assess the demand for the projects listed out by these Municipalities and analyze demand

for the next 25-30 years.

f) Financial Assessment of the ULBs an assessment of local finances (past 5 years) in terms

of sources and uses of funds, base and basis of levy, revision history and impacts. State

assignments and transfers base and basis of transfer and its predictability; uses of funds

outstanding liabilities (loans, power dues, pension etc.) and, a review of revenue andservice management arrangements. Levels of service, coverage and quality of municipal


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services in both poor and non-poor localities. Staffing and management arrangements in

delivery of services.

g) Outline the issues of revenue realization, quality of existing assets in relation to service

levels and coverage, and institutional constraints. Develop quick indicators of performance,

based on Current coverage and additional population in the medium term (10 years) and unit costs,

indicate town level investment requirement for upgradation of infrastructure.

To improve service coverage and asset quality.

h) Preparation of comprehensive Asset Management Plan and use fiscal notes policy analysis

to assist in making informed investment choices to achieve sector/ city goals.

i) Define priority assets and indicative costs of rehabilitation.

j) Conduct fiscal impact analysis of investments: life cycle O&M costs, revenues from project,

and costs/ impacts on finances and of not doing the project

k) Explore funding options for rehabilitation of facilities.

l) Prepare a Financial and Operating Plan (FOP). The FOP is a medium term framework of

the ULBs, and shall present the following.

m) Assess the impact of upgrading these as municipalities from town panchayats.

Additional data to be collected :

Break-up of energy cost on water supply, street lighting and other EB charges

etc.

Salary for all the departments including staff and payments to private operators

Finding out the benchmark cost i.e. at ideal condition what will be the cost of theidentified investments, a table indicating the investment plan for nest 5 years with

identified source of finance.

Areas of reduction of expenditure:

Energy audit resulting in savings in energy

Leak detection resulting either in connections or in the tariff (or) maintaining the

same supply and achieving a reduction in energy cost.

Privatizing the MSW collection and identifying a BoT operator for eliminating,

composting etc. items for revenue can be identified.

Laying of cement concrete road/ fly ash and savings on maintenance cost

resulting in increasing operating surplus.

Water recycling/ reuse.

Rejuvenation of tanks and reduction of cost/ liters of water produced

Privatization and option for revenue rising.

Options for increasing the revenues through non-traditional methods including land

development for raising revenue (not the traditional commercial complexes) and

suggestions for improvement of revenues.


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n) Initiate consultations with council and local stakeholders on the priorities; redefine priorities

(rerun FOP if required) and work with the Council to resolve on adoption of the Citys FOP

and CCP actions.

o) Draft Report and Final Reports are proposed to be presented to the Council.

p) Finalize Action Plan for the Town, with a resolution from the Council on the priorities andcommitment to implement revenue and management improvement measures.

q) To prepare MoU between ULB and State Level Nodal Agency to implement UIDSSMT/

IHSDP.

r) To assist and encourage full participation and formulate consensus within the town to

arrive at an adequate, appropriate and agreed strategy. The objective of this assistance is

to ensure that the process receives adequate and appropriate methodological and

technical guidance in examining the full range of environmental, social, economic and

health issues in the city and through communication, consultation and consensus building.

s) To review all studies, plans and previous experience in the town, government, quasi- or

non-government, academic or private sector. This will include economic development,

urban and financial management, environmental protection, municipal service delivery,

slum improvement, social development and any other relevant initiatives or studies.

t) To analyze findings and draw out useful lessons to inform the Action Plan. The process

shall primarily focus upon the areas of concern that emerge out of the CDP process.

Indicative focus areas are:

Urban Economic Development

Social Assessment

Urban Infrastructure

Human Resources and Institutional Issues

Financial Management

Urban Performance Indicator

Environmental Management

At all stages, the consultants will have to encourage the institutionalization of the planning methodologiesand processes in the ULBs. This includes identifying and working alongside counterparts, involving andsupporting stakeholders in the working with new methodologies, assisting the management of theprocess and building constructive relationships with key stakeholders. This must be followed with proper

documentation.

1.8 Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) TNUDP-III Project

In the State of Tamil Nadu, Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) is the nodal agencyresponsible for planning and management of municipal government, be it Municipal Corporations orMunicipalities of various grades. DMA has been entrusted with responsibility of capacity building of Grade III municipal towns for which preparation of CDPs is a must, taken under the aegis of TNUDP-IIIProject.

DMA intends to strengthen and improve financial position for effective capital investment managementand urban service delivery in selected Grade-III municipalities. These towns are service centres offeringmarketing, physical and other social infrastructure facilities to the surrounding rural areas. These centreshave been chosen by DMA as they have great potential for future growth and immediate implementation

of financial reforms in these centres are necessary so that these ULBs can join the mainstream of urbandevelopment in the State.


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The objective of the TNUDP-III Project is to improve the delivery of urban services through enhancing thequality of urban infrastructure and strengthening the industrial and financial framework. The proposedcontinuing project would build on and consolidate the achievements of TNUDP II, continuing to improveurban infrastructure services in Tamil Nadu in a sustainable manner.

To maintain the tempo of TNUDP-II and consolidate the achievements and sustain the benefits accrued

from the earlier programmes, and further strengthen, upgrade and enhance the levels of capacity andcapabilities developed so far and to support the next generation urban reform strategies with a focus onimproving urban infrastructure and reducing urban poverty, a five year TNUDP-III has been proposedwith World Bank assistance to the tune of US $ 300 million.

DMA has entrusted Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise Pvt Ltd (IPE) with the responsibility ofpreparation of CDPs of 10 Grade-III municipalities viz., Anaiyur, Avaniyapuram, Ambasamudram,Gudalur, Kayalpattinam, Keelakarai, Rameswaram, Thirupparankundram Thiruthangal andVikramasingapuram.


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CHAPTER - 2

CITY VISION AND THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

2.1 Introduction

Formulating a CDP involves envisioning the city future through a SWOT analysis. At the same time to

provide perspective to this vision, references have to be drawn from the larger context so as to

demarcate aspects that will help in realizing the vision. The State, district and taluk have accordingly

been taken up for the study so as to strengthen the city vision and are brought out as follows.

2.2 The State Context: Inputs

2.2.1 Political Historic

Politically and historically, the State has been ruled from ancient times to present without being war torn.

Ancient history representing Dravidian culture saw the emergence of four great kingdoms which rose to

eminence and patronized meaningful growth till the 10th

Century. These were the Cholas, Cheras,

Pandyas and the Pallavas. A short unstable Muslim rule, the arrival of the East India Company later

substituted by the British Empire were happenings in the transition to India becoming independent in

1947. The erstwhile Madras Presidency lost Andhra Pradesh initially (1956) and Karnataka and Kerala

subsequently (1967) got renamed Tamil Nadu and has today emerged as the 4th

largest state, with a

44% urbanization level and districts which have consistently been changing boundaries (Map 1).

Long periods of peacetimes in the State have yielded rich dividends in buildings of archaeological and

architectural interests specially of temple buildings (3000 in numbers), sites, including two UNESCO

identified World Heritage Sites at Mahabalipuram and Thanjavur. State archaeology department is further

protecting buildings and towns spread over several locations to safeguard and conserve them. A part of

this heritage is also located in and near the selected town Kayalpattinam (Thoothukudi District) and

within the six districts studied for CDP formulation.

2.2.2 Urban Growth - Governance

Urban growth in Tamil Nadu has shown upward trend growing 145% from 1961 which had 339 towns to

832 towns in 2001 (Table 2.1). As a proportion too the urban population has increased from 27% in the

same period to 44%.

Table 2.1: Urban Population of Tamil Nadu, 1961-2001

Year No. of

Towns

Urban

Population

Urban

Population (%)

Decadal

Growth (%)

Annual Growth

Rate (%)

1961 339 89.90 26.69 22.59 2.04

1971 439 124.64 30.26 38.64 3.27

1981 434 159.5 32.95 27.98 2.47

1991 469 190.77 34.15 19.59 1.79

2001 832 272.42 43.86 42.79 3.56

Source: Census of India, 2001


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Source: Administrative Atlas- Census of India 2001, Tamil Nadu

Map 1: Administrative Transformation in Tamil Nadu (1951-2001)

The Tamil Nadu urban frame provides a picture of how the urban units are disposed (Fig 2.1). Togetherthe Corporations, Census Towns and Municipalities constitute nearly 25% of the total urban units.


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Fig 2.1: Urban Frame, Tamil NaduFig 2.3: Distributions of Towns by Size Class 2001, Tamil Nadu

Predominantly urban to predominantly rural districts (Fig. 2.2) indicate that half of the thirty-one districtshave higher proportion of (>50%) of urban population. Of these six of them are aligned along the Keralaborder, three surrounding Chennai and including it are aligned along the Bay of Bengal coastline, withThoothukudi lower down. This leaves the other four as landlocked districts of Madurai, Salem, Erode andTiruchchirirapalli which are more urbanized.

Source: Administrative Atlas of India, 2001

Note: Figure below districts indicates the number of towns.

Fig. 2.2: Proportion of Rural and Urban Population, Tamil Nadu

The state has a governance system of Corporations (6 No.s.) for larger urban areas, Municipal Councils(152 No.s.) for smaller urban areas, Town Panchyats (385) for areas transiting to urban from rural andvillage panchayats for the rest. District headquarters are named after the district. Taluk is the sub-districtlevel.Towns in the state are small sized (Fig 2.3) but poised for growth. Urban issues resolved here will have

32 56

67

79

25

28

26

4

604

Urban Reference District


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less chance to magnify if dealt with early and into a monitored future.Some notable indicators are the States sex ratio of 986 females per 1000 males, growth rate of11.2%decadal, population density of 478 persons per square km, and a slum population of 16.5%.The sex ratio and growth rate have increased overtime which is a positive trend. Census 2001 providesrecords of slum population in towns with 50,000+ population. Slums are the downside to urban growth.

Tamil Nadus economy and infrastructure is well placed for future growth. It has 24 National highways of2,000 km length, a rail length of nearly 7,000 km with 690 railway stations, 3 major and 8 other ports andair links to Chennai across 20 countries with more getting added with the new aviation policies of thegovernment.

2.2.3 Location - Geography

Tamil Nadu is the southernmost Indian State withthe Bay of Bengal on its east, Indian Ocean on itssouth, Western Ghats on its west and theadjoining states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradeshand Kerala on its north and west. Its geography isdiversified and has coastal plains, tropical forests,

river valleys and hills.

The state is defined by Kanyakumari at southerntip, Pulicat lake at the northern, its eastern tip isKodikarrai (point Calimere) and the western tip isMadumalai Sanctuary, with their respective

latitudes at 8 5 N and 13 35N and therespective longitudes at 80 20 East and 71 15E. Its five physiographic divisions aremountaneous (Kurinji), forests (Mullai), Arid(Palai), fertile (Marudham) and coastal (Neidhal).Eastern ghats of low rocky hills are anothermountain chain in the state. Main river Cauvery

760 kms long flows through the entire breadth ofthe state, with other rivers being Palar, Pennar,Vaigai and Tamirapani.

The state has the highest urbanization level, isthe sixth most populous and the eleventh mostdense. A number of urban corridors have begunto emerge along with large urban agglomerations.Madurai is one of such urban growths. The statealso has a number of national highways whichimpact its development (NS NH7 being one ofthem)

2.2.4 Demography Economy

The state occupational structure shows 50% primary sector workers, 23.6% secondary and 26.1%tertiary sector workers. Share of agricultural income in the GDP has declined from 25% to 18% during1994-04, with a consequent rise in urban incomes in the other two sectors.

Literacy levels are getting raised, there is improved life expectancy at birth and fertility rates are decliningwhich spells out human development achievement. Ditto for gender development (Table 2.2). Otherreferences for Sex ratio, Literacy, Female literacy and % Main workers can be drawn for the 6 studieddistricts as given in Table 2.3 for getting a comparative statistics.

Table 2.2: Indices of Human Development and Gender Development

Map 2: Location Map of Tamil Nadu

Source: Administrative Atlas- Census of India 2001, Tamil Nadu


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S. No District HDI Value GDI Value

1 Chennai 0.757 0.7662 Kancheepuram 0.712 0.713 Thiruvallur 0.654 0.6514 Cuddalur 0.644 0.6435 Villupuram 0.587 0.5826 Vellore 0.658 0.6557 Thiruvannamalai 0.612 0.6088 Salem 0.626 0.6259 Namakal 0.636 0.63110 Dharmapuri 0.584 0.58211 Erode 0.658 0.65612 Coimbatore 0.699 0.69713 Nilgris 0.685 0.686

14 Tiruchirapalli 0.671 0.67115 Karur 0.647 0.64116 Peramballur 0.596 0.59217 Thanjavur 0.63 0.629

18 Nagapattinam 0.654 0.65219 Thiruvarur 0.637 0.63320 Pudukkottai 0.618 0.61521 Madurai 0.661 0.66122 Theni 0.628 0.62823 Dindigul 0.641 0.63824 Ramanathapuram 0.629 0.62625 Virudhnagar 0.651 0.64926 Sivagangai 0.64 0.635

27 Thirunelveli 0.658 0.65628 Thoothukudi 0.703 0.70329 Kanyakumari 0.711 0.711

State 0.657 0.654India 0.571 0.533

Source: Tamil Nadu HRD 2003

Table 2.3: Reference Districts, Tamil Nadu: Comparative

N District Pop Area(sq.km)

Growth1991-01(%)

Densityper/sq.km

SexRatio

Literacy(%)

FemLit (%)

MainWorkers (%)

1 Madurai 2578201 3693 7.41 698 978 77.8 69.35 36.932 Virudhnagar 1751301 4281 11.9 409 1012 73.7 63.64 45.823 Ramanthapuram 118760 4181 6.12 284 1036 72.96 63.36 36.54 Thoothukudi 1572273 4624 7.99 340 1050 81.52 75.13 37.44

5 Tirunelveli 2736988 6809 8.88 400 1042 76.09 67.43 41.146 Theni 1093950 2871 4.25 381 978 71.58 61.19 43.3Source: Tamil Nadu Census (2001)

Map 3: Tamil Nadu ReferenceDistricts


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Map 4: Physical Map of Tamil Nadu

Table 2.4 : Tamil Nadu Districts According to the Levels of PovertyPoverty Ratio Range No. of Districts Name of Districts

High poverty (> 40 %) 6 Cuddalore, Thiruvanamali, Dindigul,Thoothukudi, Thirunelveli, and Kanniakumari

Moderate Poverty (30-40%) 5 Chennai, Vellore, Salem, Thanjavur, andMadurai

Low Poverty (


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High literacy, poverty and high marginal workers in the Worker Participation Rate (WPR), a restructuringeconomy going away from primary sector, and a fast urbanizing community pose questions for furthercourse in policy. Diversifying agriculture, entrepreneurship in farm and non-farm based activities;exploring tourism as a growth agenda for the states natural/manmade heritage tourism appear viableoptions to promote. Other non invasive, service-based economy should be appropriate and put on offer.

Code District1 Madurai2 Virudhnagar3 Ramanathapuram

Code District4 Thoothukudi5 Tirunelveli6 Theni

Source : Working Paper No. 1R.J. Chelliah and K.R. Shanmugam

Map 5


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2.2.5 Infrastructure Industry

The state has a well endowed road and rail network (Map 5) which has been outlined for the six districtsbeing studied.

Tamil Nadu is Indias third largest economy with strategic choices for Electronics, Software, Auto parts,Agro-food processing, Chemicals, Mining, Leather, Textiles, Road-power-port development. Theindustrial policy delineates scenario, policies-projects, scale, location and incentives in specially designedparks-complexes-zones under state sponsored institutions.

2.3 The District Context: Inputs

2.3.1 Location Geographic

Thoothkudi district, once a part of Tirunelveli district, came into being as a separate district in 1986,bringing with it, eight taluks viz., Kovilpatti, Vilattikulam, Ottapidaram, Thoothukudi, Srivaikuntam,Thiruchendur, Sathankulakm and Ettayapuram. Their geographical area covers 4621 sq.kms and thedistrict is positioned between 8 3 and 9 37 north latitude, 77 72 and 78 36 east longitude.

The district has a total population of 15,72,273, 42% being urban and the remaining rural. It is surroundedby the districts of Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli, Virudhnagar and the Gulf of Mannar on its east (Map 8)


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Map 7: Taluka Map of Thoothukudi District

Rivers Tamirabarani, Vaipar, Manimuthur and Karumeni irrigate the district. NH7, the NS corridor passespartially through the district at the western side; besides NH 7A connecting Tirunelveli to Tuticorin; SH 44from Sankarankovil to the coastal end at Vembar; SH 40 from Tirunelveli to Kayalpattinam which is thecoastal municipality for which the present CDP is being formulated. As the district is fairly large, the roadand rail network is more dense and organized at the southern end of the district, towards the urban taluksThiuchendur and Thoothukudi. (Map 8)

The district has a coastline of 164 kms, 2.5% land under forests, 41% under crops with around 70%workers in agriculture occupation. Important crops are cholam, cumbu, ragi, varagur, samai and cash

crops of cotton, chillies, sugarcane and groundnut. Palmgur or jaggery, Banana and vegetables arecultivated in the taluks of Tiruchendur, Srivaikundam, Sattankulam and Vilaithikulam. A large amount ofland, attributed as waste due to the sea air, is also where salt production takes place contributing30% of the salt produced in the country. Tuticorin Port is a major catalyst for GDP growth in theregion exporting raw material and products to 20 international countries. Certified as Internationalstatus, it handles 1600 cargo vessels and 2 crore tonnes of cargo.

Prawn culture, deep sea fishing, pearl and chunk fishing are other economies practiced in thedistrict and technical support in the form of education/training/research institutions/fishseedfarms/processing is made available through the public sector.


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Map 8: Thoothukudi District showing the linkages


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Map 9: Administrative Map, Thoothukudi District


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2.3.2 Urban Growth Governance

Thoothukudi district has 2 Municipalities (Thoothukudi and Tiruchendur), 26 towns and 436 villages in thedistrict. Thoothukudi district is primarily rural (42.3% urban population against 57.7% rural) buturbanizing. Most urban units are clustered along the coast in the two urban taluks with urban growthmoving inwards along state or national highways. Urban growth is very sparse towards the mid and north

of the district. Total population in the district is 15,72,273. Ottapidaram is totally a rural taluk, withSathankulam, Ettayapuram and Srivaikuntam also showing high proportion of rural population (Table2.5).

Kayalpattinam, the municipality under reference is one the towns aligned long the coast facing Gulf ofMannar as does Tiruchendur, the other municipality in the Taluk, which is also the taluk headquarter.There are 3 such urban areas which are coastal, another three (Arumganeri, Kanam and Athur) whichagglomerate with the former, and the remaining three (Nazerath, Thenthiruperai and Alwarthirunagiri)which are more westwards, of which two abut the reserve forest area. (Map 10).

Urban growth in thedistrict is based onthe economy from

Industry, Port activity,Salt pans andAgriculture. Power,Fisheries, IT andChemicals are themain domain forIndustry; Kovilpattiand Thoothukudi arelocations for theIndustrial estates setup by the state

government(SIDCO/SIPCOT);

Ottapidaram talukproduces readymadegarments; a numberof small scaleindustries (2500units), are engaged inproduction of variousitems from bothresources based andother material.

The Port (3rd

largestcontainer terminal in

India), facilitatesexport to several

internationaldestinations and isbeing perceived as amajor catalyst for IT,Tourism and trade

growth in the regionfollowing the laying of

the undersea cable landing station (initial bandwidth 20 going to 160 gigabits per second) as well as theexecution of the Sethusamudram project.

Agriculture products, as paddy, cotton, groundnut, fruits (bananas) which are grown in abundance add to

the GDP of the district.

Map 10: Tiruchendur Taluk, Thoothukudi District

Source: Administrative Atlas, Census of India, 2001


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Table 2.5 : Thoothukudi District; Taluk Boundaries, Urban Vs. Rural Taluks

Taluk Population(Persons/Percentage)

Urban Population(Persons/percentage)

Rural Population(Persons/percentage)

Kovilpatti 262249 127127 135122100.00 48.48 51.52

Ettayapuram 73991 12794 61197100.00 17.29 82.71

Vilathikulam 135285 21633 113652100.00 15.99 84.01

Ottapidaram 115254 0 115254100.00 0.00 100.00

Thoothukkudi 405363 293995 111368100.00 72.53 27.47

Srivaikuntam 191883 44723 147160100.00 23.31 76.69

Tiruchendur 291428 150295 141123100.00 51.57 48.42

Sathankulam 96820.00 14206.00 82614.00100.00 14.67 85.33

Total 1572273.00 664773.00 907490.00100.00 42.28 57.72

Source: Census of India, 2001

2.3.3 Historic Political

Historically, Thoothukudi town was known for its pearl fishery and shipbuilding activity, and was the firstport of the country to launch a Swadeshi ship whilst the country was under British rule. The seaportdeveloped during the Pandyan kingdom was taken over, in 1548, by the Portugese; later in 1658 it wascaptured by the Dutch and in 1825 ceded to the British. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the onset ofthe harbour activity.

The district has deep associations with leaders, poets, warriors such Chidambaram Pillai, SubramanyaBharti, Kattabomman who were great visionaries.

The name Thoothukudi is claimed to have been derived from Thoorthu (dig) and Kudi (drink) implying

wells as being the chief source of drinking water. Another interpretation is thoortha being land reclaimedfrom sea, and, kudi meaning colony or settlement. Tuticorin was what the Dutch named the town as.

Map 11: Urbanised Taluks in Thoothukudi District

Rural

Urban


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The association of the town with pearl fishery began in the 16th

century (the Nayaks of Madurai, theNawabs of Karnataka, The Portuguese and the tribes known as Paravars who were the traditionalfishermen).

Pearl oysters attach to pearl banks (locally called parrs) and have been known to exist at Keelakarai(which is one of the ten reference municipalities under this CDP formulation exercise), Thoothukudi and,

Kanyakumari ; the parrs of Thoothukudi have outnumbered other sites.

The seashore temple devoted to Lord Subramanya at Tiruchendur is a pilgrim centre, considered oneof the six abodes of the lord which also marked his victory over the demon Surapadma. It finds mention inancient literature of the Tamil Sangam period.

The district is suffused with heritage. Between Tirunelveli and Thiruchendur there are 9 out of the 108Vishnu temples, which collectively are called Aalwar Nara Tiruppatikal, the first being at Srivaikunthamand the 9

that Aalwar Tirunagari.

Some notable pilgrim centres, sites and historic places of note are: Nazhi Kinaru a well with sweet water central to another one which is brackish Sri Sankara Rameswarar temple (established during Pandyan Kings) Sri Vaikundapathy temple (established during Pandyan Kings)

Panimaya Matha - Church built by Portugese in 1714 Manapad - Roman Catholic Church with cross brought from Jerusalem Kzhugu Malai jain cave temples known for its Jain architecture Murugan temple of Kalugasalamurthy Kovil built in 18

thcentury

Ettaiyapuram Palace where Pandayan Kings posted watch keepers who later became rulers of the place.The palace built in 1565 marks the occasion.

The group of nine temples- Navarathirupathi at Srivaikuntam- Natham near Srivaikuntam- Thiruppulingudi near Nathan- Perunkulam Thirukullanthai near Srivaikuntam- Irattai Thirupatti near Srivaikuntam- Thola Villimangalam (temple inside the teak forest)

- Theni Thirupperai near Alwarthiruagari- Alwarthirunagari- Thirukolar near Alwarthiruagari

Korkai Port, now 5 kms inland, an ancient port city during Pandyan Kings.

Athichanallur, archaeological remains of a civilization that existed near river Tamirabarani.

2.3.4 Demography-Economy-Human Resource

Of all the districts being studied, Thoothukudi is the third largest populated, second largest in area and inthe decadal growth rate (Table 2.3); has the highest sex ratio and literacy including female literacy. Thereis need to perk-up the proportion of main workers by improving employment prospects in the district.

Comparative slum profiles show Thoothukudi as having a small proportion of slum dwellers (Table 2.6)

Table 2.6: Talukawise Distribution of Total Workers by their Sector of EconomyTotal Workers Primary Primary (Total) HH OthersTaluk

Nos WPR%

Cultivators

AgriLabrers

Nos % Nos % Nos %

Thoothukkudi 143241 35.3 3952 7724 11676 8.15 4228 2.95 12734 88.90

Tiruchendur 106251 36.5 6870 21927 28797 27.10 11227 10.57 66227 62.33

Kovilpatti 132516 50.5 13575 27691 41266 31.14 8425 6.36 82825 62.50

Sathankulam 39543 40.8 3416 9601 13017 32.92 7373 18.65 19153 48.44

Srivaikuntam 82651 43.1 12420 30445 42865 51.86 6521 7.89 33265 40.25

Vilathikulam 74272 54.9 16272 30896 47168 63.51 2421 3.26 24683 33.23

Ottapidaram 57525 49.9 10855 25136 35991 62.57 2542 4.42 18992 33.02

Ettayapuram 42812 57.9 6458 14482 20940 48.91 4403 10.28 17469 40.80

Total 678811 43.17 73818 167902 241720 35.61 47140 6.94 389951 57.45

Source: Census of India, IPE Analysis


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The district economy is primarily rural with six of the eight being rural taluks.

Percent workers to percent total population has a variation with urban taluks sharing 35-36 percentagainst rural taluks, where it varies between 40 to 58 percent .

Primary sector workers in urban taluks is only 8 percent for Thoothikudi and 27 percent forTrichendur with Kayalpatinam and Santhakulam not showing large variation.More rural taluks areSrivaikuntam and Ettayapuram. Very highly rural taluks are Vilathikulam and Ottapidaram.

2.3.5 Infrastructure-Industry

Industrial growth has been encouraged in the district. Twelve major industrial units (SPIC, TAC,Dharangadhra Chemical Works, Sterlite, Madura Coats, Loyal textiles, Kilburns are some big names) andquite large number of small scale units are registered, besides the PSUs such as Thermal Power Station,Port Trust and Heavy Water Plant. Salt pans add to the production value (70% of the State and 30% ofthe Countrys needs are met from here). Granite mining, pearl culture, sea food and port based economyare other add ons.

The position with regards to infrastructure is as follows:

An average water supply of 30-40 LPCD in urban units, with Thoothikudi consuming a total of 153 LL

whilst Tiruchendur was 19 LL. The population being denied access to potable water supply rangesfrom 10% (in municipalities) to 45 percent in town panchayats.

There is no sewerage system, a total quantity of 239 LL of sewage is generated in the urban areas.

SWM : 59 MT with 83 percent efficiency. Being partially industrial in some areas, the compostablewaste is 52% with other components of waste being rubber and leather (10%), plastic (11%), glass(9%), metal brick stone (6%), wood (6%).

Environmentally, the large scale industry has marked 17 as red category, and 9 as orange category,requiring control measures. Industrial emissions and air pollution are consequences.

Discharge of industrial effluents affects surface and ground water as well as agriculture production,shrimp farming and pawn culture.

A number of aqua culture units along the coastal area are functioning in the district.

20 island in the Gulf of Mannar (under control of wild life department of the State Government) are ofdeclared Biosphere Reserve and Natural Marine Park. The group of islands constitutesThoothukudi, Vembar, Keelakarai and Mandapam, now endangered due to a deteriorating coral reefeco-system, especially at Van, Koswari, Vilangushuli and Karashuli falling under the Thoothikudigroup.

Tsunami also can cause irreversible damage to the coastal environment besides the physical devastationthat was caused to 23 coastal villages and fisherman households.


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Map 12: Tiruchrndur Taluk Showing Rail Road Network and Towns

SH 40

Tamirabarani River

Taluk Boundary

37

56

1

2

4

8

9

Water Body

Meter Gauge Railway

LineReserved Forest

Metalled Roads

Municipality

Town Panchayat

1. Tiruchendur2. Kayalpattinam3. Arumuganeri4. Athur5. Thenthiruperai6. Alwarthirunagiri7. Nazerath8. Udangudi9. Kanam

Gulf of Mannar

Legend


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2.3.6 Historic Footprint- Heritage

Heritage resources in the district as discussed earlier are briefly stated here: The state department of archaeology have some protected monuments in Ettayapuram

and Ottapidaram taluks of the District.

Tiruchendur temple, a renowned one devoted to Lord Muruga is located on the edge of

the sea, is presumed to have been built 1000 years ago and had constantly beenimproved by the Pandya and Chola kings with the complex taking 72 years to build. Thetemple structure is gigantic with a gopuram (300 yrs old) in the west.

Srivaikuntam and Alwarthirunagari Vaishnav temples of ancient origin (dates notknown).

Nava Thirupattis; 9 of the 108 holy shrines devoted to Lord Vishnu. Settlement within a 10 high mud wall enclosure where women (called Kattai Pillaimars)

have never seen the outside world.

Panchalamkurichi, fort of Kattaboman (17th

century).

Manapad: Remnants of the Holy Cross from Jerusalem enshrined in this 400 year oldchurch.

Kazhugumalai: Jain temples with bas relief sculptures and a nearby rock cut cavetemple.

Kulasekarapattinam: Muttaramman temple and site of the enactment of the war ofRamayana every year on the beach during Dussera festival.

Birth places of Chidambaram, Kattaboman and Bharathiyan.

A large population of floating tourists visit pilgrim sites, beaches, see marine life or are business visitors.There is year round tourist activity in the cities during the festive period or otherwise. Yet therehas not been sufficient marketing for tourism growth or installing tourism infrastructure atpopular places.

2.4 Relevant District Profile

The district is slightly skewed towards a rural composition, yet there is insufficient irrigation facility

through surface water (rivers/canals). Tanks and wells remain commonly used sources. River systems ofTirunelveli district help irrigate some areas in taluks Vilathikulam, Sathankulam and Tiruchendur.Cropped area is 40% and forests cover 2.4%. About 38% land cannot be put to cultivation purpose; someof the soil is sandy coastal alluvium (27%) followed by red loam (21%) and black soil (14%). Red loamsoil areas (near Tiruchendur) are locally believed to be free of crimes or land thefts and are good for palmtrees, cashew and other indigenous dry arid area forests. Important agricultural crops are Paddy,Cereals, Pulses, Sugarcane / Jaggery, Groundnut and Gingelly, whilst cotton is an non-agricultural crop.Industry, salt production and marine economy are important to the district.

Towns tend to cluster in the coastal southern part whilst the northern end (adjoining Virudhunagardistrict) has sparsely located urban areas. Punnakayal, near Kayalpattinam is a centre for fish curing.Thoothukudi is the main centre for deep sea fishing. It also has the States largest Thermal power station;Industries are in Kovilpatti (NH 7 passes through), Thoothukudi and Puthiampur Village (Ottapidaramtaluk). Attempts are made to industrialize areas on the Western side of the district and to avail access byNH7A and SH40 from Tirunelveli.

Kayalpattinam is closer to Tiruchendur, accessible by a Railway line as well as SH 40 comingfrom Tirunelveli. It is located in the heartland which produced a number of freedom fighters during theBritish regime.

2.5 Taluka Context: Inputs

Thoothukudi, the most urbanized, is also the highest populated; its location on the coast as an importanthistoric port (now modernised to international standard), and as the terminal end of the railway line aswell as NH7A has proved advantageous to the taluk growth. Tiruchendur on the other hand, has historicsignificance and regional recognition as a Temple town devoted to Lord Muruga and located on the sea

face, unusual, as Murugan temples are sited on hills/.forests. Presumed to be ancient (from earlyChristian era) and recorded in the hymns and poetry of Tamil Sangam period, it is an important


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pilgrimage. Together, these two constitute the focal point of their taluka. Kayalpattinam, the referenceULB, lies in Tiruchendur taluk (close to the headquarter town Tiruchendur) is very near to where RiverTamarabarni meets the sea.

Along the districts coastline, various religious groups are historically linked to settlements; Manpad hasassociations with Christianity, Kayalpattinam is Muslim dominated and Thiruchendur, Hindu. With

common objectives of dependence on the sea the religious configurations remain harmonious in allsectors of the economy, occupations remaining central to social structures.Positioning taluka futures has become a dilemma in view of a declining primary sector and analmost oblivion pearl fishing/deep sea fishing/marine resource economy.Marine activists advocate non-interference with marine eco-systems which have destroyed largereserves of coral. The coast is now declared National Marine Park.

Industrialization plays havoc and inspite of Pollution Control Laws/Acts, industrial effluentsdischarged find their way into the sea or leach into groundwater.High literacy in the district points to preference for service sector jobs. The taluk shows a continuity ofurban areas along the sea coast. Together taken, these factors suggest the following:

1) The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) should be adhered strictly and empty stretches should

remain natural, unurbanized and replete with sand dunes. Protection is possible bypreventing encroachment of fishermen huts. The study has observed that traditional patterns offishermen settlement would have to be substituted by new non-invasive settlements away fromthe sea front. Urbanization is accompanied by real estate demand for sea front locations whichare prime in value. Fishermen Housing, under some pretexts, is usurped as real estate, asexamples in Maharasthra and Goa have shown.

2) A second zone be demarcated along sea fronts (which are available and accessible to publicthe sea face being perceived as public good to be enjoyed by all) which are recreational inuse (parks/beaches/playgrounds) Zones at S.No.1 and 2 would be NON-VIOLABLE Zones.

3) Shelter Zones/Structures be sited after due safety assessment considering disaster pronenessof the east coast (Tsunami/earthquake) for Disaster Management purposes.

4) Organized Fisherman stations along the coast be instituted which provide meteorologicaldata/other inputs to fishermen, as well as keep account of numbers gone to sea. This

would be a watchdog/safety enabling station function preferably under joint control ofcoast guards-state govt.-fishermen associations.

5) Tourism Infrastructure, as sea side resorts for high-middle and low end tourists (eco-tourism/business/pilgrim) should be encouraged at a sufficient scale backed with adequatemarketing to allow Tourism growth. North Indians, many who have never seen the sea stateBombay as a favoured destination. This segment could be tapped by offering multipleopportunities and attractive discount for short and long stay holidays at quaint seaside villageenvironment resorts as never been before environment.These resorts integrated with travel and sightseeing in nearby areas would be popular tobudget tourists who form volumes in the business.

6) Sea fronting urban units almost like a chain should be planning for shared infrastructureprovision, such as roads/water supply/solid waste management/sanitation and concur onfinancial /other arrangements in making this a reality.

7) Sea fronting urban units should explore sufficient local economic base which is service sectororiented, environmentally less damaging, involves and empowers women (in view of thehigh sex ratios in all the taluks), and can absorb a highly literate population. Specialemphasis should be placed on employment policies in the district/taluk/towns.

8) Make possible a connection between local livelihoods- heritage and tourism womensempowerment- institutions imparting practical skills- seafront strategies tourist infrastructure.

2.6 Inception Stage and the SWOT Analysis

The consultants visited Kayalpattinam on September 21, 2007 for a reconnaissance of the Municipalityarea and for a consultative meeting cum workshop with the Chairman, Councilors and other majorstakeholders. Another meeting cum workshop was held in Madurai on October 16, 2007 for presentingthe inception report, under the Chairmanship of JCMA where ULB Chairman and state level concerned

functionaries were apprised, and views consolidated for the onward exercise of preparing the Draft CDP.A record of these meetings is provided in Annexure - I.


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STRENGTH

Kayalpattinam ULB is a part of the estuary of River Tamrabarani which discharges into thesea and therefore has part of natures wonders within the jurisdiction. This can be a strengthfor the town yet imposing responsibility for marine life/beach head and other environmentalsafeguards the town must take.

Railway line passes through the town before terminating at Tiruchendur.

The town has metalled road network connecting to SH 40 which goes between Tirunelveli andTiruchendur.

Presence of diverse religious communities has been continuously harmonious.

Its beach is available to everyone with some parks developed alongside by the ULB. Thetown having a sea face is an advantage.

Presence of large industrial unit (the DCW Chemical works) helps in generating jobs forworkers.

Diamond and gold jewellery making units are well established as a local business adding to

the city income. The town has historical connections and is known to be an ancient capital enjoying prosperity.

Later, in 842 A D it is stated to be under Khilji dynasty and is reputed to draw its name fromKahira in Egypt which later distorted to its present name.

WEAKNESS

Low level of infrastructure availability, especially poor sanitation, solid waste disposal,insufficient street lights, poor drainage and roads.

Lack of proper shopping centres of all hierarchies as, weekly markets, convenience shops,shopping centre etc.

Very high proportion of slum residents, slum population being 25% of all population.

Lack of planned utilities and facilities, as, cultural centres/libraries/sports stadium.

Lack of effective landmark buildings/lighthouse/icon symbol city identity or sense of pride.

Absence of recreational facilities.

OPPORTUNITY

Special integrated market for gold-silver-diamond jewellery making, displaying andenlargement into a regional centre for shopping

kayalpatnam city development plan

Documents