NPCIL Well-Comes You AllNPCIL Well-Comes You All

India’s Millennium India’s Millennium Development GoalsDevelopment Goals

Eradicate extreme Poverty and Hunger. Achieve universal primary education. Promote gender equality and empower women. Reduce child mortality. Improve maternal health. Combat HIV/AIDS ,malaria and other diseases. Ensure environmental sustainability. Develop a global partnership for development.

For every goal mentioned above except the last one is linked with Electricity

The needs….The needs….

The 11The 11thth Plan envisaged to add 79000 Plan envisaged to add 79000 MWe to the generating capacity.MWe to the generating capacity.

According to World Bank 40% of According to World Bank 40% of Indians are without Electricity.Indians are without Electricity.

Black outs in the cities are common.Black outs in the cities are common. 1.15 Lakh villages remain un-1.15 Lakh villages remain un-

electrified.electrified. This is in-spite of the fact, that India is This is in-spite of the fact, that India is

the fifth largest producer of electricity the fifth largest producer of electricity in the world.in the world.

Per Capita ConsumptionPer Capita Consumption

Present Vs ForcastedPresent Vs Forcasted

Projected Requirement Of Projected Requirement Of ElectricityElectricity

Energy Requirements Energy Requirements (MToE)(MToE)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

BAU REN NUC EFF HYB LG HG HHYB

2001/02

2006/07

2011/12

2016/17

2021/22

2026/27

2031/32

The above Calculation was done by TERI using software MARKAL.

What are the energy options?What are the energy options?COALCOAL

Coal (Thermal Power) will account for Coal (Thermal Power) will account for about 45-55 %. about 45-55 %.

India is third largest producer and India is third largest producer and third largest consumer of coal.third largest consumer of coal.

We will have to import coal= 1176 We will have to import coal= 1176 MToE (imports) by 2031 costing-Rs MToE (imports) by 2031 costing-Rs 400,000 Crores.400,000 Crores.

With rising demands of coal, Prices With rising demands of coal, Prices will Shoot up.will Shoot up.

Problems related with COALProblems related with COAL

Transmission costs.Transmission costs. Technology to dig deeper than 1200 M is Technology to dig deeper than 1200 M is

being explored.being explored. The production per labour of coal is quite The production per labour of coal is quite

low in comparison to other countries like low in comparison to other countries like USA and Australia.USA and Australia.

Coal is also used in Steel Industry.Coal is also used in Steel Industry. GHG emissions.GHG emissions. So, it is required to be used Judiciously.So, it is required to be used Judiciously.

Fuel wise Import Fuel wise Import DependencyDependency

HydropowerHydropower

Immense potential exists. (150,000 Immense potential exists. (150,000 MWe).MWe).

Only 16 % is being utilized.Only 16 % is being utilized. Bigger potential in North East.Bigger potential in North East. Not easy to construct DAMS due to Not easy to construct DAMS due to

large submergence of land and large submergence of land and problems related to environmental problems related to environmental and rehabilitation problems.and rehabilitation problems.

WindWind

India is the fourth Largest Producer India is the fourth Largest Producer of Wind power. About 5000 MWe.of Wind power. About 5000 MWe.

Uncertain power…..coupled with Uncertain power…..coupled with voltage/frequency fluctuations.voltage/frequency fluctuations.

Can only be installed in coastal Can only be installed in coastal areas.areas.

Can not be transmitted economically.Can not be transmitted economically.

SOLAR POWERSOLAR POWER

Photovoltaic cells have low efficiency Photovoltaic cells have low efficiency of about 17%.of about 17%.

Can only be utilized when Sun Shines Can only be utilized when Sun Shines for days.for days.

Vast potential exists (20,000 MWe).Vast potential exists (20,000 MWe). But due to high cost of PV cells, it is But due to high cost of PV cells, it is

not economical.not economical. Mostly dependent on Government Mostly dependent on Government

Subsidies.Subsidies.

Natural GasNatural Gas According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38

trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2010.

The Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.4 Tcf of natural gas in 2009, a 20 percent increase over 2008 production levels.

In 2009, India consumed roughly 1.8 Tcf of natural gas, almost 300 billion cubic feet (Bcf) more than in 2008, according to EIA estimates. Natural gas demand is expected to grow considerably,largely driven by demand in the power sector. diversification and overall energy security.

Despite the steady increase in India’s natural gas production, demand has outstripped supply and the country has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004. India’s net imports reached an estimated 445 Bcf in 2009.

Natural GasNatural Gas

This concludes….This concludes….

In spite of coal amounting to be used as In spite of coal amounting to be used as primary source of power it’s % share can primary source of power it’s % share can be around 55.be around 55.

India will have to import coal, natural gas, India will have to import coal, natural gas, crude oil etc to meet the energy needs.crude oil etc to meet the energy needs.

Solar power and wind power do have their Solar power and wind power do have their own limitations, but are being developed own limitations, but are being developed at a faster rate.at a faster rate.

Energy is a must if we envisage a growth Energy is a must if we envisage a growth rate of 9-10 %.rate of 9-10 %.

This concludes…This concludes…

In order to achieve the millennium In order to achieve the millennium goals of development we need to tap goals of development we need to tap other sources of energy which are other sources of energy which are Clean, Green, economically viable Clean, Green, economically viable and proven.and proven.

Nuclear Power is a viable option Nuclear Power is a viable option owing to good reserves of Uranium owing to good reserves of Uranium and Thorium in the country.and Thorium in the country.

The current scenario.The current scenario.

Thermal, 96295, 63%

Hydro, 36917, 25%

Renewables, 13242, 9%

Nuclear, 4120, 3%

Source: India 2010 (Data as on 31/07/2009) Total MWE:150574 MWe

Atomic EnergyAtomic Energy

The most reliable source of energy.The most reliable source of energy. It is happening in the Sun.It is happening in the Sun. Unfortunately, the world came to Unfortunately, the world came to

know of it’s power during the Nuclear know of it’s power during the Nuclear Holocaust of Hiroshima and Holocaust of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Nagasaki.

This is the cause we have fear in our This is the cause we have fear in our minds from Nuclear Energy. minds from Nuclear Energy.

The AtomThe Atom

The word atom is borrowed from the The word atom is borrowed from the Greek language. The prefix "a" means Greek language. The prefix "a" means "not" and the Greek word "tomos" "not" and the Greek word "tomos" means "cuttable." So the literal means "cuttable." So the literal translation of the word "atom" from translation of the word "atom" from Greek to English is "uncuttable," Greek to English is "uncuttable," meaning it was believed to be the meaning it was believed to be the smallest possible unit of matter (matter smallest possible unit of matter (matter is anything that takes up space).is anything that takes up space).

The AtomThe Atom

Atomic EnergyAtomic Energy

Nucleus of the atom consists of Neutrons Nucleus of the atom consists of Neutrons and Protons bounded together.and Protons bounded together.

When two lighter nuclei are combined When two lighter nuclei are combined energy is liberated. Hydrogen is energy is liberated. Hydrogen is continuously changing into Helium in the continuously changing into Helium in the SUN giving tremendous amount of SUN giving tremendous amount of energy.energy.

Similarly when a heavy Nucleus is Similarly when a heavy Nucleus is broken energy is released.broken energy is released.

Fusion and Fission.Fusion and Fission.

Chain ReactionChain Reaction

Controlled Chain ReactionControlled Chain Reaction

This is what happens in a Nuclear This is what happens in a Nuclear Reactor.Reactor.

With every fission two or three With every fission two or three neutrons are produced which may neutrons are produced which may cause further fission.cause further fission.

To control the Rate of fission, To control the Rate of fission, Neutron absorbing materials are Neutron absorbing materials are placed in a nuclear reactor.placed in a nuclear reactor.

Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor

1. Calandria Shell 2. Over Pressure Relief Device 3. Shut Down system 4. Shut Down system 5. Moderator Inlet 6. Moderator Outlet 7. Vent Pipe 8. Coolant Channel Assembly 9. End Shield 10. End Shield Support Structure ass’y 11. Main Shell Assembly 12. Tube Sheet F/M Side 13. Tube Sheet Cal. Side 14. Lattice Tube 15. End Shield Support Plate 16. End Shield Cooling Inlet Pipes 17. End Fitting Assembly 18. Feeder Pipes 19. Outer Shell 20. Support Lug

Reactor TypesReactor Types

Neutron EnergyNeutron Energy– Thermal Thermal – FastFast

ModeratorModerator– Heavy WaterHeavy Water– Light WaterLight Water– GraphiteGraphite– OrganicOrganic

CoolantCoolant– Heavy WaterHeavy Water– Light WaterLight Water– SodiumSodium– GasGas

PurposePurpose– ResearchResearch– PowerPower– MarineMarine

Fuel DistributionFuel Distribution– HomogeneousHomogeneous– HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

Enrichment LevelEnrichment Level– Natural Natural – Low EnrichmentLow Enrichment– High EnrichmentHigh Enrichment

Pressurised Heavy Water Pressurised Heavy Water ReactorsReactors

The Nuclear Power Program in India at present is The Nuclear Power Program in India at present is based mainly on a series of Pressurized Heavy based mainly on a series of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). Starting from Water Reactors (PHWRs). Starting from Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, comprising of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, comprising of two units of 200 MWe Canadian designed PHWRs two units of 200 MWe Canadian designed PHWRs in 1973, the program has come a long way with in 1973, the program has come a long way with 15 PHWR units (which includes 2 units of 15 PHWR units (which includes 2 units of 540 MWe PHWRs) in operation and 3 units under 540 MWe PHWRs) in operation and 3 units under construction.construction.

Narora Atomic Power Station commissioned in Narora Atomic Power Station commissioned in 1991 marked major indigenization and 1991 marked major indigenization and standardization of PHWR designs. standardization of PHWR designs.

The current design plans include 700 MWe The current design plans include 700 MWe capacity units. capacity units.

How Electricity is produced?How Electricity is produced?

The Flow Diagram of PHWR

PHWRsPHWRs The Indian PHWR design has evolved through a series

of improvements over the years in progressive projects.

evolution in technology. feedback from experience in India and abroad,

including lessons learnt from incidents and their precursors.

evolving regulatory requirements and cost considerations.

Valuable experience gained in design, manufacture, construction, operation, maintenance and safety regulation has enabled continual evolution, improvement and refinement in the PHWR concept in a progressive manner.

Design DataDesign Data11 Rated Output Rated Output

(Thermal)(Thermal)756 MW756 MW

22 Rated Output Rated Output (Electrical)(Electrical)

220 MWe220 MWe

33 FuelFuel UO2UO2

44 ModeratorModerator Heavy WaterHeavy Water

55 CoolantCoolant Heavy WaterHeavy Water

66 TypeType Hor.Press.TubeHor.Press.Tube

77 CalandriaCalandria SS 304LSS 304L

88 End ShieldEnd Shield SS 304 LSS 304 L

Design DataDesign Data

99 Calandria Calandria TubeTube

306 Nos (Zircalloy 2)306 Nos (Zircalloy 2)

1010 Coolant TubeCoolant Tube 306 Nos (Zirconium–306 Nos (Zirconium–2.5% niobium alloy )2.5% niobium alloy )

1111 SGsSGs 44

1212 Steam Steam PressurePressure

40 Kg/ Cm240 Kg/ Cm2

1313 Steam TempSteam Temp 250 Deg C250 Deg C

1414 WetnessWetness 0.25%0.25%

PHWR SchematicPHWR Schematic

Indian Nuclear Stations & ProjectsIndian Nuclear Stations & Projects3900 3900 MWeMWe

3380 3380 MWeMWe

Safety in PHWRsSafety in PHWRs(Why safety?)(Why safety?)

Safety is required in every human activity, Safety is required in every human activity, as every human activity can be related to as every human activity can be related to a specific hazard. (Driving, Flying Planes, a specific hazard. (Driving, Flying Planes, Industry).Industry).

In a fertilizer plant Ammonia Gas is the In a fertilizer plant Ammonia Gas is the hazard.hazard.

No activity of ours should cause human No activity of ours should cause human beings to come to harm in particular and beings to come to harm in particular and environment in general.environment in general.

Here radiation is the hazard. To protect Here radiation is the hazard. To protect the occupational workers and public from the occupational workers and public from this hazard measures of safety have been this hazard measures of safety have been undertaken.undertaken.

How we are safe?How we are safe?

Source of radiation is contained in a Source of radiation is contained in a container and it is covered by many container and it is covered by many layers of water and structures.layers of water and structures.

These are called barriers.These are called barriers. It can also be termed as inherent It can also be termed as inherent

Safety.Safety.

BarriersBarriers

SC

PC

CV

CTPT

Uranium Fuel

Calandria Shell

Safety in PHWRSafety in PHWR

In all the states of the reactor we In all the states of the reactor we need to cool the core.need to cool the core.

When Reactor is operating it is When Reactor is operating it is cooled by PCPscooled by PCPs

When Reactor is in Shutdown state it When Reactor is in Shutdown state it is cooled down by S/D Pump.is cooled down by S/D Pump.

Power Supply SystemPower Supply System

IVIII

DG

IIPMG

Battery

6.6.KV AC

415 V AC415 V

AC250 V DC

IGRID

TRANSFORMER

What Can Possibly Go What Can Possibly Go Wrong??Wrong??

Before we plan for safety we must Before we plan for safety we must analyse what are the hazards and analyse what are the hazards and what risks are associated?what risks are associated?

This is called Hazard analysis.This is called Hazard analysis. This is done before and during design This is done before and during design

of the systems, so that risks are of the systems, so that risks are eliminated and one is free from eliminated and one is free from dangers posed by hazards.dangers posed by hazards.

Ask….the audience….!!!!Ask….the audience….!!!!

S/D Pump and HX

PCP

SG

One Face Of Reactor

Feeders

Headers

We should be safe when…We should be safe when…

Core cooling is affected.Core cooling is affected. Power supply failure.Power supply failure. Reactor power goes up.Reactor power goes up. Earthquake occurs.Earthquake occurs. Cyclones occurCyclones occur Tsunamis /Floods occur.Tsunamis /Floods occur. Terrorists Strike.Terrorists Strike. Fire breaks out.Fire breaks out. Containment Pressure and temperature Containment Pressure and temperature

goes up.goes up.

PHWR ContainmentPHWR Containment

Shut Down SystemsShut Down Systems(Fail Safe design)(Fail Safe design)

SSS

PSS GAS TANKS

Reactor

Borated Water

Safety in PHWRsSafety in PHWRs Philosophy of Defense in depth.Philosophy of Defense in depth.

– Prevent AccidentsPrevent Accidents– Mitigate their impacts if they happen.Mitigate their impacts if they happen.– Ready Emergency Plan.Ready Emergency Plan.

Multiple functional and/or engineered Multiple functional and/or engineered barriers to preclude Single Failures and barriers to preclude Single Failures and prevent release of radioactive materials.prevent release of radioactive materials.

Incorporation of large Design Margins Incorporation of large Design Margins where possible.where possible.

High Quality in design and manufacture.High Quality in design and manufacture. Operation within design limits.Operation within design limits. Testing/inspection to maintain DesignTesting/inspection to maintain Design

Defense In DepthDefense In Depth

ObjectiveObjective Prevention of abnormal operation and failuresPrevention of abnormal operation and failures

MeansMeans Conservative design and high quality in Conservative design and high quality in construction and operationconstruction and operation

ObjectiveObjective Control of abnormal operation and detection of Control of abnormal operation and detection of failuresfailures

MeansMeans Control, limiting and protection system and Control, limiting and protection system and other surveillance featuresother surveillance features

ObjectiveObjective Control of accidents within the design basisControl of accidents within the design basis

MeansMeans Engineered safety features and accident Engineered safety features and accident proceduresprocedures

ObjectiveObjectiveControl of severe plant conditions, including Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of prevention of accident progression and mitigation of the consequences of severe accidentsthe consequences of severe accidents

MeansMeans Complementary measures and accident Complementary measures and accident managementmanagement

ObjectiveObjective Mitigation of radiological consequences of Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant releases of radioactive materialssignificant releases of radioactive materials

MeansMeans Off-site emergency responseOff-site emergency response

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Preventionof accident

Preventionof severe coredamage

Objectives of Safety Objectives of Safety (Nuclear)(Nuclear)

The fundamental objective of safety is to take all practicable measures to:

(a) prevent accidents; and(b) mitigate the consequences of accidents,

should they occur, so that:(i) likelihood of accidents with serious radiological consequences is

extremely low, and(ii) radiological consequences would

be below acceptable limits in case an accident occurs.

Safety FunctionsSafety Functions

In order to meet the objectives of safety In order to meet the objectives of safety either we can design every structure, either we can design every structure, system or component (SSC)adopting the system or component (SSC)adopting the most stringent codes and standards most stringent codes and standards available.available.

Or the systems can be graded according Or the systems can be graded according to their safety functions.to their safety functions.

The function which a SSC performs which The function which a SSC performs which ensures safety is called a safety function. ensures safety is called a safety function.

Systems have been graded as per the Systems have been graded as per the safety functions into different classes.safety functions into different classes.

Safety FunctionSafety Function

One function of the SSC may be to prevent One function of the SSC may be to prevent reactor power going awry.reactor power going awry.

Another function may be to keep the Another function may be to keep the Reactor Shutdown till demanded by the Reactor Shutdown till demanded by the operator.operator.

Another may be to Shutdown the reactor if Another may be to Shutdown the reactor if the Loss of coolant of the reactor occurs.the Loss of coolant of the reactor occurs.

One may be to remove decay heat after a One may be to remove decay heat after a failure of PHT boundary.failure of PHT boundary.

Safety Design PrinciplesSafety Design Principles It has been ensured that structures,systems and It has been ensured that structures,systems and

components having a bearing on reactor safety components having a bearing on reactor safety are designed to meet stringent performance and are designed to meet stringent performance and reliability requirements.reliability requirements.

The quality requirements for The quality requirements for design,fabrication,construction and inspection for design,fabrication,construction and inspection for these systems is of high order.They are designed these systems is of high order.They are designed to conform to codes and standards which demand to conform to codes and standards which demand the highest quality.the highest quality.

Designed to work under high temperature and Designed to work under high temperature and pressure conditions.pressure conditions.

Adequate redundancy.Triplicated Adequate redundancy.Triplicated channels.Specified down time.channels.Specified down time.

Fail safe. Testing of systems.Fail safe. Testing of systems.

Safety ClassesSafety Classes

The systems have been graded with The systems have been graded with regard to their importance to safety and regard to their importance to safety and reliability. These SSCs have been graded reliability. These SSCs have been graded as per their safety functions.as per their safety functions.

Safety Class:1Safety Class:1 Highest safety class. Highest safety class. (ASME SEC III NB). Includes (Rx S/D (ASME SEC III NB). Includes (Rx S/D systems and PHT)systems and PHT)

Safety Class:2Safety Class:2 are required for those to are required for those to prevent escalation of AOOs to accidents.prevent escalation of AOOs to accidents.(Feed water,ECCS,Containments).(Feed water,ECCS,Containments).

Safety Classes.Safety Classes.

Safety Class 3:Safety Class 3: Supports Class 2 Supports Class 2 and 3.(PW Cooling system,IDCTs,Air and 3.(PW Cooling system,IDCTs,Air supply system,Purification)supply system,Purification)

Safety Class 4: Do not fall in above Safety Class 4: Do not fall in above classes. (WMP, UGP,SB, Ventilation classes. (WMP, UGP,SB, Ventilation system) system)

Seismic ClassificationSeismic Classification

OBEOBE SSESSE Class 1,2,3 are Class 1,2,3 are

generally SSEgenerally SSE

SSE ItemsSSE Items OBE itemsOBE items

Rx S/D Rx S/D SystemsSystems

Steam and Steam and Feed water Feed water systemsystem

CalandriaCalandria CondenserCondenser

PHT(Main)PHT(Main) CCW systemCCW system

ContainmentContainment Chilled waterChilled water

Spent Fuel Spent Fuel Storage bayStorage bay

Off site power Off site power systemsystem

Rx decay heat Rx decay heat removal removal systemsystem

DGsDGs

Safety from EarthquakeSafety from Earthquake

Designed for automatic Shutdown Designed for automatic Shutdown when Earthquake occurs of a when Earthquake occurs of a

required magnitude.required magnitude. Designed for Richter Scale about 7.Designed for Richter Scale about 7.

Loss of Coolant ScenarioLoss of Coolant Scenario

Emergency core cooling systemEmergency core cooling system High pressure Heavy water Injection.High pressure Heavy water Injection. Intermediate pressure Light water Intermediate pressure Light water

injectioninjection Low pressure Light water injection.Low pressure Light water injection. Long Term Recirculation.Long Term Recirculation. Back up available. Fire water)Back up available. Fire water)

TYPE-1 HEAVY WATER INJECTION AT < 55Kg/cm2TYPE-1 HEAVY WATER INJECTION AT < 55Kg/cm2

HL CL CR HR

E

E E E E E

E

E E E E

ECC INJECTION IN BOTH INLET HEADER

MV

-15

MV

-16

MV-9 MV-10 MV-11 MV-12

MV

- 3

MV

- 4

MV

- 5

MV

- 6

GAS

Heavy Water

Some Nuclear AccidentsSome Nuclear Accidents

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island(March 28,1979)(March 28,1979)

TMI-2 Accident ProgressionTMI-2 Accident Progression

Loss of feed water to steam generator lead to rise in reactor pressure and Reactor got shutdown on reactor pressure high.

Pressurizer acts to control reactor pressure by opening of Pilot-operated relief valve (PORV) and got stuck open. Relief Valve should have closed but stayed open.

Signal to operator failed to show that valve is stuck open. Primary water was lost continuously through open valve

into the containment. Steam generators boil dry, resulting in loss of heat sink. ECC started automatically but operator switched off the ECC

as situation was not properly diagnosed

Lessons Learnt from TMI-2Lessons Learnt from TMI-2

Modification in the area of design, operating practices, emergency preparedness, QA and training &

qualification of operation personnel. Reliability of Auxiliary Boiler Feed Water Supply.

Augmentation in the feed capacity for inventory control of PHT system under off-site power failure conditions.

Capability for remote isolation of moderator HXers to check spread of radioactivity.

A high-pressure ECCS was incorporated in the units under construction. Back fitting of such system for operating units

was also worked out for subsequent implementation. Reliability of ECCS in these operating units was enhanced

by provision of local air receivers for each air-operated valve. Emergency operating procedures (EOPs) were developed for

a large number of PIEs to handle emergency/accident conditions.

Chernobyl (April 1986)Chernobyl (April 1986)

Chernobyl (April 1986)Chernobyl (April 1986)•Reactor#4 was undergoing a Test Plan whether the turbines could produce sufficient energy to keep the coolant pumps running in the event of a loss of power until the emergency diesel generator was activated•Safety systems were deliberately switched off•The reactor had to be powered down to 25% of it’s capacity, this procedure did not occur and the reactor power fell to less than 1% allowing the concentration of xenon-135 to rise.•The workers continued the test, and in order to control the rising levels of xenon-135, the control rods were pulled out.•The experiment involved shutting down the coolant pumps, which caused the coolant to rapidly heat up and boil.•Pockets of steam formed in the coolant lines.

Chernobyl Accident Chernobyl Accident ProgressionProgression

Due to positive void coefficient at this low power range, the power level went up.

All control rods were ordered to be inserted. As the rods were inserted, they became deformed and stuck.

The nuclear reaction could not be stopped and power increased.

The rods melted and the steam pressure caused an explosion, which blew a hole in the roof. A graphite

fire also resulted from the explosion. •Reactor had partial containment, which allowed

the radiation to escape.

Lessons from ChernobylLessons from Chernobyl Reviews following the Chernobyl Accident(1986)

re- emphasized the necessity for adhering to the already established principles of reactor safety design and operation.

Figure out the need for well coordinated plans and organization for on-site & off-site emergencies that may arise from nuclear accidents.

Re-emphasized the need for maintaining `safety culture‘ in the conduct of operations at the station. Actions were taken to reinforce these aspects in operating principles and practices.

The plans and organization for on-site and off-site emergencies were also strengthened for all the power stations.

Fukushima DaichiiFukushima Daichii

Earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on 11 March 2011 followed by Tsunami of 14 meter high waves-beyond the design basis.

All operating plants at the affected area automatically shutdown-Terminating chain reaction.

Reactor core Cooling–Continued for one hour,got incapacitated after tsunami-caused fuel overheating-Metal Water Reaction-Hydrogen Generation-Explosion inside the outer Building.

Fukushima DaichiiFukushima Daichii

No nuclear explosion.

Hydrogen generated led to explosion damaging the outer concrete building.

The reactor pressure vessels integrity unaffected.

No death on account of radiation exposure.

BeforeBefore

AfterAfter

Lessons From FukushimaLessons From Fukushima

Think and make allowances for Think and make allowances for Beyond design basis accidents.Beyond design basis accidents.

NPCIL formed core groups to analyse NPCIL formed core groups to analyse the present facilities to deal with the present facilities to deal with such situations.such situations.

The recommendations of the core The recommendations of the core group are being incorporated.group are being incorporated.

““Nuclear Power is better than Nuclear Power is better than No Power”No Power”

Thanks…..!!!!