PLOT• Eccentric billionaire John Hammond ,has recently created Jurassic Park: a theme park populated with dinosaurs cloned from the DNA extracted from

insects preserved in prehistoric amber.• After a park worker is fatally attacked by a dinosaur, Hammond's investors, represented by their lawyer Donald Gennaro , demand that experts visit

the park and verify that it is safe. Gennaro invites Dr. Ian Malcolm, a mathematician, while Hammond invites paleontologists Dr. Alan Grant and Dr. Ellie Sattler . They are joined on the island by Hammond's two grandchildren—Tim and Lex Murphy. Hammond asks Malcolm, Grant, and Sattler what their thoughts are about having recreated dinosaur species. The three of them engage in an intense l debate about the ethics of having cloned extinct dinosaurs with Gennaro being the only one to express optimism. The group sets off to explore the park while Hammond observes his guests along with Head Technician Ray Arnold.

• The head computer programmer, Dennis Nedry is secretly in the employ of one of InGen's corporate rivals, and has been paid to steal fertilized dinosaur embryos. During his theft, Nedry deactivates the park's security system, allowing him access to the embryo storage. During the exploration, Dr. Sattler spots a sick Triceratops and the group gets out to investigate. With a storm heading in, everyone gets back into the cars except for Dr. Sattler, who stays with the park doctor to look after the animal. The rest of the group, who have been stranded in the park due to the system shutdown, are attacked by the Tyrannosaurus, which kills Gennaro. Grant and the children are able to escape.

• Meanwhile, a fleeing Nedry crashes his jeep. He decides to use a winch on the front of his jeep to tie it to a tree that will bring him to the road to help him reach the dock. As he's tying the winch around the tree, he encounters a dilophosaurus which kills him.

• Ellie and Muldoon try to find Alan and the children, but to no avail. Then they find Ian under the demolished bathroom. As they try to look for the children deep inside the jungle, Ian realizes the Tyrannosaurus is near. He orders Ellie and Muldoon to flee, with the Tyrannosaurus chasing after them. The three of them are able to escape in their jeep.

• Meanwhile, Alan and the children climb up a high tree to avoid the Tyrannosaurus, and in a distance from the tree, they can see a family of Brachiosaurus

• Back at the Visitor's centre, being unable to decipher Nedry's code to reactivate the security fences, the group decides to take the drastic measure of rebooting the entire park's computer and electrical network. Arnold refuses at first by worrying that the park's network might not come back on at all, But Hammond pressures him by saying that people are dying. Arnold, along with Ellie, Hammond, Muldoon and Malcolm, shut down the park's grid and retreat to the emergency bunker, from where Arnold heads to the maintenance bunker to reboot the system. When he doesn't return, Ellie and Muldoon decides to head for the bunker. At the same time, Grant and the children discover a nest full of hatched eggs, indicating the dinosaurs are breeding on their own.

• As Muldoon and Ellie proceed to the maintenance bunker, Muldoon notices that they are being hunted by Velociraptors. Muldoon is killed by a raptor, while Ellie makes it to the bunker and restarts the park's systems. After Ellie turns the park's systems back on, she almost gets killed by a raptor hidden within some cables; she then discovers Arnold's mutilated remains and narrowly escapes the raptor. At the same time, Tim, Lex and Grant climb an electrified fence out of the park's animal zone and Tim is nearly killed upon the reactivation of the electricity.

• Grant and the children head for the visitor's center; he leaves them alone in the kitchen while he reunites with Ellie and the others. The kids manage to escape two raptors before reuniting with Grant and Ellie. Lex is able to assist getting the park's security systems working from the control room. Grant contacts Hammond and tells him to call the mainland for rescue, but the two raptors find the group and attack.

• The group flees through the vents, only to be cornered in the entrance hall by the raptors, who prepare to strike. However, the Tyrannosaurus breaks into the main hall and attacks the raptors, allowing the foursome to escape outside where they are rescued. Hammond and the others escape via helicopter. Hammond takes one last look at Jurassic Park, before boarding the helicopter. As the helicopter flies away, Grant watches a flock of pelicans gliding over the sea.

CHARACTERS/CAST• Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant, a leading paleontologist and main protagonist.• Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler, a paleobotanist and graduate student of Grant's.• Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm, a mathematician and chaos theorist.• Richard Attenborough as John Hammond, billionaire CEO of InGen and creator

of Jurassic Park.• Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy, Hammond's granddaughter.• Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy, Hammond's grandson.• Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry, the disgruntled architect of Jurassic Park's

computer systems.• Bob Peck as Robert Muldoon, the park's game warden.• Martin Ferrero as Donald Gennaro, a lawyer who represents Hammond's

concerned investors.• Samuel L. Jackson as Ray Arnold, the park's chief engineer.• B. D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu, the park's chief geneticist.• Cameron Thor as Lewis Dodgson, the head of InGen's rival corporation Biosyn.

DIRECTED BY STEVEN SPIELBERG

• Sam Neill

• Laura Dern

• Jeff Golblum

• Richard Attenborough

• Ariana Richards

• Joseph Mazzello

• Wayne Knight

• Bob Peck

Inspiration• Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a graduate student

who recreates a dinosaur; he continued to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel Jurassic Park.

• Even before publication, Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 and fought to gain rights, giving Crichton 1.5 million before obtaining them in May 1990

DIFFERENCES- The book went in to greater detail about how the dinosaurs were created and

how they lived on the island.- The characters differ greatly in personality.

- The cast of dinosaurs are is much smaller in the film/changed- The ending is completely different

• The book's sequel, The Lost World (1995), was also adapted by Spielberg into a film in 1997

MAIN DINOSAURSTyrannosaurus rex was one of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs that ever lived. Everything about this ferocious predator, from its thick, heavy skull to its 4-foot-long (1.2-meter-long) jaw, was designed for maximum bone-crushing action.

Fossil evidence shows that Tyrannosaurus was about 40 feet (12 meters) long and about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6 meters) tall. Its strong thighs and long, powerful tail helped it move quickly, and its massive 5-foot-long (1.5-meter-long) skull could bore into prey.

T. rex's serrated, conical teeth were most likely used to pierce and grip flesh, which it then ripped away with its brawny neck muscles. Its two-fingered forearms could probably seize prey, but they were too short to reach its mouth.

Scientists believe this powerful predator could eat up to 500 pounds (230 kilograms) of meat in one bite. Fossils of T. rex prey, including Triceratops and Edmontosaurus, suggest T. rex crushed and broke bones as it ate, and broken bones have been found in its dung.

Tyrannosaurus rex lived in forested river valleys in North America during the late Cretaceous period. It became extinct about 65 million years ago in the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.

VELOCIRAPTORRecent research suggests that Velociraptor mongoliensis was a feathered dinosaur. A forelimb fossil discovered in Mongolia showed quill knobs like those found in many modern birds. These telltale features are evidence of where ligaments attached flight feathers to bone and are considered proof that Velociraptor sported a fine feathery coat.Velociraptor highlights many of the numerous similarities between dinosaurs and birds, which go far beyond the skin-deep appearance of feathers. Like birds, Velociraptor had hollow bones, tended nests of eggs, and probably behaved in similar ways.Their short forelimbs made lift off impossible, though they may be the evolutionary remnants of an ancient ancestor's flight-giving wings.Velociraptor was probably one of the more intelligent dinosaurs, because it had a large brain proportionate to its body size. It was formidable on land and, as the name suggests, almost certainly covered ground quickly. Moving upright on two legs, they may have been able to reach speeds of 24 miles an hour (39 kilometers an hour).When they caught up to prey, these predators likely brought them down quickly with a long, 3.5-inch (9-centimeter) retractable claw on each foot and a mouth full of sharp teeth. Velociraptor is known to have preyed on herbivores such as Protoceratops.

( Scientists stress that the Velociraptors portrayed in Jurassic Park are of little resemblance to real Velociraptors)

BRACHIOSAURUSBrachiosaurus was one of the tallest and largest dinosaurs yet found. It had a long neck, small head, and relatively short, thick tail. Brachiosaurus walked on four legs and, like the other Brachiosaurids and unlike most dinosaurs, its front legs were longer than its hind legs. These unusual front legs together with its very long neck gave Brachiosaurus a giraffe-like stance and great height, up to 40-50 feet (12-16 m) tall. Brachiosaurus was about 85 feet (26 m) long, and weighed about 33-88 tons (30-80 tonnes). It had a claw on the first toe of each front foot and claws on the first three toes of each rear foot (each foot had five toes with fleshy pads). Brachiosaurus was an herbivore, a plant eater. It probably ate the tops of tall trees with its large spatulate (chisel-shaped) teeth. It swallowed its food whole, without chewing it, digesting the plant material in its gut. Brachiosaurus lived in the middle to late Jurassic period, about 156-145 million years ago, near the middle of the Mesozoic Era, the Age of Reptiles. Some dating estimates have Brachiosaurus surviving until 140 million years ago, during the dawn of the Cretaceous period. Among the contemporaries of Brachiosaurus were other giant Sauropods including Camarasaurus, Supersaurus, Ultrasauros, and Haplocanthosaurus.

Critical• The film was widely acclaimed. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was some

criticism leveled at departures from the book.• Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring

sights never before seen on the screen… On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents…[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away.“

• In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers described the film as "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen.“

• Roger Ebert noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."[

• Empire magazine gave the film five stars, hailing it as "...quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time.

• Rotten Tomatoes rated the film a "Certified Fresh" of 89%, with an average score of 7.5 out of 10, mostly from critics giving Jurassic Park a positive write-up with 90% of top critics being positive, and the site's consensus states "Jurassic Park is a spectacle of special effects and life-like animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since Jaws."[

• In 1994, the film won all three Academy Awards it was nominated for: Visual Effects, Sound Effects Editing, and Sound (at the same ceremony, Steven Spielberg, Michael Kahn, and John Williams took home Academy Awards for Schindler's List).