Training: 6 weeks

Training Report File

Of

Jyoti International (Electrical Division)

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of

Diploma of Technology

In

Submitted to: Submitted ByEr. Amit Kumar Sharma Rishi Kumar

Er. Priyanka Chaudhary 13632E.E

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RIMT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, MANDI GOVINDHGARH

CONTENTS

S. No. Topic Page No.

1 Acknowledgement 3

2 Company Profile 4-7

3 Products 8-8

4 Distribution Transformers 9-16

5 Magnetic Oil Level Gauge 17-20

6 Voltage Stablizers 21-27

7 Control Panel 28-37

8 References 38

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any endeavor cannot lead to success unless and until a proper platform is

provided for the same. This is the reason I find myself very fortunate to have

undergone my industrial training in Jyoti International (Electrical

Division). The persons of all departments have extended a warm and helping

hand.

First of all I would like to thank Er. Amit Kumar Sharma & Er. Priyanka

Chaudhary for his valuable guidance & encouragement as a teacher and a

friend throughout my training period.

I am also equally thankful to Er. V.S. Bhatt (Manager) for their kind

guidance. They guided us in a very efficient manner and always invited us

with our problems.

My deepest recognition goes to my beloved parents, who are helping me in

any imaginable way to achieve my objectives and fulfill my dreams.

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COMPANY PROFILE

JYOTI INTERNATIONAL (Electrical-Division) an ISO 9001:2000

certified organization is a multi product and services organization. We are

in manufacturing, testing, supplying, erection and commissioning of

Power and Distribution Transformers, complete sub-stations on turnkey

projects with distinction and credibility over the past 20 years. Owing to

adherence to international Quality norms and prompt customer services.

JYOTI INTERNATIONAL (Electrical-Division) has an excellent brand

image and is an ISO 9001:2000 certified Company.

Following a "Total Customer Satisfaction" approach, we reinforce our

commitment to offer total quality products. Our customer service

representatives, sales team, and engineering group are available and

always ready to attend the customer, resolve issues, and provide insight

into requirements for custom designs. From acknowledging inquiries to

following up on customer feedback or orders, we maintain open lines of

communication to serve our diverse clients.

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Infrastructure

Sprawling over a large area, the state of the art infrastructure is the most

credited feature of our organization. It houses our proficient team and

accommodates technically advanced machinery. Moreover, our

infrastructure assists in proper production of goods in bulk quantities that

too within stipulated time frame. 

Team

Our business endeavors are supported by a proficient team which is well

acknowledged with the production, packaging, and distribution processes.

Our team works with proper co-coordination with each other and thus

serves the best in terms of quality, packaging, and distribution. 

Network

Having an intense base of network in every nook and corner of the India

enables us to maintain the demand and supply chain efficiently. It helps us

to procure high quality raw materials and assists in the distribution of

finished products in the market With the help of widespread networking,

we have connected ourselves with the most reputed clients of Indian

market.

Our Mission

To provide environment-friendly atmosphere around the allocation with

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less disturbance to the nature.

Nurture a culture of dynamism and learning that provides all employees

with an opportunity for professional as well as personal growth.

As an ISO 9001:2000 accredited organization, we are

committed to build and sustain ourselves as

anorganization for transformer, Servo & Control Panel

manufacturing, where quality shall be the hallmark of

every action. We have set up a complete quality management system to

offer the best customer satisfaction. Nothing has a higher priority than

quality in engineering, in manufacturing, in sales and in services. The

JYOTI INTERNATIONAL (Electrical-Division) total quality program is

based on the philosophy of prevention, and not just on the detection and

correction of problems after the occur.  JYOTI INTERNATIONAL

(Electrical-Division) is a quality conscious company. Therefore, we

provide high importance to qualitative aspects, whether it is about

products' quality or about services. In order to bestow premium quality

products, we stringently adhere to quality management system right from

product procurement till supply at client's end.

Clientele

JYOTI INTERNATIONAL (Electrical-Division) is supplying products to

the Customers according to their needs & Specification with best of their

quality.

Why Us

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Some of the competitive advantages that place JYOTI INTERNATIONAL

(Electrical-Division) ahead in the industry are:

Total customer satisfaction

Professional services to the customers

Import standard quality

On-time delivery

Extensive range of products

Capability to meet bulk order

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PRODUCTS

500 KVA Transformer

Outdoor Type

Magnetic Oil Level Guage

With A/T Contacts

Servo Voltage Stabilizers

From 20 KVA to 5000 KVA

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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the

final voltagetransformation in the electric power distribution system,

stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by

the customer. The invention of a practical efficient transformer made AC

power distribution feasible; a system using distribution transformers was

demonstrated as early as 1882. 

If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount transformers. If

the distribution lines are located at ground level or underground, distribution

transformers are mounted on concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus

known as pad-mount transformers.

Distribution transformers normally have ratings less than 200

kVA,  although some national standards can describe units up to 5000 kVA

as distribution transformers. Since distribution transformers are energized

for 24 hours a day (even when they don't carry any load), reducing iron

losses has an important role in their design. As they usually don't operate at

full load, they are designed to have maximum efficiency at lower loads. To

have a better efficiency, voltage regulation in these transformers should be

kept to a minimum. Hence they are designed to have small leakage

reactance.

Classification

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Distribution transformers are classified into different categories based on

certain factors such as:

Mounting location – pole, pad, underground vault

Type of insulation – liquid-immersed or dry-type

Number of Phases – single-phase or three-phase

Voltage class

Basic impulse insulation level (BIL).

Use

Distribution transformers are normally located at a service drop, where wires

run from a utility pole or underground power lines to a customer's premises.

They are often used for the power supply of facilities outside settlements,

such as isolated houses, farmyards or pumping stations at voltages below 30

kV. Another application is the power supply of the overhead wire

of railways electrified with AC. In this case single phase distribution

transformers are used. 

The number of customers fed by a single distribution transformer varies

depending on the number of customers in an area. Several homes may be fed

off a single transformer in urban areas; rural distribution may require one

transformer per customer. A large commercial or industrial complex will

have multiple distribution transformers. Padmount transformers are used in

urban areas and neighborhoods where the primary distribution lines run

underground. Many large buildings have electric service provided at primary

distribution voltage. These buildings have customer-owned transformers in

the basement for step-down purposes. [4] In a secondary network system as

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used in urban areas, many distribution transformers may be connected in

parallel, each equipped with its own network protector circuit breaker to

isolate it from the secondary network in case of a fault.

Distribution transformers are also found in the power collector networks

of wind farms, where they step up power from each wind turbine to connect

to a substation that may be several miles (kilometres) distant.

Construction

Distribution transformers are made using a core made from laminations of

sheet steelstacked and either glued together with resin or banded together

with steel straps. Where large numbers of transformers are made to standard

designs, a wound C-shaped core is economic to manufacture. A steel strip is

wrapped around a former, pressed into shape and then cut into two C-shaped

halves, which are re-assembled on the copper windings. [6]

The primary coils are wound from enamel coated copper or aluminum wire

and the high current, low voltage secondaries are wound using a thick ribbon

of aluminum or copper. The windings are insulated with resin-impregnated

paper. The entire assembly is baked to cure the resin and then submerged in

a powder coated steel tank which is then filled withtransformer oil (or other

insulating liquid), which is inert and non-conductive. The transformer oil

cools and insulates the windings, and protects the transformer winding from

moisture, which will float on the surface of the oil. The tank is temporarily

depressurized to remove any remaining moisture that would cause arcing

and is sealed against the weather with a gasket at the top.

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Formerly, distribution transformers for indoor use would be filled with

a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) liquid. Because these liquids persist in the

environment and have adverse effects on animals, they have been banned.

Other fire-resistant liquids such as silicones are used where a liquid-filled

transformer must be used indoors. Certain vegetable oils have been applied

as transformer oil; these have the advantage of a high fire point and are

completely biodegradable in the environment. 

Pole-mounted transformers often include accessories such as surge arresters

or protective fuse links. A self-protected transformer includes an internal

fuse and surge arrester; other transformers have these components mounted

separately outside the tank. [8] Pole-mounted transformers may have lugs

allowing direct mounting to a pole, or may be mounted on crossarms bolted

to the pole. Aerial transformers, larger than around 75 kVA, may be

mounted on a platform supported by one or more poles.  A three-phase

service may use three identical transformers, one per phase.

Transformers designed for below-grade installation can be designed for

periodic submersion in water. 

Distribution transformers may include an off-load tap changer to allow slight

adjustment of the ratio between primary and secondary voltage, to bring the

customer voltage within the desired range on long or heavily loaded lines.

Pad-mounted transformers have secure locked and bolted grounded metal

enclosures to discourage unauthorized access to live internal parts. The

enclosure may also include fuses, isolating switches, load-break bushings,

and other accessories as described in technical standards. Pad-mounted

transformers for distribution systems typically range from around 100 to

2000 kVA, although some larger units are also used.

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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

1250 KVA Transformer

33000/433  With on 

load Tap Changer

1000 KVA Transformer

11000/433 With off 

load Tap Changer

3000 KVA Distribution

Transformer 11000/433

With OLTC. (With

detachable Radiators)

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1250 KVA Transformer 33000/433  With on  load Tap Changer

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1000 KVA Transformer 11000/433 With off  load Tap Changer

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3000 KVA Distribution Transformer 11000/433 With OLTC. (With

Detachable Radiators)

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MAGNETIC OIL LEVEL GUAGE WITH A/T CONTACTS

This device is used to indicate the position of transformer insulating oil level

in conservator of transformer. This is a mechanical device. Magnetic oil

level indicator of transformer consists of mainly three parts-

1. One float,

2. Bevel gear arrangement and

3. An indicating dial.

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Construction of Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG

Let’s explain the construction of magnetic oil gauge or MOG from its dial

parts. The dial of this device has scale from empty to full. It has some

intermediate divisions such as 1/4, 1/1, 3/4. The prescribed oil level at either

30°C or 35°C ambient temperature may also be indicated on the dial. A

mercury switch and bevel gear is fixed with pointer. When pointer rotates,

the alignment of mercury switch also changes according to the angle of

rotation of the pointer. One ball type or drum type float is attached with a

sufficiently long float arm. One unit of bevel gear is fitted on the other side

of the float arm. Other unit of the bevel gear is magnetically coupled with

pointer and mercury switch arrangement. The bevel gear arrangement is

positioned inside the conservator tank of transformer and dial, pointer and

mercury switch are positioned outside the conservator tank.

Working Principle of Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG

All oil immersed distribution and electrical power transformers are provided

with expansion vessel which is known as conservator of transformer. This

vessel takes care of oil expansion due to temperature rise. When transformer

insulating oil is expanded, the oil level in the conservator tank goes up.

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Again when oil volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the oil level

in the conservator goes down. But it is essential to maintain a minimum oil

level in the conservator tank of transforer even at lowest possible

temperature. All large electrical power transformers are therefore provided

with a magnetic oil level indicator or magnetic oil gauge. In conventional

conservator tank, a light weight hollow ball or drum floats on the

transformer insulating oil. The float arm is attached with bevel gear as we

already explained during the discussion on the construction of magnetic oil

gauge. Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending upon

the oil level in the conservator and consequently the alignment of float arm

changes. Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of bevel gear

is transmitted to the pointer outside the conservator, as this pointer is

magnetically coupled with the bevel gear. The pointer of magnetic oil level

indicator is also incorporated with a mercury switch. So it is need not say,

when oil level in the conservator goes up and down, the pointer moves on

the MOG dial to indicate the actual level of transformer insulating oil in

conservator tank. As the alignment of mercury switch changes along with

the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible alarm when pointer

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reaches near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event

alerts us for topping up oil in electrical power transformer.

Again when oil volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the oil level

in the conservator goes down. But it is essential to maintain a minimum oil

level in the conservator tank of transforer even at lowest possible

temperature. All large electrical power transformers are therefore provided

with a magnetic oil level indicator or magnetic oil gauge. In conventional

conservator tank, a light weight hollow ball or drum floats on the

transformer insulating oil. The float arm is attached with bevel gear as we

already explained during the discussion on the construction of magnetic oil

gauge. Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending upon

the oil level in the conservator and consequently the alignment of float arm

changes. Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of bevel gear

is transmitted to the pointer outside the conservator, as this pointer is

magnetically coupled with the bevel gear. The pointer of magnetic oil level

indicator is also incorporated with a mercury switch. So it is need not say,

when oil level in the conservator goes up and down, the pointer moves on

the MOG dial to indicate the actual level of transformer insulating oil in

conservator tank. As the alignment of mercury switch changes along with

the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible alarm when pointer

reaches near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event

alerts us for topping up oil in electrical power transformer.

In air cell conservator, the float arm is attached with air cell and alignment

of float arm changes with the changing size of air cell due to the expansion

and contraction of oil.

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VOLTAGE STABILIZERS

A voltage Stabilizers is designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or

may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an

electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the

design, it may be used to regulate one or more ACor DC voltages.

Electronic voltage Stabilizers are found in devices such as computer power

supplieswhere they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and

other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator

plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power

distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or

along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage

independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

DC Voltage Stabilizers

Many simple DC power supplies regulate the voltage using either series or

shunt regulators, but most apply a voltage reference using a shunt

regulator such as aZener diode, avalanche breakdown diode, or voltage

regulator tube. Each of these devices begins conducting at a specified

voltage and will conduct as much current as required to hold its terminal

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voltage to that specified voltage by diverting excess current from a non-ideal

power source to ground, often through a relatively low-value resistor to

dissipate the excess energy. The power supply is designed to only supply a

maximum amount of current that is within the safe operating capability of

the shunt regulating device.

If the stabilizer must provide more power, the shunt regulator output is only

used to provide the standard voltage reference for the electronic device,

known as the voltage stabilizer. The voltage stabilizer is the electronic

device, able to deliver much larger currents on demand.

Measures of regulators quality

The output voltage can only be held roughly constant. The regulation is

specified by two measurements:

Load regulation is the change in output voltage for a given change in

load current (for example, "typically 15 mV, maximum 100 mV for

load currents between 5 mA and 1.4 A, at some specified temperature

and input voltage").

Line regulation or input regulation is the degree to which output

voltage changes with input (supply) voltage changes - as a ratio of

output to input change (for example, "typically 13 mV/V"), or the

output voltage change over the entire specified input voltage range

(for example, "plus or minus 2% for input voltages between 90 V and

260 V, 50-60 Hz").

Other important parameters are:

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Temperature coefficient of the output voltage is the change with

temperature (perhaps averaged over a given temperature range).

Initial accuracy of a voltage regulator (or simply "the voltage

accuracy") reflects the error in output voltage for a fixed regulator

without taking into account temperature or aging effects on output

accuracy.

Dropout voltage is the minimum difference between input voltage

and output voltage for which the regulator can still supply the

specified current. A low drop-out (LDO) regulator is designed to work

well even with an input supply of only aVolt or so above the output

voltage. The input-output differential at which the voltage regulator

will no longer maintain regulation is the dropout voltage. Further

reduction in input voltage will result in reduced output voltage. This

value is dependent on load current and junction temperature.

Absolute maximum ratings are defined for regulator components,

specifying the continuous and peak output currents that may be used

(sometimes internally limited), the maximum input voltage, maximum

power dissipation at a given temperature, etc.

Output noise (thermal white noise) and output dynamic

impedance may be specified as graphs versus frequency, while

output ripple noise (mains "hum" or switch-mode "hash" noise) may

be given as peak-to-peak or RMS voltages, or in terms of their

spectra.

Quiescent current in a regulator circuit is the current drawn

internally, not available to the load, normally measured as the input

current while no load is connected and hence a source of inefficiency

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(some linear regulators are, surprisingly, more efficient at very low

current loads than switch-mode designs because of this).

Transient response is the reaction of a regulator when a (sudden)

change of the load current (called the load transient) or input voltage

(called the line transient) occurs. Some regulators will tend to

oscillate or have a slow response time which in some cases might lead

to undesired results. This value is different from the regulation

parameters, as that is the stable situation definition. The transient

response shows the behaviour of the regulator on a change. This data

is usually provided in the technical documentation of a regulator and

is also dependent on output capacitance.

Mirror-image insertion protection means that a regulator is

designed for use when a voltage, usually not higher than the

maximum input voltage of the regulator, is applied to its output pin

while its input terminal is at a low voltage, volt-free or grounded.

Some regulators can continuously withstand this situation. Others

might only manage it for a limited time such as 60 seconds (usually

specified in the data sheet). For instance, this situation can occur when

a three terminal regulator is incorrectly mounted on a PCB, with the

output terminal connected to the unregulated DC input and the input

connected to the load. Mirror-image insertion protection is also

important when a regulator circuit is used in battery charging circuits,

when external power fails or is not turned on and the output terminal

remains at battery voltage.

SERVO VOLTAGE STABILIZERS From 20 KVA to 5000 KVA  

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Technical Specification 

General Trend of Voltage During Day Time

340 V -

400V

400 V -

440V

340 V -

400V

400 V -

430V

400 V -

470V

400 V -

450V

9:00 to

12:00 Hrs.

12:00 to

14:00 Hrs.

Lunch

Hours

14:00 to

18:00 Hrs.

18:00 to

22:00 Hrs.

Peak Hours

Restriction

22:00 to

5:00 Hrs.

5:00 to 9:00

Hrs.

We have supplied more than 2000 Automotive Voltage Controller,

Rectifiers & Transformers above 100 KVA capacity to different type of

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industries/required corporate houses throughout India as well as few

outside India. As per customers feedback they are working to their full

satisfaction and hence getting repeat orders from them. The equipment is

the need of every power consumer.

Industrial Robot

Automatic Voltage Controller is an industrial robot which first monitors

items rectifiers the voltage variation round the clock & whenever there is

any voltage fluctuation, it rectifiers to the desired level in few seconds.

The Basic purpose of AVC is to maintain the desired voltage and to reduce

the breakdown of electrical equipments due to low/high voltage. Power

saving Reduction in MDI and improvement of P.F. will be added

advantages at high voltage.

SERVO VOLTAGE STABILIZERS

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Technical Specification 

We manufacture world class Servo Voltage Stabilizers and Automatic Servo

Voltage Stabilizers in Air/Oil Cooled Constructions for both LT & HT Lines

from 10 KVA to 5000 KVA. The Equipment has been designed according to

the International Standards.

CONTROL PANELRIMT Polytechnic College 27

A control panel is a flat, often vertical, area where control or monitoring

instruments are displayed. They are found in factories to monitor and control

machines or production lines and in places such as nuclear power

plants, ships, aircraft andmainframe computers. Older control panels are

most often equipped with push buttons and analog instruments, whereas

today in many cases touchscreens are used for monitoring and control

purposes.

CABLES

Cables are used for the interconnection. Two types of cables are used. Power

cable and control cable.

1. Power cables (which is used to connect the motor to panel component and

panel to main supply

2. Control cables (which is used to connect the control circuits)

BUS BAR

BUS BAR

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Incoming supply is connected to bus bar and distributed from bus bar. It is

normally made by Aluminum.

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breakers

MCB is a protecting device. It is used before the feeder. This should be

selected according to the capacity of the feeder

MCCB (Mould Case Circuit Breaker)

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In most of the cases the MCCB used as an incomer for higher capacity

feeders for better protection

ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)

The ELCB is also known as RCCB. The device used for the protection

against the earth leakage current and residual current. It should be fixed

before the incomer

INCOMER

The basic supply will connected to this incomer. It also called as

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SFU(Switch Fuse Unit). It contains one handle with fuse unit. Once it is

turned ON the supply will pass to the next stage through fuse if any major

fault occurs in side panel board, it will trip and it isolate supply.

SELECTOR SWITCH

Selector is switch is used for ON/OFF purpose and for selecting the mode of

operation like auto/manual.

Starters are used for starting the motors safely. Mainly two types of starters

are there. DOL starters and Start to delta. Dol starter is enough for the

motors with power less than 10 hp.

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OVER LOAD RELAY

Over load relay is for the protection of motor from the over load. It senses

the load current and trips if it exceeds the limit. Current limit has to be set

manually. It should be 80% of the full load current.

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TIMER

Operation of timer is similar to relay. But a delay is there for actuation. We

can set the time delay manually according to our requirement. It is very

much essential for start to delta conversion.

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CONTACTOR

Contactor is an essential component in the control panel. It actuates when

the signal from the controller (PLC, Relay logic) comes. It is similar to

relay. It is costlier than relay. It is used for a higher load.

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CONTROL PANEL

Technical Specification  

We are manufacturer of  control panels for light & heavy industrial

Purpose. The circuit is designed by our engineer to fulfill the customer’s

need. We give our best service during installation and in future, we provide

the detailed control panel diagram.

We offer electric panels that are used to supply power electrical motors and

equipment’s.

The range of electrical control panels we offer include :

Motor Control Centres

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Distribution Boards

Automatic PF. Correction Panels

Power Control Centres

Panels for PLC Machinery

AC/DC dry Panels

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REFERENCES

http://jyotitransformers.com/

http://jyotitransformers.com/products.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/.../Distribution_transfo..

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