karu intan report

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REPORT

RCARO TEMPORARY ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME

SURVEY ON RADIATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION

IN RCA MEMBER STATES

September 2004

Prepared jointly by:

H.G.P. Karunaratne

and

Ros Intan Purbasari

REGIONAL COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT REGIONAL OFFICE

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

2004


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REPORT SUBMITTED & PREPARED JOINTLY

BY:

1. H.G.P. KARUNARATNEHead, International Division, Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Authority

2. ROS INTAN PURBASARITechnical Cooperation Division, Planning Bureau,

National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)

at the end of four months Temporary Attachment Programme

to the RCARO, Daejeon, Korea

Date of commencement of the Temporary Attachment Programme:

23rd May 2004

and

24th May 2004

(Respectively)


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CONTENTS

I. Acknowledgement

II. Objectives of the Survey on the Application of Radiation Technology in MSs

III. Introduction to RCA and RCA Member States

A. RCA Member States

B. Emergence of RCARO (Regional Co-operative Agreement Regional Office)

IV. Application of Radiation Technologies

A. General Introduction

B. Status of the Application of Radiation Technologies in RCA Member States

1. Australia

2. Bangladesh

3. China

4. India5. Indonesia

6. Korea

7. Malaysia

8. Mongolia

9. Myanmar

10. Pakistan

11. Philippines

12. Singapore

13. Sri Lanka

14. Thailand

15. Vietnam

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ANNEXURE

1) Work Assignment

2) Survey Information and Methodology for the application of radiation technology in

RCA member states

3) Work Plan

4) Letter written to the NRs, NLOs, IAEA Country Officers

5) Survey Results as per the RCA Member States

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I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would wish to indicate our appreciation for the cooperation extended to us by our

Government Authorities, Ministry of Science and Technology, Atomic Energy

Authority of Sri Lanka and BATAN of Indonesia by granting necessary approvals to us

for temporary attached to the RCARO in Korea, to carry out a Survey on End Users of

Radiation Application in Industry in the East Asia and Pacific.

Apart from carrying out the survey, the invited staff also prepared a list of RCA related

acronyms/glossaries/terminologies, including most frequently used RCA related

acronyms, general RCA related glossaries, IAEA fields of activity codes used for TC

projects, IAEA programme and project codes, acronyms of Regional/International

Development Organizations and RCA project related technical terminologies.

The invited staff during the attachment to RCARO also compiled information related to

International/Regional Development Organizations including UN SystemsOrganizations, Regional/International Financial Organizations, Regional Co-operative

Organizations (Asia and the Pacific), National Financial Organizations and Other Co-

operation Development Organizations.

The invited staff assisted the RCARO as rapporteur for the First Selection Committee

Meeting for the Director of RCARO held in June 2004 at RCARO and provided the

necessary secretariat facilities for the Meeting.

The Invited Staff also visited the laboratories and had discussion with the National

RCA Project Coordinators of the following laboratories in the Korea Atomic Energy

Research Institute to gather information for the survey and to understand the active

involvement of KAERI in RCA related project activities.

a) Radioisotope Production and Application, HANARO

b) Neutron Activation Analysis Project , HANARO Center

c) Nuclear Materials Technology, Development Team

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d) SMART R&D Center.

The invited staff was given the opportunity to participate as observers in the following

events held in Korea:

I. Workshop for the RCA Working Staff of Member States, 14-17 June 2004,

RCARO, Daejeon, Korea.

II. IAEA/RCA Project Coordinators Meeting On Electronic Networking Outreach

RAS/0/035, 23-27 August 2004, Daejeon, Korea.

The invited staff studied all the country presentations submitted by the participants tothe Workshop for the RCA Working Staff of Member States, and prepared the draft

recommendations for the workshop.

The invited staff also gratitude to the RCARO staff for their support provided to visit

following institutions during the invited staff stay at RCARO:

Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plants

Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS)

Korea Institute of Radiation Application in Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)

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II. OBJECTIVE OF THE TEMPORARY ATTACHMENT

The RCARO is embarked on a programme to develop publications of RCA materials

for the benefit of the RCA Member States. The survey report on the radiation

application in the region to enable RCA project participants to maintain a closer

relationship with the endusers and further construct network linkage among the end-

users for information exchange. The study on industrial application activities in the

East Asia and Pacific Region for use as a database among Member States is a noble

idea of the RCARO to assist Member States in pursuit of deriving radiation application

for the socioeconomic development of the respective Member States.

Apart from the above major objective, the presence of invited staff from RCA Member

States, Sri Lanka and Indonesia at RCARO, also assists to achieve following benefits

for the Region, RCARO and Individual Member States which have provided the

services of their staff:

a) Compilation of data gathered through the survey of the information related to theradiation application in the region is for the benefit of the region.

b) The invited staff gain knowledge and experience on RCA management through

working in an institute of excellence in the region.

c) The invited staff develop inter personal relationship which is beneficial for the

strengthening of inter institutional cooperation.

d) Provision of staff by the Member States for a common cause of the region to the

RCARO shows close collaboration among the Member States and understanding of

needs of each other.

e) Enhancement of the understanding about the Korean experience on effective use of

nuclear technology for its socioeconomic development.

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III. INTRODUCTION TO RCA AND RCA MEMBER STATES

The acronym RCA stands for the Regional Co-operative Agreement of the IAEA for the

Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology for

Asia and the Pacific. It is an inter government agreement came into force under the

auspices of the IAEA in the East Asia and Pacific Region for the benefit of the Member

States and to develop technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC). The

RCA agreement provides a framework for Asian Member States to intensify their

collaboration through programmes and projects focused on the specific shared needs of

its members.

The background for the initiation of RCA was commenced in the early 1960 through

the first regional collaborative agreement under the sponsorship of the IAEA, which

was called the India Philippines IAEA (IPA) Agreement. This laid the foundation

of the Regional Co-operative Agreement (RCA). The IPA -a tripartite cooperative

agreement involving India, the Philippines, and the Agency (the International AtomicEnergy Agency)- involved with the supply of a neutron diffractometer facility

manufactured in India and its set-up in the Philippine Research Reactor-I with IAEA

funding. This facility was used to train scientists and technologist in physics (e.g. solid

state physics, and neutron elastic and inelastic scattering). Participants who were

trained came from Korea, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines' Dr. Q.O.

Navarro, who later became director of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, was

then appointed Project Director. The IPA ran in the mid-1960s, and later in the early

1970s. In 1972, ten governments in the Asia and the Pacific region undertook, in co-

operation each other and the Agency, to promote and co-ordinate co-operative activities

in nuclear science and technology. The RCA was the first regional agreement of such

magnitude concluded under the auspices of the IAEA. Since then, the RCA has

expanded considerably, both in its memberships and in the size of and subject scope of

its programme.

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The RCA vision is:

Security and Safety of Food & Nutrient

To produce cheap & nutritious food

Health Care

Good health care at affordable price for mass population

Industrial Development

To improve economy & provide employment

Energy

Fuel of the economy

Depletion of conventional sources

Environmental Care & Protection

Efficient technology ensuring environmental integrity

RCA projects have contributed significantly in a number of priority areas vital to

regional socioeconomic development, such as food and agriculture, health care,

industry and environmental protection.

Since 1999 the RCA projects are categorized in several Thematic Sectors (areas) in

order to reflect regions requirements appropriately and to streamline the project

management. The Thematic Sectors are being carried out biennial cycle to produce

more practical outputs. The thematic sectors are:

1. Agriculture

2. Health

3. Industry

4. Environment

5. Energy/Research Reactor/(Radioactive Waste Management)

6. Radiation Protection

In addition, TCDC (Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries) comprises

another sector since it is regarded as an important vehicle for RCA activities. At

present, TCDC focuses on ENO (Electronic Networking and Outreach) project that

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mainly covers RCA information flow program and will further cover the e-learning

endeavors.

To secure effective formulation and implementation of the projects in a successful

manner, Lead Countries for all Thematic Sectors have been selected among the RCA

Member States.

During the last 25 years, the RCA has shown remarkable achievements in the following

sectors in the region, and the efforts of the RCA has assisted the Member States to raise

the life standard of the general public in the region.

Agriculture:

Asian Regional Project on Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery;

Food Irradiation of Food and Horticulture Products;

Mutation Breeding (more than 50 varieties).

Industry:

NDT: Radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, liquid entrants

testing and Eddy current testing;

NCS: Pulp and paper, coal and petro-chemical industries;

Tracer Techniques.

Health:

Nuclear medical applications for diagnostics and treatment;

Cancer therapy;

Radiation sterilization of tissue grafts to improve tissue banking.

Radiation protection:

To build radiation protection infrastructure;

Waste Safety;

Environmental Monitoring;

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Radiation protection for workers and public.

Energy:

Tools for planning electricity expansion schemes

Plant management and operational safety

Radioactive waste management

Technical cooperation

Expert missions

Training programmes

Regional resources units

RCA policies are set at two annual meetings of the National Representatives: a) the

General Conference Meeting in Vienna, during the IAEA General Conference and b)

the Regular Meeting in the region, within the first quarter of the year. These meetings

are usually chaired by the National RCA Representatives of the Member States hosting

the Regular Meeting. The IAEAs RCA Program Coordinator is the Secretary of the

both meeting.

A. RCA Member States

The original RCA Member States initially involved ten (10) countries. The earliest

signatories to the original agreement, according to the records have seen were the

following:

India (7 June 1972), Vietnam (12 June 1972), Indonesia (16 October 1972), Thailand (4

December 1972), Philippines (17 April 1973), Singapore, Pakistan (6 September 1974),

Korea (9 October 1974), Bangladesh (23 October 1974) and Sri Lanka (9 March 1976).

Now there are seventeen (17) which are as follows: Australia, Bangladesh, People's

Republic of China, India, Indonesia Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia,

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Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and

Vietnam. The newest members are Mongolia (1992), Myanmar (1994) and New

Zealand (1994).

The RCA agreement has the IAEA as a partner, not a party. It is one of three regional

cooperative agreements under the aegis of the IAEA. The other two are ARCAL for

Latin America, formed in 1984, and AFRA, for Africa, formed in 1990. Of the three

agreements the RCA can be considered the most mature, most committed, and enviable.

It is most mature being the longest, not necessarily the oldest, running regionalagreement in its 25 years now; it is most committed since many member states are

now not only participating actively in its activities but also contributing financially to

support projects; it is enviable since it is a model for other regional projects and is a

pioneering approach to technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) in

the United Nations System.

During the 25 years of the RCAs existence, the participating countries and the Agencyhave accumulated valuable experience of co-operation and of coordinating nuclear-

related development activities in the region. In most cases, RCA projects and the

activities carried out under the Agencys regular technical co-operation programme at

the national and regional level complement each other; every effort was being made to

avoid duplication and to use the available manpower and financial resources in

the cost-effective manner.

The RCA is governed by a formal inter-governmental agreement. A set of RCA guide

lines and Operating Rules were adopted in October 1997. The RCA is financed by the

IAEA Technical Assistance Fund (TACF) under the IAEA Technical Cooperation

Programme, extrabudgetary resources from Member States and other donors. Earlier,

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was the major donor. At present, the

Member States provide more in-kind contributions to the RCA Programme in the form

of hosting events and bearing the local costs, providing experts, equipment and other

resources. A significant example was the implementation of four joint

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UNDP/RCA/IAEA projects from 1997. The most recent project is the project on Better

Management of the Environment, Natural Resources and Industrial Growth through

Isotopes and Radiation Technology.

The RCA programme has proven to be an effective mechanism for increasing regional

self-reliance, fostering linkages and collaboration amongst its Member States through

consensus. It has been able to produce tangible outputs from participation in well

designed projects, despite the varying stages of development and diversity among

Member States.

The success of the RCA as a reliable regional framework for cooperation is linked to

the unique benefits provided by the application of nuclear science and technology to

address regional needs. To further develop and strengthen technical cooperation among

the Regional Member States, and to achieve Millennium Development Goals for

sustainability through mutual regional cooperation in radiation technology, the RCARO

has incepted in Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea, for the overall benefit of Region.

B. Emergence of RCARO (Regional Co-operative Agreement Regional

Office)

During the RCA Meeting in Vienna in 1978, Member States has suggested the need of

having a regional office in the region. In the preceding year during the RCA National

Representatives Meeting it was recommended to establish RCA Regional office to

enhance RCA ownership by Member States. The RCA National Representatives

meeting held in Mumbai in 2000 was a significant year for the RCA family since the

Government of Korea offered to host the RCA Regional Office in Korea, and the

Member States have welcome the offer. In RCA National Representatives Meeting

held in 2001 in Dhaka supported establishment of the RCA Regional Office in Korea

and the Meeting requested Task Force Group to draft Working Paper and Australia and

Korea took the initiative to prepare it. RCA 30 th GC in 2001 in Vienna agreed in

Principle the Establishment of RCA Regional Office in Korea for 2-year Interim Period

to finalize Legal Provisions and other preparations. The 31 st RCA General Conference

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Meeting in Vienna in September 2002 adopted the Working Paper on the

Establishment and Operation of the RCA Regional Office in Korea that stipulated

details of operation and management of RCARO. The Working Paper was amended by

the 32nd RCA General Conference in Vienna in September 2003 that incorporated the

adoption of a RCA Resolution on the Establishment of the RCA Regional Office. The

32nd RCA General Conference Meeting (GCM) in Vienna in September 2003 adopted

the RCA Resolution on the Establishment of the RCA Regional Office that reconfirmed

the roles and functions of the Director of the RCA Regional Officeand requested the

Government of the Republic of Korea to continue all necessary support for the RCA

Regional Office, and also requested all RCA Member States to support and cooperatewith the RCA Regional Office.

Mandate of RCARO given by the Member States are:

Basically, two main mandates have been given to RCARO by the Member States.

To increase RCA awareness, i.e. to increase RCA visibility

To promote RCA partnerships, i.e. to promote RCA viability

In addition, RCARO will also carry out other directives given by the Member States.

Since inception of the RCARO, it has initiated programmes which have high value and

direct benefits for the Member States. All the activities are carried out with the consent

of the Member States and it has been decided at the 32nd GCM that the activities to be

undertaken by the RCARO on behalf of RCA should be submitted to National

Representatives for their endorsement. The major activates RCARO carrying out andwill be carrying out are:

Post doctoral Fellowship Programme

KAIST Nuclear Engineering Masters Degree Programme

Nuclear Medicine Internship Training Programme

RCA Awareness Increasing Activities:

Enhancing RCA Information Flow Chart

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Presentation and briefings on RCA activities

Publications

Workshop for RCA Working Level Staff of Member States

Support Women in Nuclear (WIN) Asia Activities

RCA Partnership Promoting Activities:

Korea International Cooperation Agency

UNESCAP

Asia and Pacific Center for Technology Transfer

Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia

United Nations University

Asian Productivity Organization, United Nations Environmental

Protection/Global Protection Agency, UNDP, UNIDO etc.

Other RCARO activities:

Transfer of radiotherapy equipment to developing countries (ROK to VIE)

Study on industrial application activities in the region for use as database

among Member States.

Operation of a Task Force to develop strategy for RCA additional fund creating

activities.

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IV. APPLICATION OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGIES

A. General Introduction

The Nuclear Sciences and Applications, as the application of radiation technologies are

widely utilized to enhance the capacity of Member States to meet basic human needs,

and to enhance productivity of food and agriculture, enhance human health, develop

industrial process, secure water resources, through the integration of nuclear and

isotopic techniques where these have comparative advantages into sustainable

development programmes.

To enhance human health, radiation technologies are used in the field of nuclear

medicine, applied radiation biology and radiotherapy, dosimetry and medical radiation

physics, and nutrition and human related environmental studies. Life expectancy has

risen dramatically in the developing world in recent decades due to utilization of

radiation technologies in the human health sector.

IAEA supported human health activities concentrate on the detection and treatment of

diseases afflicting the poor, and the planning and evaluation of applied nutrition

programmes tailored especially to the needs of women and children. They also give

priority to the establishment of quality assurance programmes for radiation dosimetry

and treatment of cancer.

The applications of the radiation technologies span many disciplinesincluding

radioimmunoassay, radiotherapy, radiopharmaceutical production, nutritional analysis,

and sterilization techniques for transplantation and medical instruments.

The IAEA, often in direct collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO),

conducts many programmes to strengthen the indigenous capability of developing

countries in using radionuclide and their radiation effects for supporting public health

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delivery services, including diagnosis, therapy, and development of basic infrastructure

for nuclear medicine.

In the field of public health, RCA has supported a project on the measurement of the

level of toxic elements in foodstuffs, treatment of cervix cancer by radiotherapy,

management of liver cancer using Transarterial therapy. The RCA has recognized the

value of health care in the Southeast Asian region and has contributed establishing

Human Tissue Banks to serve the region.

In the field of food and agriculture, nuclear techniques and related biotechnologies are

used to develop improved strategies for sustainable food security. To enhanceproductivity of food, radiation technologies are used in soil science, plant breeding,

animal production and health, entomology and food contaminants control.

The Joint FAO/IAEA Division assists Member Countries of IAEA and FAO to use

nuclear techniques to fight food scarcity. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division is currently

responsible for providing scientific and technical support for over 200 national and

regional Technical Cooperation Projects in the field of Agriculture.

The effective development of new nuclear technologies and the safe and economical

maintenance of existing technologies both rely on a thorough understanding of the

underlying physical and chemical processes.

Radiation Technologies are rigorously used in the industrial applications such as civil

engineering and construction, heavy metal fabrication, petrochemical, quality control

and inspection, industrial process control and geothermal and ground water hydrology.

Application of Radiation Technologies in the field of industrial sector will fall into one

of the following categories and which has shown remarkable difference compared to

conventional methods.

Industrial applications of radiation and isotopes

Isotope hydrology and geochemistry

Nuclear analytical chemistry

Nuclear and atomic data for applications

Nuclear instrumentation design and maintenance

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Production of radioisotopes and labelled compounds

Radiation chemistry

Utilization of research reactors and accelerators

A number of industrial technologies along with large pool of expertise have been

generated as a valuable resource in the Region as a result of the RCA/IAEA activities.

Utilization of radiation technologies in the industry sector has contributed to the

economic performance in many developing Asian countries in recent years. The major

investments are done in the:

a) Industrial Plant QA/QC

Radiometry (sealed source application)

Non destructive testing/evaluation

b) Sterilization technology

Radiation dosimetry

Facility management

c) Tracer application

Industrial tracer application

Environmental tracer application

d) Process control

Nucleonic gauges

The IAEA/UNDP/RCA regional industrial project for industrial application of isotopes

and radiation technology in Asia and the pacific, which was initiated in 1979, had

contributed to the regional needs of industry and paved the way for success.

The application of Radiation Technologies contributes too immensely for the

betterment of world population. As an example if the Industrial Applications for

Electron Beam Processing is considered, its wide verities of industries, processes and

products can be shown as below:

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Industries Processes Products

ChemicalPetrochemical

CrosslinkingDepolymerizationGraftingPolymerization

PolyethylenePolypropyleneCopolymersLubricantsAlcohol

Coating

Adhesives

CuringGraftingPolymerization

Adhesive tapesCoated paper productsVeneered panelsThermal barriersWood/plastic composites

Electrical CrosslinkingHeat-shrink memorySemiconductor modification

Building, instrument, telephonewires, power cables, insulationtapes, shielded cable spliceszener diodes, ICs

Health

Pharmaceuticals

SterilizationPolymer modification

Medical disposablesPowder and ointmentsEthical drugsMembranes

Plastics

Polymers

CrosslinkingFoamingHeat-shrink memory

Food shrink wrapGymnastic mats, toysPlastic tubing & pipesMolded packaging formsFlexible packaging formsFlexible packaging laminates

Pollution

control

DisinfectionPrecipitationMonomer entrapmentDeSOx/DeNOx

Agricultural fertilizers formSewage sludgeSafe stack gas emissionsSafe sludge disposalOcean life nutrients from sludgeOSHA and EPA compliancesWorker safety

Pulp

Textile

DepolymerizationGraftingCuring

Rayon, permanent press textileSoil release textileFlocked and printed fabric

Rubber Vulcanization, Green strength,Graded cure

Tire componentsBattery separators

Roofing membrane

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B. Status of the Application of Radiation Technologies in RCA Member

States

AUSTRALIA

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) are

Australias national nuclear research and development organization and the center of

Australian nuclear expertise. ANSTOs nuclear infrastructure includes the research

reactor HIFAR (High Flux Australian Reactor), particle accelerators,

radiopharmaceutical production facilities, and range of other facilities. HIFAR is

Australias only nuclear reactor and it is used to produce radioactive products for use

in medicine and industry. It also a source of neutron beams for scientific research and

to irradiate silicon for semiconductor application.

The core business areas of the ANSTO are:

International strategic relevance of nuclear science and technology

Core nuclear facilities operation and development

Nuclear science for environment and sustainability

Treatment and management of man made and naturally occurring radioactive

substances

Sustainability and international competitiveness of industry

Organizational development and support

Australia is an active partner and founder member of the RCA. It is a donor country

for the RCA activities and participates in the following active RCA projects as a

valuable contributor for the regional development.

Management of Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries (ENO

component)

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Role of Nuclear Power and Other Energy Option in Competitive Electricity

Market

Improvement of Research Reactor Operation and Utilization, Phase II

Strengthening Medical Physics through Education and Training

Improved Training for Nuclear Medicine Technicians

Distance Learning in Radiation Oncology

Harmonization of Radiation Protection Phase IV

Environmental Radiation Monitoring and Regional Database

Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation

Improved Information about Urban Air Quality Management

Australia also in the process implementation of the following four projects to assist

RCA Member States to overcome specific problems encountered in the fields of health

care, radiation protection and environmental issues.

Application of Nuclear and Modeling Techniques to Sustainable Development in

the Coastal Zone

Preparation for the Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Waste with Emphasis

on Non-Power Sources

Distance assisted Training Program for Nuclear Medicine Technologists

Radiation Protection

Strengthening Radiation Protection Infrastructure

Radiation Protection Distance Learning Program.

Through above projects, Australian authorities have introduced viable methodologies

to develop coastal infrastructure of number of RCA countries utilizing nuclear

techniques in conjunction with other conventional methods.

BANGLADESH

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Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) is entrusted with the research and

development in peaceful application of atomic energy, generation of electricity and

promotion of international relation congenial to implementation of its programmes

and projects. The programmes and projects of BAEC are focused on various sectors

of the economy, such as health, industries, agriculture and environment. The primary

objectives of BAEC are to:

Promotion of the peaceful uses of atomic energy in agriculture, medicine and

industry development of related technology like electronics, computer, material

sciences, etc. Planning, implementation and operation of nuclear power station.

Service in the sterilization of medical products, food preservation, non-destructive

testing, elemental analysis, hydrology, etc.

Discharge of international obligations.

The following major establishments are involved with the application of radiation

technologies for socioeconomic development in the country. Atomic Energy Center (AECD), Dhaka

Nuclear Medicine Institute (INM)

Nuclear Medical Centers (NMC)

Beach Sand Exploration Centers (BSEC), Coxbazar

Radiation Testing Laboratory, Citation

Rooppur Nuclear Plant at Pabna

Atomic Energy Research Establishment

Radiation technologies are widely used by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission

in the major thematic sectors with the technical assistance under RCA programme. It is

a recipient country of the IAEA technical assistance. Utilization of radiation

technologies as per the thematic sectors is:

Agriculture:

Application of food irradiation for food security, safety and trade. Irradiation as sanitary and phytosanitary treatments of food.

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Industry and Environment:

Tracer Technology and Nucleonic Control System

Air Pollution and Its Trends

Radiation processing applications for agro waste

Energy and Research Reactor/Waste management:

Waste Management (WM)

Radiation Protection:

Enhancement and Harmonization of Radiation Protection

To harness radiation technology for national needs, the following institutes are engaged

in research and development activities:

Atomic Energy Center

Atomic Energy Research Establishment

Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

Institute of Food and Radiation Biology

Institute of Electronics

Nuclear Mineral Unit

Central Engineering Facilities

Beach Sand Minerals Exploitation Center

The BAEC provides wide varieties of services of radiation technologies to the general

public and industrial groups in the country.

CHINA

China Atomic Energy Authority is responsible for the familiarization of radiation

technologies for national development pioneering since 1950s. China is

internationally praised as a country for its fastest growth in use of radiation technology

industrial growth. The isotope and radiation techniques have become a newly

established high-tech industry in China. They are penetrating from traditional

application into the forefront and a new field of modern science and technology such as

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life science and material science, agriculture, environmental preservation, industrial

application, etc.

In medical applications, more than 40 units are engaged in R&D and production of

radiopharmaceuticals. With the rapid evolution of modern nuclear medicine, the

application of advanced nuclear medical devices (such as SPECT and PET), the

radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment of difficult and complicated cases,

e.g. tumor, has developed at a quick pace. In respect of radiography sources, Mo-Te

generator is available every week.

In industrial applications, these are two kinds of radiation sources often used in

industry, i.e. Gamma-irradiator and electron accelerator. In China, there are 48

commercial radiation facilities, the designed source-loading capacity over 300,000 Ci

for each, they are distributed in 41 cities and counties all over 20 provinces,

municipalities, and autonomous regions, the designed source-loading capacity totaling

29.10 million Ci; in addition, there are 75 radiation source including 2 Cs source

devices facilities, the designed source loading capacity below 300,000 Ci for each,which implies that the different kinds of radiation source facilities totals 123, and the

practical source loading approximately 13 million Ci, and increase of 117% as

compared to the figure in 1994. As for the electron accelerator, the facility with power

over 5 kW is doubled every three years since 1992, there are 45 sets, including 24

imports, the power totaling 2005 kW, in which 22 sets are used to produce heat shrink

material (including 10 sets for special purposes), 34 sets to produce wire and cable

(including 23 sets for special purposes); furthermore, there are 8 sets of industrial

accelerators with power below 5 kW in research institutes mainly for producing PE

foaming, polymer grafting and coating solidification.

In China, the industrialized radiation processing started with radiation chemistry.

According to the preliminary statistics, in 1998, the annual output value of radiation-

cross-linked wire and cable, and heat shrink material was 0.7 billion yuan RMB

separately; the annual output value of 6 plants engaging in radiation-produced low-

temperature binder totals over 30 million yuan RMB.In r

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INDIA

The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), is a broad based multidisciplinary

organization engaged in development of nuclear power technology, applications of the

radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry and basic

research. Developing of advanced technologies such as accelerators, lasers, strategic

materials and instrumentation, and encouraging transfer of technology to industry to

assist economic and industrial development of India. BARC has played the pivotal role

during the transfer of radiation technologies to the major sectors of the country.

Interaction with universities and academic institutions; support to research and

development projects having a bearing on DAE's programmes; and international

cooperation in related advanced areas of research. DAE has formulated its activities

under six major programmes. Defining the overall objectives and thrusts for these six

programmes are the key drivers.

NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME STAGE I

Higher Share for Nuclear Power

Competitive Capacity Addition

Sustain and Improve Capacity Utilization

Move towards Financing Capability through Internal Resource Generation

Sustained Excellence in Safety Performance

NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME STAGE II

Commercial Demonstration of Fast Breeder Technology

Early setting up of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) and associated Fuel

Cycle Plants Advanced Fuel Cycle with Higher Breeding Gain

NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME STAGE III

Technology Demonstration for Large Scale Thorium Utilization

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)

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Technology Road Map on Shaping the Third Stage

RADIATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

Deployment Over Large Scale

Desalination of Water

Nuclear Agriculture

Radiation Processing of Food, Industrial and Medical Products

Health Care and other Industrial Applications

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Broad based R&D in Nuclear Sciences and Technologies involving

Scientific groups within DAE and outside including Universities

RESEARCH EDUCATION LINKAGE

Mutual strengthening of Education and Research in

Nuclear Sciences and Technologies and allied disciplines

The Indian authorities have achieved high development goals through the application

of radiation technologies in the following field of activities:

Agriculture

Asian Regional Project on Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery

Food Irradiation of Food and Horticulture Products

Mutation Breeding (more than 500 varieties).

Industry

NDT: radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, liquid penetrant

testing and Eddy current testing

NCS: pulp & paper, coal and petro-chemical industries

Tracer Techniques

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Health

Nuclear medical applications for diagnostics and treatment

Cancer therapy

Radiation sterilization of tissue grafts to improve tissue banking

Radiation Protection

To build radiation protection infrastructure

Waste safety

Environmental monitoring

Radiation protection for workers and public

Energy

Tools for planning electricity expansion schemes

Plant management & operational safety

Radioactive waste management

India has categorized utilization of radiation application as non-power sector, and

during the last couple of decades has improved harnessing the benefit for it people.

Remarkable progress has been achieved in application of radioisotopes and radiation

technology in the area of health care, nuclear agriculture, food preservation and

industrial uses as mentioned above.

INDONESIA

The National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) is assisting the nation to harness the

radiation technology for the national development since its inception in 1958. Its vision

is Leading in South East Asia in realizing the beneficial use of Nuclear Science and

Technology for the welfare of the people based on sound safety philosophy. To

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achieve the vision of the organization, it has embraced six mission statements and the

statements related to application of radiation technologies for the development are:

To conduct research, development, and design nuclear science and technology that

can be usefully promoted for increasing the welfare of the people.

To conduct innovation and dissemination of technology independently as well as

partnership with other institutions towards the increase of the national production

technology.

To strengthen the institutional management for increasing the efficiency and

productivity.

Number of national institutions under the aegis of BATAN is operational to transfer the

radiation technologies to end users and also BATAN provides services of radiation

technologies to the general public. The major sectors where radiation technologies are

used in Indonesia comprises of:

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Food Irradiation

Mutation Plant Breeding

Rice varieties: Atomita I, II, III, IV, upland rice Situgintung, Cilosari, Woyla,

Merauke

Soybean vatieties: Muria, Tengger and Meratus.

Livestock-food engineering (UMMB)

Human Health

Hydrology and Industry Design and Manufacturing

Natural Resources

Safety and Environment (Air Pollution)

The International Atomic Energy Agency under its Technical Cooperation program also

supports twelve ongoing TC projects in the field of radiation technologies. The BATAN

also involved in most of the RCA projects being implementing in the region in the field

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of application of radiation technologies for socioeconomic development. Apart from

BATAN and its institutions, numbers of private sector industries are using radiation

application for various industries in Indonesia.

BATAN also established BATAN Research Tissue Bank (BRTB) and its services have

spread to 30 hospitals in Indonesia.

The Research and Development facilities for the application of radiation technologies

in BATAN are as follow:

Radioisotopes and Radiopharmacy

Radiopharmacies produced by BATAN have been marketed and used for medical

purposes such as:

MIBI is used for detection of heart perfusion. The advantages of the product are

that it is cheap, can be stored in a long period of time, and will not cause heart

redistribution.

HMPAO is used for detection of brain perfusion. Labeled with lycosite, such a

product can also be used for infection and allergic detection.

131I-MIBG can be used for diagnose and therapy of pheochromocytoma,

neuroblastoma, and ganglioma.

131I-Lipiodol is used for brain therapy.

Sm-EDTMP is used for therapy of bone cancer and palliation. It can be used as

a long-period-pain-killer.

MAG-3 can be used for tracing of kidney function. Fast excretion and long term

storing are the benefits of this product.

All of the products above have been used in hospitals such as RS Harapan Kita,

RSCM, RSPAD, RSPP, RSMMC, RS Sardjito, RS Kariadi , RSHH Bandung, RS

Saiful Anwar Malang, RSK, RS Dharmais, and RS Fatmawati.

Radioisotopes produced by BATAN include TI-201, Sm-153, Sr-89, Rb-86, Au-

198.

Renograph

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Renograph, equipped with radiopharmacy substance as a tracer, is a device used for

an observation of kidney functions.

Thyroid Up-take

Distribution Control System (DCS)

Distribution Control System (DCS) or Nucleonic Control System (NCS) used for

controlling process in a pulp industry.

Lead Apron

As a radiation shielding to avoid the effect or risk of unnecessary radiation to

operators and their assistants, environment, and vital parts of patient bodies, and

medical centers or hospitals operating x-ray.

Applications:

Monitoring and controlling on Active Waste Water Storage System of the 30-

MW Research Reactor

Coal Conveyor Control System Soda Industries

Testing Process on Battery Productions

Monitoring and Controlling on multistoried buildings

Monitoring and Controlling on fertilizer Industries

Managing City Water

Hydrology ServicesThe field of hydrology in Nuclear Engineering (radioisotope tracer techniques)

currently has solved a lot of problems including:

Determining sediment movement in harbor and coast area for efficient dredging

and planning of new harbors

Solving environmental pollution problems; the tracer techniques can be used to

identify pollution substances

Determining dam leakage Determining ground water flows

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Studying the relationship among oil wells to determine the characteristics of

liquid flows around the wells

Determining the flow rate of water rivers

Studying geothermal

Gauging techniques.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Services

The NDT services have been done for:

Water Tower Leakage Testing

Leak Detection of Prilling Tower

Ir-UT (Building Inspection)

192 & X-ray (Aircraft Inspection)

Co-60 (Vessel Inspection).

Radiology Diagnostic Tilting Table

This device can be used for x-ray radiography and spot film device handing. This

innovate table is a result of cooperative program between PMBI-BATAN and

Trophy Rajawali Indonesia.

X-ray Industry

The system has been used for nondestructive evaluations of rims. Its x-ray

generator can continuously operate in 74 KV, 3 mA, and penetrate up to 18 mm

thickness.

The system may support manufactures quality control specifically in

nondestructive inspecting products. The performance of the system is between 300

and 800 lines/inch in resolution, and can visually differ amount of internal defects

in aluminum rims (Velg-Al). The system has been used by PT Pakoakuina.

X-ray Medicine

Currently, the machines have been used by hospitals including:

RS Kusta Tuguredjo, Central Java RS Islam Wonosobo, Central Java

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RSJ Cimahi, Bandung, West Java

RSJ Bandung Jambi

RS Batang, a regional hospital, Central Java.

JAPAN

The Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. (JAIF) is a non governmental body which is

responsible for familiarization of applications of radiation technologies in Japan. It is

a non-profit organization incorporated under the auspices of the industry to promote

peaceful utilization of nuclear energy for the benefit of Japanese national

inconsideration of the importance of the peaceful utilization of nuclear power in

Japans energy issues and the utilization of radioisotopes and radiation in wide verity

of fields.

Japan holds international conferences annually in the field of Radiation and Isotopes

to study the present statues of the utilization of radiation technologies for the benefit

of the socioeconomic development of Japan as well as other regional nations. In order

to promote the research, development and utilization of radiation and isotopes, the

Japan Conference on Radiation and Radioisotopes has been held every two years as

an international meeting in cooperation with the Japan Radioisotopes Association and

Atomic Energy Society of Japan. This meeting could be highly valued as the only

comprehensive technical meeting in this field. The conferences scope is directed

towards the technologies such as biotechnology, material science and lasers as well as

to social matters so as to gain public understanding towards the applications of

radioisotopes.

JAIF also contribute to the development of a healthy and quality human life through

the application of various nuclear techniques in industry as well as in daily life. In

this aspect JAIF enhances cooperation and communication among the industries, local

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autonomies, the academic cycles, mass media and other groups involved in and

related to with nuclear energy development.

Application of radiation technologies are well established in Japan. Since Japan is

highly industrialized, and technological and economic wealth is far exceed the other

regional Member States other than Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, India,

Singapore and China it provide financial assistance to RCA progammes. It is a donor

country and does not use IAEA Technical Assistance. According to the economic

scale of nuclear applications in Japan in 1997, 2% GDP was generated by the nuclear

applications as 47b$ from energy and 52b$ from Radiation Applications. The main

sectors where radiation technologies are used are:

Sterilized medical supplies

Semiconductors

Accelerators installed during 29 years

Radiographic testing (NDT)

RI application (radiation processing)

Radiation protection

Radiation cured radial tires.

KOREA

Republic of Korea became a member of the RCA family in 1974, and since plays an

active role inpromoting peaceful nuclear technology cooperation among the countries

in Asia and the Pacific region. The Republic of Korea contributed its effort to achieve

progress in the various RCA programs. The RCA's contributions to Korea's nuclear

technological development and economic growth can be seen in such fields as food and

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agriculture, medicine and health, industry and others. Many regional activities

organized by the Republic of Korea through the RCA, particularly various regional

training courses, have been beneficial to the end users.

The utilization of radiation technology for socioeconomic development is about 10%.

Korea is fifth in nuclear energy production, and it ranks 30 th in utilizing nuclear

technology in term of equipment usage in the world. To boost radiation technology the

government has enacted measures to promote the utilization of this technology in 2002.

Korea is in the process of expanding the utilization of radiation technologies in fields of

industry, human health and medical sciences, agricultural, and environmental

applications. The country has orchestrated effort to accelerate the practical use of

nuclear techniques in day today lives of its masses. The expanded use of nuclear

techniques in various fields may be one of the effective and practical means of

overcoming the current difficult economic situation. It has precisely understood the use

of radiation and radioisotopes in manufacturing lines can certainly help in making

quality products. This will help lead to an increase in exports. Import substitutions can

also be made available. For example, increased domestic production of medical

radioisotopes, such as Tc-99m.

The use of irradiation techniques for agricultural and fishery products has can

contribute to a safe food supply. It is noted that, at present, the Korean government has

approved 34 groups of foods (about 30 items) for irradiation. The list of items will be

further expanded in the future. For example, Korea will soon allow the irradiation of 0-

157 bacillus in red meat to follow USA practices and I-131; can minimize thedependency on imported supplies.

Korea has been actively participating in a number of RCA projects. These have proven

to benefit the Koreas industrial sectors, research organizations, and for academic

circles. At present, Korea's involvement in RCA's on-going activities includes 10 more

individual projects. The projects related to application of radiation technologies in

industry:

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Process Diagnostics and Optimization in Petrochemical Industry

Optimization of Materials in Industry using On-line Bulk Analysis Techniques

Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas

Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability

Isotope Techniques for Groundwater Contamination Studies in Urbanized and

Industrial Areas

NDT and Non-Destructive Evaluation

Improved Information about Urban Air Quality Management

The KAERI plays an active role in transfer of radiation application to the private sector

industries. In these aspects, KAERI assist the private sector institutions in specific

problems encounter, using NDT technology. The KAERI is also engaged in research

and development and also has developed new equipment like column scanner for NDT

application.

MALAYSIA

MINT conducts research and technology development towards the generation of new

processes, products, and services and improvements of existing ones. Research,

Training and Development (RTD) projects are designed with a view of using the results

for problem solving and enhancing products value added ness. In addition, local

expertise and capability in nuclear and related technologies and their applications,

especially in which this technique is the most suitable options, will increase. The scope

and coverage of MINT research and technology development is focused to the major

sectors of national and economic development, which among others include the

industry, manufacturing, medical and health care, environment, and agro-industry.

Component and system reliability, diagnostic capability, trouble shooting, and the

determination of major process parameters are some of the aspects that influence plant

operation and management efficiency. MINT has development in-house and local

capabilities in this area through non-destructive testing (NDT) technique, radiometry,

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and tracer technology. These techniques are now gaining acceptance in the chemical,

petroleum, and chemical industries in Malaysia.

The application of nuclear technology in manufacturing is attained by a class of

utilization generally known as radiation processing. Radiation can modify the

properties and behavior of irradiated materials. This modification renders the material

more useful and thus increasing its value added ness. Radiation can also kill bacteria in

product sterilization process.

Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex (RVNRL)

Polymer Cross-linking

Curing of surface coatings.

Through nuclear technology (radioactive tracer technique, in particular), dam leakage

and seepage; underground water resource movement; sediment movement at ports;

determination and mapping of air, water, and coastal areas and the sea pollutant; and

the application of processes using reduced or no chemicals for some applications are

some of the uses of this technology related to environment preservation.

Agro products:

1. Decontamination of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals Using Radiation

2. Education and Acceptance of Food Irradiation Technology in Malaysia.

Biomaterials:

1. Controlled Release Technology of Agrochemicals for Tropical Agriculture

2. Controlled Release Formulations of Fertilizer Containing Palm Oil Mill Effluent

(POME)

3. Development of Controlled-Release Products for Agricultural Applications using

Natural Resources

4. Development of Hydro gel for Clinical Application

5. Effect of Different Doses of Gamma Irradiation on Biomechanical Strength of

Deep-frozen, Freeze-dried and Demineralised Bone Allograft Using Animal Model

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6. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Healing Properties of Deep frozen, Freeze dried

and Demineralised Bone Allograft Using Animal Model

7. Production of Radiation-Sterilized Bone Allograft

8. Radiation Processing of Chitin/Chitosan

9. Radiation Processing of Water Soluble Polysaccharide.

Fruit Industry:

1. Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetables

2. Breeding of New Varieties of Pisang Mas

3. Crop Water Management ofLansium4. Development of DNA Marker forFusarium Resistance in Pisang Berangan

5. Efficient Agronomic Management in Lansium Production Through the Use of

Nuclear Technology

6. Efficient Agronomic Management of Banana Crop Through the Use of Nuclear

Technology

7. Impact of Pesticides on Agroecosystems

8. Improvement of Ex-Mining Land by Fertigation System and Organic MatterManagement

9. Improvement ofLansium domesticum Through Induced Mutation

10. Improvement of Pest and Disease Control forLansium (Dokong) Through Nuclear

and Related Technologies

11. Mutation Breeding for Improvement of Fruits (Mangosteens and Bananas).

Industrial Materials:

1. Aluminium Alloy with Activator Materials as a Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion

Protection Application

2. Development of Aluminium Matrix Composite for Automotive and Aerospace

Application

3. Life-time Engineering of Silicon by Electron Irradiation in Power Devices

Fabrication.

Intelligent Systems:

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1. Development of Computational Modeling for Small Angle Neutron & X-ray

Scattering (SANS & SAXS) Studies

2. Development of Expert System for On-Line Nuclear Process Control

3. Expert System for NDT Image Interpretation and Evaluation.

Medical Physics:

1. Design and Biotechnical Study of Orthopedic Implant System

2. Development of Intramedullary Rod System Implant for Orthopaedic Surgery

3. Maintenance of Medical X-ray Machines

4. Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) Safety5. Quality Assurance Programme in Diagnostic Radiology.

Non-destructive Testing:

1. Corrosion and Deposit Evaluation in Industrial Plants by Radiographic Method.

Nuclear Medicine:

1. Development of Ho-166 as a Radio therapeutic Agent2. Development of New Radiopharmaceuticals

3. Development of Radio immunodiagnostic and Radio immunotherapeutic Kits for

Nuclear Medicine.

Ornamental Industry:

1. Development of Gamma Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment for Mites on Cut

Flowers

2. Improvement of Selected Ornamental Plants through Induced Mutation

3. Induced Mutation and In Vitro Mutagenesis of Ornamental Plants.

Plastic Cross linking:

1. Development of Heat-Shrinkable Compound

2. Enhancement of the Properties of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR).

Radiochemistry & Environment:

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1. Application of Nuclear and Complementary Analytical Technique to the

Assessment of Air Pollution

2. Chemical Characterization of Air Particulate Matter

3. Co-Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) with Oil Palm Shell and Its

Derivatives in a Fixed-Bed Combustor

4. Development of Ceramics Catalytic Support and Catalytic Converter for Gas

Purification

5. Development of Physical Model for Evaluating Flow rate, RTD, Channeling and

Mixing Characteristics

6. Estuaries and Coastal Management Studies - Modeling of Estuaries and CoastalSediment Transport and Other Studies

7. Minimization of Thorium Waste Volume Through Calcinations and Compaction

Process

8. Marine Contamination and Transport Phenomena

9. Purification of Rare Earth Extracted from the Radioactive Waste of Malaysian

Monazites Cracking Plant

10. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Assessment Studies by EnvironmentalRadionuclide and Their Application to Soil Conservation.

Radiometry:

1. Computed Tomography for NDE in Industry.

Rubber Processing:

1. Property Enhancement in Radiation-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex (RVNRL).

Surface Coating:

1. Coating of Cement board Panels

2. Coating of Controlled-release Fertilizers Using Palm Oil & Commercial Resins

3. Development of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSA) from Palm Oil Resins

4. Synthesis of Palm Oil Resins.

Tracer Technology:

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1. Application of Nuclear Techniques in Pollutants Transport Study in Groundwater

System

2. Radioactive Tracer Study in Secondary Petroleum Recovery.

MONGOLIA

Mongolia, land locked, rich in mineral deposits is a member state of the RCA.

Radiation sources and radioactive substances are used in the following social and

economical sectors of the country.

Health (radiotherapy and medical diagnosis)

Animal Husbandry and Agriculture

Industry, Geology and Mining

Natural Environment.

Radiation Technologies are used in the medical sector to treat liver cancer patients and

NDT for industrial applications. Since liver cancer is a high incident in Mongolia, Re-

188 Lipiodol has been performed since 2002 under RCA programme. Apart from

above, Mongolia also receives IAEA assistance for projects implemented under regular

programme.

Monitoring of Residues in Livestock Products and Surveillance of Animal

Diseases.

Introduction of Nucleonic Gauge Techniques to Coal Industry.

MYANMAR

The application of radiation technologies in Myanmar totally depends on the Ministry

of Science and Technology. Under the Ministry there are:

5 Technological Universities

26 Technical Colleges

11 Technical Institutes

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2 Computer Universities

24 Government Computer Colleges all over Myanmar

R & D department.

These institutes provide following facilities for the technology transfer in the field of

nuclear science and technology. The programmes (facilities) provided are:

26 disciplines in engineering

5 disciplines in Applied Science for post-graduate courses

16 disciplines for Ph.D courses.

The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established in Myanmar in 1997 to

support and carryout matters related to regulations and promotion of nuclear

technology in the country. The main objectives are:

To carry out research, development and training in the field of atomic energy

To ensure the safety radiation sources

To protect from nuclear radiation hazards.

The DAE has major three departments dedicated to technical activities related to

radiation technologies:

Radiation Protection Department

Radiation Application Department

Reactor and Isotopes Department

Administrative and Finance Department.

For the application of radiation technologies for various activities, the DAE posses

following facilities:

Radiation Monitoring Laboratory

Radiation detectors

Spectrometers for high resolution spectrometry

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X-ray fluorescence

Air sample for control of Medical X-ray diagnosis

X-ray diffraction (RINT 2100 Right System).

Instrumentation Laboratory

Nuclear Instrument Repairs and Maintenance.

Gamma Irradiation Facilities

12000 Curies Cobalt-60 gamma chamber Provided irradiation for sterilization of tissues from Tissue Bank

Irradiation for research including agriculture.

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Service

Harshaw 4500 system.

In Myanmar, radiation technologies are used under the IAEA assisted technical

cooperation programme projects in the major.

Health

Improvement of Radiation Therapy

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies and Reagents for RIA.

Agriculture

Development of Improved Rice with Tolerance to Drought and Soil Salinity.

Livestock Breeding & Fisheries

Monitoring and Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Diagnosis and Control of Swine Vesicular Disease and Swine Brucellosis.

Veterinary

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Development of Supplementary Feeding Strategies Based on Local Feed

Sources.

Industry

Multi-purpose Irradiation Facility.

Current activities carried out by the DAE in the promotion of radiation technologies are

indicated as:

Monitoring radioactivity in environmental samples (air, water, soil)

Radioactivity monitoring and certification of imported dairy products and

agricultural products for export.

Determination of radioactivity in minerals and elemental analysis of ores

Sterilization of tissue grafts from Kyinmyindine Orthopedic Hospital using Cobalt-

60 Gamma Chamber 5000.

To acquire radiation technologies for national development Myanmar participates in the

following IAEA projects:

Development of Improved Rice with Tolerance to Drought and Soil Salinity

Development of Supplementary Feeding Strategies Based on Local Feed Sources

Diagnosis and Control of Swine Vesicular Disease and Swine Brucellosis 2001

Improvement of Radiation Therapy

Applying Molecular and Radioisotope-based Techniques for Detecting Drug-

resistant Malaria

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies and Reagents for Radioimmunoassay

Multi-Purpose Irradiation Facility

NEW ZEALAND

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New Zealand activities within the RCA are co-coordinated by the Institute of

Geological & Nuclear Sciences (GNS). Utilization of radiation application in the

country is carried out with the supervision and guidance of the Institute of Geology

and Nuclear Sciences. GNS applies isotope chemistry and nuclear technology in

biological and medical research, industrial processes, archaeology, fisheries and

atmospheric research, oceanography, geology, hydrology, geochemistry, geothermal

research and exploration, and environmental monitoring. New Zealand is also a donor

country to the RCA activities.

It also provides technical assistance to the regional projects as a Regional Research

Unit (RRU). Its PIXE (Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission or Proton-Induced X-Ray

Emission)analytical services were provided to the RCA project on Air Pollution and

Trend during the first two years of the project activities.

GNS is using its internationally recognized expertise in isotope technology to develop

novel based X-ray based scanner systems that boost efficacy and financial returns to

the manufacturing and primary industries. To cater the need of industries such as

animal products, horticulture, and wood processing, GNS currently has joint

arrangements to develop and commercialize new products using radiation

technologies. GNS also collaboration with other scientific and industrial research

institutions to develop new technologies using radiation technologies such as,

development of x-ray fluorescent equipment with Zespri Innovation Ltd. and the

establishment of an arrangement with Carter Holt Harvey for the commissioning of a

new system for grinding lumber. GNS Isoscan draws a number of exciting

technologies including x-ray, gamma ray, laser, raman spectroscopy, and x-ray

fluorescence.

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For groundwater and environmental consultancy services, GNS uses isotopes

techniques and for mineral services it provides the XRD and Stable Isotope analyses

for mineral exploration consultancy.

P AKISTAN

PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) has played an active role in the various

development phases of the agreement and has gained a great deal from the activities of

the RCA in the areas of agriculture, health, industry, quality assurance, research reactor

utilization, nuclear analytical techniques, nuclear instrumentation and other related

R&D fields. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) being

the premier research institute of the country has played a key role in the utilization of

radiation technologies for the socioeconomic development of the nation.

The Institute has a major research facility of 10 MW swimming pool type of research

reactor, a small tank-in-pool type of reactor of 30 kW, a 250 keV charged particle

accelerator and a 14 MeV neutron generator. The Institute has a sizable

concentration of experts in various disciplines of science and technology whose

expertise can be shared in the region whenever required.

During the past couple of years PAEC has successfully completed the following RCA

projects and has gathered expertise to cater better services to its masses.

Nuclear Medicine

Reference Asian man

Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis Diagnosis

Nuclear Instruments in Nuclear Medicine

Radiation Processing

In the field of radiation processing, RCA has assisted to establish a Polymer Processing

and Radiation Technology laboratory at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and

Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad. The laboratory has indigenously developed

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formulations for fire retardant resistant insulation of thin wires (based on PE and PVC)

using Cobalt-60 source for crosslinking. The studies have shown suitability of gamma

radiation by batch process. Laboratory facilities have been routinely extended to local

wire and cable industry to solve their technical problems.

With PAEC sufficient expertise exists in the following fields wherein there already

exists collaboration for training and provision of experts under RCA/IAEA Programs.

The Institutes having fully developed infrastructure and expertise in the relevant fields

could be considered as regional resource units.

Research Reactors

Non destructive Testing

Analytical Facilities

Radiation Technology

Trace Technology and Nucleonic Control System

Nuclear Medicine

Food and Agriculture

The PAEC is involved with various RCA projects through its research establishments

dedicated to individual disciplines.

Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability (PINSTECH)

Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas (Radiation

and Isotope Application Division (RIAD))

Process Diagnostics & Optimization in the Petroleum Industry (Radiation andIsotope Application Division (RIAD))

Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade (Nuclear

Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA))

Production of Foot & Mouth Disease Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit

(Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB))

LDR & HDR Brach therapy in Treating Cervical Cancer (Institute of Radiotherapy

and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM))

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Radiotracers, Sealed Sources and Nucleonic Gauges in Industry (RIAD,

PINSTECH).

PHILIPPINES

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) undertakes research and

development activities in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and promotion of

application of radiation technologies for the socioeconomic development of the

country. It consists with the following facilities to cater the public using radiation

technologies for various applications such as food irradiation, nuclear medicine,

radioactive waste management, etc.

Co-60 Irradiation Facility

Iodine-31 Dispenser Facility

Radioactive Waste Treatment Facility

PNRI's research and development projects are focused on the safe and peaceful uses of

nuclear techniques, materials and processes to help in the government's efforts of

increasing agricultural and industrial productivity as well as ensuring health security

and safeguarding the environment.

The PNRI and other recipient institutions are carrying out following project in the

country using radiation technologies for the benefit of the country:

Improving Animal Productivity and Reproductive Efficiency

Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of Agricultural Productivity

Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food, Pulses and Oil Crops and

Establishment of Mutant Germless Network

Production FMD Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit (footnote a/) upgrading

Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade Management of

Liver Cancer using Trans arterial Radio conjugate Therapy

Quality Assurance for Treatment of Cervix Cancer by Radiotherapy

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Use of Radiosynovectomy in the Management of Patients Suffering from Painful

Joint Disorders

Enhancing the Sustainability of the Marine Coastal Environment

Diagnosing Osteoporosis Using Nuclear Techniques

Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Management

Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation

Process Diagnostics and Optimization in the Petrochemical Industry

Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal areas

Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability

Optimization of Materials in Industry using Online Bulk Analysis Techniques

Modification of Natural Polymers through Radiation Processing

Isotope Techniques for Groundwater Contamination in Urbanized and Industrial

Areas.

Due to rapid development of economies and the population growth in the East Asia, the

region is facing new challenges to how to combat pollution effecting heavy damage to

air, water and soil in the region. The RCA is assisting the member states to solve

problems associated with harmful algal blooms. Fish and shellfish ingest toxins from

the blooms, which then can be passed to humans when these fish are eaten.

Technologies are being used to over come the problem under Nuclear Techniques to

Study the Red Tide Problem.

SINGAPORE

The activities related to application of radiation technologies in Singapore are carried

out under the supervision of the National Environmental Agency (NEA). The following

institutions in Singapore participate in projects in the fields of Nuclear Medicine,

Research involving Application of Nuclear Technologies, Radiation Protection, and

Non-Destructive testing coordinated by IAEA involved with the applications of

radiation technologies.

National Cancer Center

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Singapore General Hospital

National University of Singapore

Nanyang Technological University

Health Sciences Authority

SETSCO Services Pte. Ltd.

SETSCO Services, Pte. Ltd. is a leading company in Singapore which uses radiation

technologies for non-destructive testing services. It is the Singapores largest testing

and inspection companies accredited by Singapore Accreditation Council. It has global

clients include companies from the United States of America, United Kingdom, United

Arab Emirates, China, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Australia. It also accepts IAEA fellows

under IAEA TC programme for the training in the field of NDT.

The Tissue Bank in Singapore is an International Center for Training Tissue Bank

Operators. The National University of Singapore coordinates the Tissue banking

activates and provides training for the RCA Member States. The Department of Nuclear

Medicine, Singapore General Hospital is also carrying out a project with IAEA to

establish a Cyclotron facility for the production of Tracers for medical diagnosis

purposes. The faculty of Science, University of Singapore also participates in the RCA

project of the improvement of urban air quality management where radiation

technologies are employed to ascertain the pollution in the air.

SRI LANKA

The corporate plan of the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) clearly indicates that its

major vision is to utilize nuclear technology to its maximum potential with reference

to quality and quantity in a cost effective manner, for socio economic development of

the country. With the limited facilities available at AEA, it carries out its utmost duty

to harness radiation technologies for the national development. The Atomic Energy

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Act has given the legal power to the institute to use fissionable and radioactive

materials for medical, agriculture, industrial and other peaceful purposes.

The applications of radiation technologies for development programme in

Agriculture, Medicine, and Industry, Radiation Safety and facilitation of such

applications through international cooperation has enable the AEA to gain recognition

among other national institutions that use radiation technologies. The major facilities

AEA possess to carter services radiation technologies to end users are:

External Monitoring Laboratory

Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory

Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory

X-ray Fluorescence Analytical Laboratory

Low Level Counting Laboratory

Radiation Protection Laboratory

NDT laboratory

Gamma Irradiation Facility

Radiation Technologies are applied in the following field of activities carried out by

the AEA:

Nuclear Analytical Services

AEA provides analytical services based on nuclear techniques for number of

purposes for the industrial and commercial sectors, universities. Nuclear

Analytical Services has facilities in gamma spectrometry for radioactivity

measurements and X-ray fluorescence analysis for element analysis.

Radiation Processing

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Due to AEA activities in radiation vulcanization of latex and introducing the

vulcanized latex to private sector institution for conduction of trials and use

irradiated latex to produce items for overseas market. A private company has

successfully used the RVNRL supplied by the AEA as a binder for coconut fiber

to manufacture pots to replace the plastics containers used in greenhouses and

nurseries. The company has produced samples of this product for an exhibition in

Japan, and now prepared for further trails and commercial production.

Radio-tracer Application

The AEA, under this programme provides scientific services to industrial

establishments for utilization of radiation tracer technology for solving industrial

and environment problems and to organizations engaged in water management,

dam safety and hydrological studies.

Application of radiation technologies for Human Health Sector

The purpose of this programme is to develop nuclear medical applications in

accordance with national priorities, utilizing the technical assistance provided by

International Atomic Energy Agency.

Application of Nuclear Technology in the Agriculture Sector

The AEA assisted most of the institutes in the country to utilize radiation

technology for research and development activities in the agriculture sector using

IAEA technical assistance. Radiation technologies are being used for enhance

the productivity of banana, black pepper, betel leaves, tea, rice and coconut, etc.

In the field of animal husbandry and animal products and also to determine

chemical residue in animal products, radiation technologies are extensively

utilized. Major areas where radiation technologies are used are:

Radiation Induced Mutation Breeding

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Agro Forestry and Soil Conservation

Control of pesticide residues in agricultural products

Improvement of productivity of farm animals.

THAILAND

The starting of the research and development on the utilization of nuclear base

technologies in Thailand commenced since it became a member of the International

Atomic Energy Agency in the 1957. Since then the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP)

-earlier called as Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP)- has acted as the

coordinator and authority in the operation, control, monitoring and safety measures

for utilization of radiation technologies in Thailand. As such the OAP is entrusted

with the responsibilities of undertaking research and development in nuclear

technology including operation the national research reactor center and Thai

Irradiation Center (TIC).

The OAPs main objective is to assist the research and development in the country in

a maximum manner using radiation technology for national development. It has

exploited its facilities and man power available to use radiation technologies for

major sectors of the national economy.

To provide a better service to the public, the OAP is consists with:

Health Physics Division

Waste Management Division

Radiation Measurement Division

Reactor Operation Division

Research Reactor

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Isotope Production Division

Electronic Instrument Division

Computer Section

Physics Division

Chemistry Division

Biological Science Division

Nuclear Facility Regulatory Centre

OAP research reactor has been utilized for the production of radioisotopes mainly for

medical, neutron analysis, reactor physics, and radiation technology applications.

Thai Irradiator Center provide facilities and irradiation services to all agencies and

government and private sectors in various aspects as:

Provision of irradiation services for commercial applications such as, food,

medical products, radiopharmaceuticals products, cosmetics, plastic packaging,

animal feed and enzyme, etc.

Transferring irradiation technology in industrial scale.

Provision of irradiation services for government agencies for research purpose.

In the application of radiation technologies through RCA collaboration, OAP also

involved with implementation of several technical cooperation projects in Thailand.

UNDP/RCA/IAEA: Better Management of Environment, Natural Resource and

Industrial Growth through Isotope and Radiation Technology

Access to Clean Drinking Water

Marine Coastal Environment & Pollution

Air Pollution Assessment

Other RCA supported projects are:

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Clean and Energy Efficient Production Processes

QA in Radiation Sterilization of Tissue Grafts

Nucleonic Control Systems & Tracer in Industry

Strengthening of Radiation Protection Infrastructure

Improvement of Grain-Legume Rhisobium Symbiosis to fix Atmospheric

Diagnosis of Hepatitis B by Radioimmunoassay

VIETNAM

The Viet Nam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC) is the national body which is

entrusted the powers to function to carry out research and development for peaceful

uses of nuclear power and nuclear techniques in various sectors of the National

Economy of Vietnam. The institute has following facilities to carry out development

and research activities using radiation technologies:

Center for Nuclear Power Planning

Center for Application of Nuclear Techniques

Irradiation Center

Center for Radiation Protection and Environment and Coordination

There are another five institutes under VAEC dedicated for different research and

development activities:

Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements

Nuclear Research Institute

Center for Nuclear Techniques in Ho Chi Minh City

Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology

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The center for application of nuclear techniques plays a role to use radiation

technologies for various applications such as:

Development and Application of Radiation Technologies:

Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for metallic and non-metallic materials using

gamma and X-ray radiography, Ultrasonic, Eddy current and other techniques.

Field of activities: oil - gas, civil construction, transport industries, etc.

Nuclear analysis: neutron and gamma activation, X-rays fluorescence analysis,

gamma spectrometry, solid state track detector technique.

Nuclear Instrumentation and nuclear electronic:

Development and assembling of nuclear control system (NCS) and medical

equipment's: density gauging for bridges and roads, level gauging, thickness

and moisture gauging.

Instrumentation service and maintenance.

Irradiation facility:

The Irradiation Center is equipped with a semi-commercial gamma irradiation

facility. The facility consists of an irradiator used Co-60 radioactive sources with

activity of 110 kCi, conveyer system and control panels that permit processing

products in continuous range or in batches.

The facility is being used as a multipurpose one for the following applications and

research activities:

Sterilization of medical products: surgical gloves, surgical wing fusion sets,

syringes, and graft tissues.

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Processing of materials, modification of polymers, coloring glasses, and

vulcanization of natural rubber latex.

Preservation of food: onion, potato, fresh fruits, spices, dried fish, cereals,

mushroom.

Insect disinfection and mould control of tobacco, bamb

karu intan report

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