JOINTS AND ITS JOINTS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

Presented by Presented by Ispita bhattacharjeeIspita bhattacharjee

MPT 2MPT 2ndnd year year

INTRODUTION INTRODUTION

Definition Definition Basic principleBasic principle Human joint designHuman joint design ClassificationClassification Conclusion Conclusion Reference Reference

Definition Definition A joint is where two bones come together. A joint is where two bones come together.

The joints hold the bones together and The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton.allow for movement of the skeleton.

All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement, those in the skull, allow for no movement, Other joints, like those between the Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine allow some vertebrae of the spine allow some movement and most of the joint are free movement and most of the joint are free moving synovial joint.moving synovial joint.

Basic principleBasic principle

A joint (articulation) is used to connect one A joint (articulation) is used to connect one component of a structure with one or more component of a structure with one or more other components. other components.

The design of a joint is determined by its The design of a joint is determined by its function and the nature of its components.function and the nature of its components.

The function of the joint is stability, and The function of the joint is stability, and therefore the design must be united to form a therefore the design must be united to form a stable union. stable union.

Joints that serve a single function are less Joints that serve a single function are less complex than joints that serve multiple complex than joints that serve multiple function.function.

Human joint designHuman joint design

The joint design in the human body The joint design in the human body vary from simple and complex.vary from simple and complex.

Most joints in the human body have Most joints in the human body have to serve a dual mobility/stability to serve a dual mobility/stability function and must provide dynamic function and must provide dynamic stability.stability.

Bracing of human joint is Bracing of human joint is accomplished through the use of accomplished through the use of joint capsule, ligament and tendons.joint capsule, ligament and tendons.

JOINT STRUCTUREJOINT STRUCTURE

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONOF JOINTSOF JOINTS

Joints of the human body are divided into two broad Joints of the human body are divided into two broad categories based on the type of material and categories based on the type of material and methods used to unite the bony componentsmethods used to unite the bony components

Structural classificationStructural classification: It determined by how : It determined by how the bones connect to each other. There are three the bones connect to each other. There are three structural classification.structural classification.

1.1. Fibrous joint Fibrous joint 2.2. Cartilaginous joint Cartilaginous joint 3.3. Synovial jointSynovial joint Functional classification: Functional classification: It can also be It can also be

classified functionally, by the degree of mobility classified functionally, by the degree of mobility they allow. they allow.

1.1. Synarthrosis Synarthrosis 2.2. AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis3.3. Diarthrosis Diarthrosis

Structural joint Structural joint classificationclassification

Fibrous joint :Fibrous joint : In fibrous joint, the fibrous tissue In fibrous joint, the fibrous tissue directly unites bone to bone. Three different type of directly unites bone to bone. Three different type of fibrous joints are found in the human body fibrous joints are found in the human body

1.1. Suture jointSuture joint : An immovable joint is formed by a : An immovable joint is formed by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. The ends of bony thin layer of fibrous tissue. The ends of bony components are shaped so that the edges interlock components are shaped so that the edges interlock or overlap one another.or overlap one another.

2.2. Gomphosis jointsGomphosis joints :An articulation by the insertion :An articulation by the insertion of a conical process into a socket, such as the of a conical process into a socket, such as the insertion of a root of a tooth into an alveolus of the insertion of a root of a tooth into an alveolus of the mandible or the maxillamandible or the maxilla

3.3. SyndemosisSyndemosis :An immovable joint formed :An immovable joint formed by connective tissue between two bones. For by connective tissue between two bones. For example, the articulation between the fibula example, the articulation between the fibula  and tibia at the ankle is formed by strong  and tibia at the ankle is formed by strong ligaments.ligaments.

Cartilaginous jointCartilaginous joint : : The material used to The material used to connect the bony component in cartilaginous connect the bony component in cartilaginous joint are either a fibro cartilage or hyaline joint are either a fibro cartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are two type of cartilage. There are two type of cartilaginous joint. cartilaginous joint.

Symphysis joint:Symphysis joint: the two bony components the two bony components are directly joined by fibro cartilage in the are directly joined by fibro cartilage in the form of disks or plates.form of disks or plates.

e.g.: symphysis pubis e.g.: symphysis pubis

Synchondrosis:Synchondrosis: The material used for The material used for connecting the two components is hyaline connecting the two components is hyaline growth cartilage.growth cartilage.

e.g: 1e.g: 1stst sterocostal joint sterocostal joint

Synovial joint: the ends of the body Synovial joint: the ends of the body components are free to move in relation to components are free to move in relation to one another because no cartilaginous tissue one another because no cartilaginous tissue directly connect the adjacent bony surfaces. directly connect the adjacent bony surfaces. The bony components are indirectly The bony components are indirectly connected to one another by means of a joint connected to one another by means of a joint capsule that enclose the joint.capsule that enclose the joint.

All synovial joint are constructed in same All synovial joint are constructed in same manner:manner:

A joint capsule formed by fibrous tissue.A joint capsule formed by fibrous tissue. A joint cavity is enclosed by the joint capsule.A joint cavity is enclosed by the joint capsule. A synovial membrane that lines the inner A synovial membrane that lines the inner

surface of the capsule.surface of the capsule. Synovial fluid that forms the film over the Synovial fluid that forms the film over the

joint surfaces.joint surfaces. Hyaline cartilage that cover the joint surface.Hyaline cartilage that cover the joint surface.

Type of synovial joints:Type of synovial joints: Ball and socket jointsBall and socket joints: In which a spherical knob : In which a spherical knob

or part of one bone fits into a cavity or socket of or part of one bone fits into a cavity or socket of another, so that some degree of rotary motion is another, so that some degree of rotary motion is possible in every direction.possible in every direction.

Pivot jointsPivot joints : In which a bone rotates around : In which a bone rotates around another, a joint permitting only rotating movement.another, a joint permitting only rotating movement.

Condyloid or ellipsoidal jointsCondyloid or ellipsoidal joints : In which an ovoid : In which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial another, permitting all movements except axial rotation.rotation.

Saddle jointsSaddle joints : joint of the lower thump and : joint of the lower thump and metacarpals, in which the double motion is effected metacarpals, in which the double motion is effected by the opposition of two surfaces, each of which is by the opposition of two surfaces, each of which is concave in one direction and convex in other.concave in one direction and convex in other.

Gliding jointGliding joint :A synovial joint in which the opposed :A synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the bones slide against each other in a simple and bones slide against each other in a simple and limited way.limited way.

Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint

Pivot jointPivot joint

Condyloid jointCondyloid joint

Saddle joint Saddle joint Gliding joint Gliding joint

Functional joint Functional joint classification classification

It can also be classified functionally, by the degree of It can also be classified functionally, by the degree of mobility they allow. They classified in three type.mobility they allow. They classified in three type.

Synarthrosis : which permits little or no mobility. Synarthrosis : which permits little or no mobility. most of the are fibrous joint. most of the are fibrous joint.

e.g. skull e.g. skull Amphiarthrosis : permits a slight movement. Most of Amphiarthrosis : permits a slight movement. Most of

joint are cartilaginous. joint are cartilaginous. e.g. vertebrae e.g. vertebrae Diarthrosis : permits a variety of movement. Synovial Diarthrosis : permits a variety of movement. Synovial

joint.joint. e.g. hip, knee, shoulder etc e.g. hip, knee, shoulder etc

Biomechanical Biomechanical classificationclassification

Joint can be classified based on their Joint can be classified based on their anatomy or biomechanical properties: anatomy or biomechanical properties: these are these are

Simple joint : Two articulation Simple joint : Two articulation surfacessurfaces

Compound joint : Three or more Compound joint : Three or more articulation surfaces.articulation surfaces.

Complex joint : Two or more Complex joint : Two or more articulation surfaces.articulation surfaces.

Biomechanics of JointBiomechanics of Joint

kinematics

Open kinematics Closed kinematics

Kinematics chain Kinematics chain : It is a type of : It is a type of motion which occurs at one of the joints motion which occurs at one of the joints but associated with series of a joint. but associated with series of a joint.

Open kinematics chain : when the ends Open kinematics chain : when the ends of the limb or part of the body are free of the limb or part of the body are free to move without causing motion at to move without causing motion at another joint. another joint.

e.g. waving the hand.e.g. waving the hand. Closed kinematics chain : when the one Closed kinematics chain : when the one

joint is performed associated with other joint is performed associated with other joint.joint.

e.g. sit up e.g. sit up

ArthrokinematicsArthrokinematics Its refers to movements of joint, when motion at Its refers to movements of joint, when motion at

the joint occurs as the result of movement of one the joint occurs as the result of movement of one joint surfaces in relation to another. joint surfaces in relation to another.

Type of a arthrokinematics : Type of a arthrokinematics : Rolling : It refers to the rolling of one joint surfaces Rolling : It refers to the rolling of one joint surfaces

on another.on another. e.g. femoral condyles roll on the fixed tibial e.g. femoral condyles roll on the fixed tibial

surfaces.surfaces. Sliding : which is a pure translatory movement, Sliding : which is a pure translatory movement,

refers to gliding of one compartment over another. refers to gliding of one compartment over another. e.g. In hand , the PIP slides over the fixed end e.g. In hand , the PIP slides over the fixed end

of the MCPof the MCP Spinning : a rotation of the movable component, as Spinning : a rotation of the movable component, as

when a top spins.when a top spins. e.g. supination and pronation of the forearm e.g. supination and pronation of the forearm

The type of motion that occurs at The type of motion that occurs at particular joint depends on the particular joint depends on the shape of the articulating surfaces. It shape of the articulating surfaces. It could be either ovoid or a sellar could be either ovoid or a sellar joint.joint.

Ovoid joint : In ovoid joint, one Ovoid joint : In ovoid joint, one surfaces is concave or other surfaces surfaces is concave or other surfaces is convex.is convex.

Sellar joint : In sellar joint, each Sellar joint : In sellar joint, each joint surfaces is both convex and joint surfaces is both convex and concave.concave.

Osteokinematics Osteokinematics Osteokinematics refers to the Osteokinematics refers to the

movement of the bone rather than the movement of the bone rather than the movement of articular surfaces. The normal movement of articular surfaces. The normal range of motion (ROM) of a joint is range of motion (ROM) of a joint is sometimes called automatic or physiologic sometimes called automatic or physiologic ROM, because the normal range refers to ROM, because the normal range refers to the amount of motion available within the the amount of motion available within the anatomic limits of the joint structure. The anatomic limits of the joint structure. The anatomic range is depend on the shape of anatomic range is depend on the shape of the joint surfaces, joint capsule , the joint surfaces, joint capsule , ligament ,muscle bulk, and surrounding ligament ,muscle bulk, and surrounding musculotendinous and bony structure.musculotendinous and bony structure.

In some joint there are no bony In some joint there are no bony restriction to motion in addition to soft tissue restriction to motion in addition to soft tissue limitations. limitations.

e.g. knee joint e.g. knee joint

Pathomechanics of the Pathomechanics of the jointjoint

When the motion at a joint either exceeds or fail to reach When the motion at a joint either exceeds or fail to reach the normal anatomic limits of motion.the normal anatomic limits of motion.

When a range of motion exceeds the normal limits the When a range of motion exceeds the normal limits the joint is hypermobile. joint is hypermobile.

When the range of motion is less than what would When the range of motion is less than what would normally permit by the structure, the joint is hypomobile.normally permit by the structure, the joint is hypomobile.

Hypermobilty may be caused by failure to limit Hypermobilty may be caused by failure to limit motion by either the bony or soft tissues and results in motion by either the bony or soft tissues and results in instability.instability.

Hypomobility may be caused by bony or cartilaginous Hypomobility may be caused by bony or cartilaginous blocks to motion or by the inability of the capsule or the blocks to motion or by the inability of the capsule or the ligament to elongate sufficiently to allow a normal ROM. ligament to elongate sufficiently to allow a normal ROM.

either hypermobilty or hypomobility of ajoint may either hypermobilty or hypomobility of ajoint may have undesirable effects, not only the joint but also on have undesirable effects, not only the joint but also on adjacent joint structure. adjacent joint structure.

Conclusion Conclusion It explain about the classification, It explain about the classification,

function, design and mobility of a joint function, design and mobility of a joint and how synovial fluid, synovial and how synovial fluid, synovial membrane, tendons, ligaments and bone membrane, tendons, ligaments and bone works together to provide mobility and works together to provide mobility and dynamic stability to the joint structures. dynamic stability to the joint structures.

It explain about the motion of joints take It explain about the motion of joints take place in various kinematics.place in various kinematics.

It also helps to know the affect of injury, It also helps to know the affect of injury, disease and ageing of bone.disease and ageing of bone.

Reference Reference

www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com www.google.comwww.google.com Joint structure and function by Joint structure and function by

cynthia. C. norkincynthia. C. norkin Human anatomy by B.D.Chaurasia Human anatomy by B.D.Chaurasia